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define natural selection, contrast with artificial

- process in which organisms with certain inherited characteristics are more likely to survive and reproduce than are organisms with other characteristics-in artificial we choose those inherited characteristics

These 2 moths are from the same species but occur in 2 different morphs... dark and light. A gene, which we will call the pigmentation gene, is responsible for the amount of pigment produced. The pigmentation gene can exist as different alleles. What is an allele? a) the same gene but a different location (i.e., gene locus) b) the same gene and the same locus 5 c) an alternate form of that gene at the same locus d) the gene that causes wing pigmentation.

c

What is the direct result of meiosis in the plant life cycle, alternation of generations? A. diploid zygote B. gametes C. spore D. gametophyte E. sporophyte

c

What statement BEST describes a gene? A. A single gene determines a single trait in an organism B. Genes cause disease in an organism. C. Genes provide the code to construct a protein. D. Genes create new cells. E. All of the above are correct statements

c

A true-breeding tall plant is crossed with a true-breeding dwarf plant. The tall trait (T) is dominant to the dwarf trait (t), which is the recessive trait. All the offspring in the F1 generation are tall heterozygotes (hybrids). These F1 heterozygotes cross (self-fertilize) to produce the F2 generation. Draw out a Punnett Square to represent the F1 x F1 cross. Which of the following is the correct phenotype ratio of the F2 generation? 2 A. 4 tall : 0 dwarf B. 4 dwarf : 0 tall C. 3 tall : 1 dwarf D. 3 dwarf : 1 tall E. 2 tall : 2 dwarf

cc

what is a phylogenetic tree

common anscestor with branches that branch off to describe different evolutionary changes

List and distinguish among the four groups of gymnosperms

cycads-old executor looking ginkgos-lily pad looking smelly ass gnetophytes-spindrily conifers-you know

In lab before spring break, you and your lab partners performed a skit simulating mitosis and meiosis. Which of the following were the parts of the cell that were separated during these processes of cell division? A. spindle apparatus B. anaphase C. gametes D. chromosomes E. centromeres

d

The earliest land plants, mosses, liverworts and hornworts, have always been constricted in height, whereas the earliest vascular plants (e.g., ferns) used to be as tall as trees and dominated ancient forests! Why is the main reason why all mosses (and other bryophytes, the liverworts and hornworts) only a few inches tall? A. They are the closest ancestor to the green algae. B. They do not produce pollen and rely on water for fertilization. C. They produce spores and no seeds. D. They lack vascular tissue. E. They lack chlorophyll pigments.

d

The following are all true about the life cycle of mosses except A. external water is required for fertilization. B. antheridia and archegonia are produced by gametophytes. C. the gametophyte generation is dominant. D. the growing embryo gives rise to the gametophyte.

d

sporophyte

multicellular diploid that results from the union of gametes and produces spores by meiosis

gametophyte

multicellular haploid that produces haploid gametes by mitosis

explain why most nonvasculars grow close to ground restricted to moist environments

no roots-rhizoids collect water and are smaller than roots so moisture is needed- close to ground because no vascular tissue

did we come from monkeys

no- we are closest to chimps

describe the obstacles and rewards of life on land that the first land plants faced. traits that allowede them to survicve on land?

obstacles- gravity, water, desiccation/ traits- ground hugging, embryo retention-rhizoids-gametophyte dominant

homologous chromosomes

one mom and dad chromosome that pair up during meiosis-same genes in same locations

WHAT IS an allele

one of 2+ alternative froms of a gene that arise by mutation and are found at the same place on a chromosome

What is female gametophyte of angiosperms called? What is the result of mitosis in the female gametophyte?

ovule-development of egg

why seeds and pollen grains important adaptation for successful reproduction

pollen allows for migration seed- protective coating- has nutrition for embryo

why is genetic drift especially influential in small populations

radically affect the gene pool regardless of dominant alleles or onnes that have the best reproductives hurricane

3 key adaptations of the seed plants to terrestrial enviornment- how does each make it an advantage

reduced gametophytes- longer sporophyte- bigger plant more durable pollen and pollination- better chance at reproduction seeds-more resistant to spores- resist harsh environments, disperse widely on land

rooted tree

rooted phylogenetic tree is a directed tree with a unique node corresponding to the (usually imputed) most recent common ancestor of all the entities at the leaves of the tree.

components of mature seed

seed coat endosperm zygote

Describe the life history of a gymnosperm; indicate which structures are part of the gametophyte genera5on and which are part of the sporophyte genera5on.

seed coat houses embryo-seedling-mature sporophte-ovulate cone-pollen cone meiosis to pollen grains- meiosis megaspore-fertilizations

Mendels 2 theories of inheritance

segregation- the two members of a gene pair(alleles) separate from each other in the formation of gametes. half the gametes carry one allele, and the other half carry the other allele independent assortment- genes for different traits assort independently of one another in the formation of gametes 9331

sepals, petals stamens, carpel, filament, anther, stigma , style, ovary, ovule

sepal-leave housing flower- whorl of flower parts- protect flower in bud stage petals-house petals stamen- anther and its filamentm pollen producers carpel-inside stamens-stigma style and ovary fukament-support for anther anther-has four pollen sacs arranged in two pairs stigma-pollen adheration style- tissue column where pollen tubes grow ovary- ovules lie

life cycle of fern

spore-young gametophyte-gametophyte-fertilization-zygote-sporophyte-sporangium-meiosis

spore vs seed

spores are unicellular-seeds contain a multicellular gametophyte that produces an embryo

why is evolution best depicted as a tree rather than a ladder

stuff divoluted

what is a gene pool

sum total of all alleles for all genes in a population

how do seedless vascular plants differ from bryophytes

tall-vascular-dominant sporophyte-roots-leaves-sporophylls

SISTER taxa

two taxa w/ common ranch point

why 3 domain and not 5 kingdom?

we all derived from a common anscestor, evidennt from new genetic data

What is double ferDlizaDon? Why is double ferDlizaDon advantageous to the plant?

zygote and endosperm- endosperm nutrition for zygote

3 groups of non vasculars

liverworts hornworts mosses

archegonium

houses egg

antheridia

houses sperm

List and explain darwin's theory of evolution as it relates to survival and reproduction in local environment

1- individuals whose inherited traits infer high survival and reproduction in a given environment leave more offspring 2- this unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations

hierarchical classification

kingdom-division-class-order-family-genus-species stated by genus and species

Suppose an individual plant is exposed to a high degree of radiation and one of its genes incurs a mutation. Which of the following mutations would likely result in the greatest change to the resulting protein? A. Addition of one nucleotide B. Deletion of three nucleotides C. Addition of three nucleotides D. Deletion of six nucleotides

A

Bonsai is an ancient Japanese practice that focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping of small trees and shrubs growing in a container. The bonsai artist prunes the crown and roots of the tree to maintain the dwarfed shaped. If a bonsai pine tree pictured here produced cones (which contain seeds), and you took one of the seeds and planted it, what would the adult tree look like? A. Dwarfed, in a bonsai-like form B. Tall, like a regular pine tree. C. It is impossible to know without actually doing this

B

Angiosperms are unique in that they undergo a process called double fertilization. Double fertilization means that A. flowers must be pollinated twice in order to produce fruits and seeds. B. every egg must receive two sperm to produce an embryo. C. one sperm is needed to fertilize the egg, and a second sperm is needed to form the endosperm. D. the egg of the embryo sac is diploid. E. every sperm has two nuclei.

C

How do gymnosperms differ from the earlier lineages of the land plants (i.e., pterophytes, lycophytes, and nonvascular plants)? A. They have true roots and leaves. B. They have an alternation of generation life cycle. C. They produce pollen and seeds. D. They have vascular tissue.

C

Mendel's law of independent assortment has its basis in which of the following events of meiosis I? A) Synapsis of homologous chromosomes 3 B) Crossing over C) Alignment of homologs at the metaphase plate D) Separation of homologs at anaphase E) Separation of cells at telophase

C

Which is the best description of the archegonium and antheridium? A. An archegonium is the male sporophyte that produces spores; the antheridium is the female sporophyte that produces spores. B. An archegonium is the female sporophyte that produces spores; the antheridium is the male sporophyte that produces spores. C. An archegonium is the female gametophyte that produces female gametes (eggs); the antheridium is the male gametophyte that produces male gametes (sperm). D. An archegonium is the male gametophyte that produces male gametes (sperm); the antheridium is the female gametophyte that produces female gametes (eggs).

C

Which statement about natural selection is correct? A. Adaptations that are beneficial in one habitat should generally be beneficial in all other habitats as well. 4 B. Adaptations that are beneficial at one time should generally be beneficial all of the time. C. Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the next generation, than do poorly adapted individuals. D. Natural selection selects for the strongest individuals.

C

Arrange the following structures from the female part of the flower from the largest size to smallest size. 1. ovary 8 2. ovule 3. egg 4. carpel A. 4, 2, 1, 3 B. 4, 3, 1, 2 C. 1, 4, 2, 3 D. 4, 1, 2, 3

D

How did the flower mantid from Malaysia and the stick mantid from Africa, which descended from a common mantid ancestor, become so different? A. They evolved in different environments to escape predators. B. The insects escaping predators survived and reproduced, passing on their genes to the next generation. C. The insects that escaped predation had genes that were advantageous in their environment. D. All of the above

D

Which of the following develops into the seed after fertilization? A. Megaspore B. Microspore C. Pollen grain D. Ovule E. Ovulate cone

D

Which of the following evolutionary innovations of the first seed plants (gymnosperms) enabled them to outcompete the previously dominant seedless vascular plants and dominant the forests today? A. production of spores B. vascular systems C. dominant gametophytes D. production of seeds

D

Based on the most recent hypothesis of the evolution of the angiosperms (i.e., the angiosperm phylogeny), which of the following is the most ancient lineage of the flowering plants and should retain the most primitive features? A. Eudicots B. Monocots C. Magnoliids D. Water lilies E. Amborell

E

During a study session for PBIO6 about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The tomato plant's stem grew longer when I put it in the shade; its offspring inherited longer stems as a result." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? A. This individual tomato plant intentionally evolved to perform better in the shade. B. Only favorable adaptations have survival value. C. Disuse of a plant organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. D. Overproduction of offspring leads to a struggle for survival. E. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.

E

4 causes for evolution

Natural selection- directed change- tends to converge Mutation-random change-mutation during transcription onto mRNA Gene flow/migration(random)-bee pollinators, seeds, fruits genetic drift-random- wind-huricanes

A pea plant is heterozygous for the gene influencing flower color. This diploid plant has inherited 2 different alleles, one white from its mother and one purple from its father. Recall that alleles are located on the homologous pair of chromosomes. How does this information relate to meiosis? A. Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis. B. Crossing over happens during meiosis. C. Meiosis produces plant spores which germinate and form the gametophyte generation. D. Meiosis produces haploid cells.

a

branch point-

a node on a phylogenic tree where the two taxa are created

biological species concept

a species is a member of a population that actually or potentially interbreed in nature, not according to similarity of appearance. west and east meadowlarks don't interbreed despite near indenticality, thus they are separate species

why GMOS

agricultural health factory environmental

briefly outline the major events in the history of life after the earth was formed 4.6 billion years ago

ancestral green algae-origin of land plants-origin of vascular plants- origin of extant seed plants

During lab last week, you categorized corn kernels into 4 seed phenotype classes. Your statistical analysis supported the hypothesis that the genes encoding seed color and starchiness assort independently (i.e., the experimental hypothesis was rejected). What does this imply about corn genetics? A. You did something wrong because your experimental hypothesis was rejected. B. The 2 genes under evaluation were not linked and do not tend to be inherited together. C. The 2 genes under evaluation were linked and do tend to be inherited together. D. Mendel's laws of inheritance were proven to be incorrect. E. Both C and D are correct

b

What structure does meiosis directly produce in the plant life cycle, known as alternation of generations? A. Gametes B. Spores C. Seeds D. Sporophyte E. Gametophyte

b

Which part of the Gaga germonotta fern life cycle is represented in the picture and resembles the songstress' elaborate costume? A. sporophyte B. gametophyte C. spore D. seed E. xylem

b

List and disDnguish among the 4 major angiosperm lineages.

baSAL(ancient)-water lily magnoliids monocots-banana eudicots

If meiosis produce haploid cells, then how are diploid cells created, thus perpetuating life? A. Crossing over B. Mitosis C. Fertilization D. Asexual reproduction

c

The following scenario describes 3 populations of invasive grass: Five grass seeds are carried by wind currents into population 1 and, once germinated, flower and cross-pollinate with existing member of the population. Twenty-five percent of the grasses in population 2 are destroyed by a flooding event. In population 3, a prolonged drought results in a large die-off, but ~10% of the population survives because they have genes that confer drought tolerance. Consider the next generation of grasses in each population. Which population(s) is/are more adapted to the local environment? A. Population 1 B. Population 2 C. Population 3

c

The land plants evolved from green algae and are often referred to as the "embryophytes." A common misconception is the meaning of this term embryophyte. Which of the following is the best reason why the land plants are called embryophytes, distinguishing them from their green algae ancestors? A. All land plants start as embryos. B. All land plants produce embryos. C. All land plants retain their embryos

c

We are currently experiencing rapid warming and an increase in natural disasters due to climate change. Many environmental changes have occurred in the past. During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment? A. The species may go extinct. B. Individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will reproduce more. C. Traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment. D. All of the listed responses are correct.

d

Which of the following forces keeps the gene pool of species together, causing its members to resemble each other more than other species? A. natural selection B. artificial selection C. mutation D. gene flow E. genetic drift

d

features of vascular seedless(lycophtes/pterophytes)

dominant sporophytes vascular tissues(xylem/phloem) well-developed roots and leaves spore-bearing leaves called sprorphylls

Which of the following is/are true regarding the tree of life? A. Eukarya and Archaea are sister Domains B. Domain Bacteria contain the most ancient organisms on Earth C. A common ancestor unites all organisms on the tree of life D. A and B E. A, B and C

e

sporangia

enclosure in which spores are formed

spore

fertilized sporophyte

features of nonvascular/bryophytes

first to move to land dominant gametophyte carpets no true roots, leaves or vascular tissues mosses liverworts hornworts

alternation of generations

fluctuation between diploid and haploid stages

evolutionary advantage of flowers and fruits

fruit-protects seeds, increase dispersal range flowers-get animal pollinators involved- less random

how are phylogenetic working hypothesis, use tree of life and 3 domains of life as an example

get revised often, tree of life revision of 5 kingdom phylogeny-everything comes from a certain anscestor

common ancestor of all land plants

green algae