Bio 101 - Chapter 1

What are the 6 classifications of kingdoms?

1. Bacteria 2. Archaea 3. Protists 4. Plants 5. Fungi 6. Animals

Two groups that do NOT have a nucleus

1. Bacteria 2. Archaeans

What are the three basic domains of life?

1. Bacteria - single cells, no nucleus 2. Archaea - single cells, no nucleus 3. Eukarya - Single and mult-celled species with a nucleus

What are the 3 main steps of the scientific method?

1. Form a hypothesis 2. Test the hypothesis 3. Evaluate the hypothesis

What are the two parts of a species' scientific name?

1. Genus 2. specific epithet (Cannabis sativa) - marijuana

What are the 4 categories of Eukaryotes?

1. Protists 2. Plants 3. Fungi 4. Animals

specific epithet

2nd part of a species name

emergent property

A characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system's component parts.

ecosystem

A community interacting with its enviornment

Producers and Consumers

All living things are classified as these two categories

community

All populations of all species in a given area.

biosphere

All regions of Earth where organisms live

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid; carries hereditary information that guides growth and development

atom

Fundamental building block of all matter

population

Group of individuals of the same species that live in a given area.

control group

In an experiment, group of individuals who are not exposed to the independent variable that is being tested

organ

In multicelled organisms, a grouping of tissues engaged in a collective task.

organ system

In multicelled organisms, a set of organs engaged in a collective task that keeps the body functioning properly.

tissue

In multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective task.

growth

In multicelled species, an increase in the number, size, and volume of cells

taxon

Linnaean category; a grouping of organisms

cell

Smallest unit of life

Biology

The scientific study of life.

inheritance

Transmission of DNA from parents to offspring

Experiments measure how changing an independent variable affects...

a dependent variable.

genus

a group of species that share a unique set of traits; also, the first part of a species name

experiment

a test designed to support or falsify a prediction (Control group - eats regular potato chips) (Experimental group - eats Olestra potato chips)

species

a type of organism

molecule

an association of two or more atoms.

model

analogous system used for testing hypotheses (ex. animal diseases are often used as models to investigate similar human diseases.)

Experiments reduce bias by...

designing experiments to yield quantative results, which are counts or some other data that an be measured or gathered objectively.

sampling error

difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events of individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group (Only 3 flips of a coin can produce all heads which is a large sampling error; as opposed to 1,000 flips which produces a more accure result)

nucleus

double-membraned sac that encloses a cell's DNA

inductive reasoning

drawing a conclusion based on observation

data

experimental results (17.6% of regular chip eaters get cramps) (15.8% of Olestra chip eaters get cramps)

law of nature

generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation

scientific theory

hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing

variable

in an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time

experimental group

in an experiment, group of individuals who are exposed to an independent variable

dependent variable

in an experiment, variable that is presumably affected by the independent variable being tested (presence or absence of intestinal cramps)

organism

individual that consists of one or more cells.

critical thinking

judging information before accepting it

protist

member of a diverse group of simple eukaryotes

archaean

member of a group of single-celled organisms that differ from bacteria

bacterium

member of a large group of single-celled organisms

animal

multicelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life cycle

plant

multicelled, typically photosynthetic producer

development

multistep process by which the first cell of a new individual becomes a multicelled adult

consumer

organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms

producer

organism that makes its own food using energy and simple raw materials from the environment

eukaryote

organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus

photosynthesis

process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water

reproduction

processes by which parents produce offspring

statistically significant

refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occured by chance

homeostasis

set of processes by which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges

prediction

statement based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct (People who eat potato chips with Olestra will be more likely to get cramps that people not eating Olestra chips)

nutrient

substance taht an organism needs for growth and survival, but cannot make for itself

science

systematic study of the observable world

hypothesis

testable explanation of a natural phenomenon (Olestra causes intestinal cramping)

energy

the capacity to do work

probability

the chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible (Flipping a coin will produce either heads or tails 50% of the time)

taxonomy

the science of naming and classifying species

fungus

type of eukaryotic consumer that obtains nutrients by digestion and absorption outside of the body

deductive reasoning

using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case

independent variable

variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable (presence or absence of Olestra in the potato chips)

biodiversity

variation among living organisms