Coping, Resilience, and Social Support
Identify the resources that help promote resilience. (Check all that apply.)
A sense of trust in others A sense of purpose or meaning in one's life A sense of humor
Match the following terms (in the left column) to their corresponding descriptions (in the right column). Avoidant coping style- Approach coping style-
Avoidant coping style- this type of coping is better for a short term Approach coping style- this type of coping is better in the long run
_____ use information, cognitive-behavioral, and relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety, improve coping, and promote recovery for those coping with stressful events.
Control-enhancing interventions
_____ is defined as the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful.
Coping
_____ begins by teaching people how to appraise stressful events and disaggregate the stressors into specific tasks.
Coping effectiveness training
_____ help people manage the demands of daily stressful events with less emotional distress, better health habits, and fewer health risks.
Coping resources
Which of the following are the outcomes that health psychologists use to assess successful coping with stress? (Check all that apply.)
Maintaining emotional equilibrium Reducing or eliminating stressors Enhancing the prospects of recovery, if one is ill Continuing satisfying relationships with others
_____ is said to promote active and persistent coping efforts.
Optimism
_____ have better physiological stress profiles on indicators such as cortisol, blood pressure, and inflammation.
Optimists
_____ functioning is said to promote a better physical and mental health and a longer life.
Positive emotional
_____ states have been tied to lower levels of stress indicators and better immune responses to a flu virus.
Positive emotional
_____ involves attempting to do something constructive about a stressful condition that is challenging an individual, whereas _____ involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to stressful events.
Problem-focused coping; emotion-focused coping
_____ is the belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about a desired outcome.
Psychological control
Match the following stress management programs (in the left column) to their corresponding descriptions (in the right column). Self-Instruction- Positive self-talks-
Self-Instruction-Involves reminding oneself of the specific steps that are required to achieve the goal Positive self-talk-Involves providing the self with encouragement
Identify the benefits of social support. (Check all that apply.)
Social support can reduce the risk of mortality due to serious diseases. People with high levels of social support are more adherent to their medical regimens. Social support can lower the likelihood of illness, speed recovery from illness or treatment
____ ____are internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects.
Stress Moderators
Identify the skills in the skill acquisition and practice stage of stress management. (Check all that apply.)
Stress-reducing interventions, like exercise Cognitive-behavioral management techniques Time management skills
_____ is a stress management technique that helps people set specific goals, establish priorities, avoid time-wasters, and learn what to ignore.
Time management and planning
Which of the following are part of relaxation therapies? (Check all that apply.)
Transcendental meditation Self hypnosis Guided imagery
True or false: The belief that one can have psychological control over stressful events has long been known to help people cope with stress.
True
According to research studies, _____ is one of the best protectors against stress.
a satisfying marriage
Rank the following requirements as used in proactive coping from first to last. self-regulatory skills to counter potential stressors ability to anticipant or detect potentials stressors coping skills to manage potential stressors
ability to anticipant or detect potentials stressors coping skills to manage potential stressors self-regulatory skills to counter potential stressors
The emotional support provided by others can enable a person under stress to _____.
approach a stressful event with greater assurance
Once goals are set, specific behaviors to meet those goals _____.
are identified
According to the _____, social support acts as a reserve and resource that blunts the effects of stress when it is at high levels.
buffering hypothesis
Using _____ can help people deal with stressful events such as surgery and noxious medical procedures and promote good health habits.
control-enhancing interventions
Emotional reactions, including anger or depression, are part of the _____, as are actions that are voluntarily undertaken to confront the event.
coping process
The propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular manner is known as ___ ___
coping style
When Sam goes through a stressful event, he usually meditates on it and devises a plan to deal with it. This is an example of a(n) _____.
coping style
Some of the techniques used in the skill acquisition and practice stage of stress management are geared toward reducing a stressful experience without really changing the event itself, while others are designed to _____.
eliminate the stressful event
Along with in-class exercises, the Combat Stress Now program also gives students take-home assignments where they keep a stress diary in which they record _____.
events they find stressful and their response to the same
True or false: Avoidant coping is more successful than approach-related coping.
false
True or false: Coping is influenced only by internal resources such as coping styles.
false
Once students learn to chart their responses to stress, they are taught to _____.
focus on what happens just before they experience stress
Research studies that were conducted on social support stated that people who provided instrumental support to friends, relatives, and neighbors or who provided emotional support to their spouses were less likely to die over the next 5 years. The given study indicates that _____.
giving support can promote health
The effectiveness of social support depends on _____.
how an individual uses a social support network
John, a freshman in Fullard University, was having trouble filling up the course registration form. Sasha, John's senior in Fullard University, also went through the same problem while she was a freshman. Sasha helped John with all the required steps for registration. This is an example of _____.
informational support
Mary was filing her tax returns for the first time. Stacy, her friend, provided details about the procedure and all required details for the same. This is an example of _____.
informational support
Emotional support is most beneficial when it comes from _____, whereas information and advice is more valuable when they come from _____.
intimate others; experts
A son taking care of household duties usually handled by his mother without her knowledge is a form of _____.
invisible support
When a person receives help from another but is unaware of it, that help is most likely to benefit the recipient. This form of social support is called _____.
invisible support
In the first phase of the Combat Stress Now program, participants learn that stress _____.
is a process of psychological appraisal
Self-esteem is associated with _____.
lower levels of stress indicators
One of the important aspects of coping effectiveness training is encouraging people to _____.
maintain their social support
Mindfulness-based stress reduction is a systematic training in mindfulness meditation to help people _____.
manage their reactions to stress and the resultant negative emotions
Studies have shown that on an average, unlike women's health, men's health benefits substantially from _____.
marriage
Social support is most effective when it meets the exact needs a stressful event requires. This is called the _____.
matching hypothesis
Tom urgently requires a car to go for an interview. Philip lets Tom borrow his car. Tom receives support that is responsive to his needs. This is an example of the _____.
matching hypothesis
Giving social support to those in need has beneficial effects on _____.
mental and physical health
By pinpointing the exact circumstances that trigger stressful feelings, a student can _____.
more accurately identify his or her own trouble spots
A pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility is known as ___ ____
negative affectivity
An introvert student who is afraid of answering questions in class may internally think: "No one wants to hear what I have to say," or "Everyone will laugh at me." These thoughts are examples of _____.
negative self-talk
Once stress antecedents are identified, many students go through _____ when they face stressful events.
negative self-talk
Negative affectivity is also known as _____.
neuroticism
Sometimes would-be supporters can aggravate a negative event by _____.
not providing the required support and reacting in an unsupportive manner
In the self-monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now program, students are trained to _____.
observe their own behavior closely and to record circumstances they find most stressful
Once realistic goals are set, and the target behaviors for reaching them are identified, a student then learns to engage in _____.
positive self-instruction and self-talk
An unsupportive reaction from a would-be supporter can have a more adverse effect on a person's well-being than _____.
positive social interactions have on improving it
A health-prone personality is characterized by self-esteem, optimism, a sense of control, _____.
positivity, and conscientiousness
Most stress management programs emphasize _____.
practicing good health habits and exercise at least 20-30 minutes at least 3 times a week
The coping style where people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance to prevent or reduce their impact is known as ___ coping.
proactive
The coping style where people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance to prevent or reduce their impact is known as ____ coping.
proactive
Work-related problems benefit from _____ coping, while health problems, in contrast, lead to more _____ coping.
problem-focused; emotion-focused
People with greater resources typically cope with stressful events better as they are _____.
provided with more ways of dealing with those events
Supportive family and friends can provide emotional support by _____.
reassuring the person that he or she is a valuable individual who is cared for
Once students become proficient in identifying stressful incidents or experiences, they are encouraged to _____.
record negative statements or irrational thoughts that accompany the experience
In the self-monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now program, students are taught to _____.
record their emotional, physical, and behavioral reactions to the stresses as they are experienced
Social support is known to _____ to stress.
reduce physiological and neuroendocrine responses
Relaxation training affects the physiological experience of stress by _____.
reducing arousal
Psychological resources help people bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations. This is known as _____.
resilience
The benefits of social support are greater when the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be _____.
responsive to one's needs
The _____ theory maintains that when people positively affirm values, they feel better about themselves and show lower distress and physiological activity.
self-affirmation
Self-affirmation is a technique that makes use of the insight that _____.
self-related resources can help a person cope with stress
People with high levels of _____ support are more likely to use health services.
social
_____ support is said to have beneficial effects on immune, endocrine, and cardiovascular systems of people.
social
Information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations is known as _____.
social support
Speedy recovery from an illness and reduction of mortality due to serious diseases as well as susceptibility to illnesses can be achieved through _____.
social support
In assertiveness training, the person is encouraged to identify the people in their environment who cause them special stress, called _____, and develop techniques for confronting them.
stress carriers
When _____, the stressful events themselves can overwhelm the benefits of self-esteem.
stress levels are higher
Identify the term used for the factors that modify how stress is experienced and the effects it has.
stress moderators
Goal setting is important for effective stress management because it forces a person to be concrete about _____.
stressors that need to be tackled and what is to be done
Match the following hypotheses (in the left column) with their corresponding descriptions (in the right column). Direct effects hypothesis- Buffering hypothesis-
Direct effects hypothesis- Maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times Buffering hypothesis -Maintains that the physical and mental health benefits of social support are chiefly evident during periods of high stress
True or false: Assertiveness training is never incorporated into stress management.
False
Identify true statements about expressive writing.
Its use varies across studies and can depend on characteristics of the participants. It generally helps improve psychological and physiological indicators of stress.
Identify the reasons that make goal setting important in effective stress management.
Goal setting forces a person to be specific about exactly which stressors need to be tackled and what is to be done. Goal setting forces a person to distinguish among stressful events to be avoided, tolerated, or overcome.
Identify a true statement about stress management programs.
Help in acquiring and practicing skills for coping with stress
Identify the interventions that have been undertaken to try to reduce loneliness. (Check all that apply.)
Interventions that focus on improving social skills Interventions that focus on getting people to increase their opportunities for social contact Interventions that attempt to enhance existing social support
Identify the reasons why talking or writing about a stressful event or confiding in others can be useful for coping with stress. (Check all that apply.)
It allows one to gain information about the event or about effective coping. It provides an opportunity for clarifying one's emotions.
Which of the following are true of mindfulness meditation?
It can improve coping. It can improve quality of life.
During periods of high stress, genetic predispositions to draw on social support networks may be activated, leading to the perception that _____.
support will be available to mute stress
Gifting baby clothes and accessories to a couple who had their first baby is an example of _____.
tangible assistance
In context of social support, the provision of material support, such as financial assistance, services, or goods, is known as __ ___.
tangible support
According to Cacioppo et al., 2015, interventions that target social cognitions and encourage people to attend to the positive aspects of the social environment have been most successful in reducing loneliness.
true
True or false: One of the criteria for judging the success of coping with stress is how quickly people can return to their prestress activities.
true
The specific behaviors identified to meet goals for stress management include leaving the stressful event altogether or _____.
turning the stressor into a challenge
In the first phase of the Combat Stress Now program, participants learn _____.
what stress is and how it creates physical wear and tear
In stress management programs, participants learn _____.
what stress is and how to identify stressors in their lives
People _____ experience less stress when they confront a stressful experience, cope with it more successfully, and even experience positive life events more positively.
with social support
