COUN 5002: Assessment in Counseling
On the Wechsler adult and children's intelligence tests, which subtest is probably the best estimate of pre-morbid functioning prior to a traumatic brain injury?
Vocabulary
Which of the following is a psychoeducational test battery?
Woodcock-Johnson III
If an assessment identifies a child as having ADHD when the child does not have ADHD, this would be an example of:
a false positive
When we use Expectancy Tables, it is to ________ as miss is to _________ .
right; wrong
A psychological report:
should include recommendations.
A(n) ____________ interview consists of an established set of questions that are asked in the same manner and sequence to each client.
structured
The Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice of the American Counseling Association indicate that the ultimate responsibility for appropriate use of an instrument rests with:
the clinician
According to classical test theory, if the observed variance of a test is 50 and the true variance is 40, what is the estimated reliability of the test?
0.80
Approximately what percent of the norming group in a normal distribution falls between two standard deviations below the mean and two standard deviations above the mean?
95%
A correlation coefficient is an indicator of:
the relationship between two sets of data
In examining an instrument for possible bias, the counselor should examine the internal structure of the instrument and determine if:
the reliability coefficients are different for different groups
The most significant difficulty with estimating reliability with the alternate or parallel forms procedure is
developing two sound instruments that are equivalent or parallel
Almost all counselors can expect to be increasingly involved with the assessment of clients with:
different cultural backgrounds
If Sally has a percentile score of 53, you would interpret this score saying that:
53 percent of the group tested had a score at or below Sally's.
Work values are highly correlated with:
work satisfaction
Individuals from different cultures can vary greatly in their perceptions due to their ____________, which includes group identity, individual identity, beliefs, values, and language.
worldview
Which of the following involves the development of clinically significant symptoms in response to an identifiable psychosocial stressor(s)?
Adjustment Disorders
The GRE General Test consists of each of the following sections except for:
Analytical Reasoning
Which of the following are not measured when completing a behavior assessment?
Aptitude
Aptitude tests are typically designed to assess
A combination of informal learning experiences and innate potential
A method used in order to examine whether an instrument differentiates between the groups using the approach of decision theory is:
Expectancy Tables
Many career counselors trace the origins of career assessment back to:
Frank Parsons
The higher the item difficulty index (i.e., 0.00 to 1.00), the ________ the item.
easier
Pope (2009) recommends that the O*NET Interest Profiler may be used with each of the following groups except:
elementary students.
A counselor who takes into consideration the role of culture in the manifestation of a possible disorder is operating from a(n) _______________ approach to assessment.
emic
Interval scales are characterized by:
equal intervals.
What was one of the first assessments to take advantage of computer-adaptive assessment where the computer adapts to test to the individual taking the assessment?
GRE
Which of the following theorists proposed that there are multiple intelligences rather than just one?
Gardner
What aptitude test is owned by the Department of Defense and offered to secondary students free of charge?
ASVAB
Psychoeducational test batteries are designed to measure
Ability and achievement
Which of the following is not included in a typical mental status exam (MSE)?
Interpersonal skills
Asking a patient to explain the meaning of proverbs like "The early bird catches the worm" may assist a neuropsychologist in assessing a cognitive deficit of:
Abstraction
Academicians may argue about what achievement tests actually measure, but it seems reasonable to conclude that most such tests were designed to measure
Accomplishment
The Planning Your Education and Career is an interest inventory developed by:
American College Testing (ACT).
Crystallized intelligence includes
Application of general knowledge
Name two intelligence tests designed for group administration by the military:
Army Alpha and Army Beta tests
The core of the psychological report is the _____________ section.
Assessment Results and Interpretation
A childhood disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that is more frequent and severe than what is expected developmentally is:
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.
Which of the following does NOT apply to client-counselor interaction in the context of qualitative career assessment?
Authoring a coherent, continuous, and credible career story
IQ scores ranging from 90 to 109 are considered
Average
If a person were to be diagnosed with a mental disorder, you would expect the diagnostic category to fall into which of the following from DSM-IV-TR?
Axis I
In evaluating an instrument for content bias, practitioners need to:
examine the development procedures and steps taken to control for group differences.
In order to determine if an instrument can be used appropriately in a certain situation, the counselor must:
examine the validation evidence
A statistical technique often used to examine internal structure of an instrument is:
factor analysis
What makes Item Response Theory different from classical theory?
It is a family of theories of methods used to develop instruments
Whose theory has had a significant influence on the General Occupational Themes of the Strong interest inventory?
John Holland's
In constructing his test of cognitive ability, which of these functions would not be considered important by Binet?
Perceptual speed
Which instrument measures satisfaction with 16 areas of life?
Quality of Life Inventory
Which of the following is NOT one of the higher-order scales on the MMPI-2-RF?
Somatic Complaints (RC1)
The theory that intelligence is a composite of a general factor (g) and one or more specific factor(s) was advanced by:
Spearman.
Which scale was added to the Child Behavior Checklist/1 ½-5 in 2010?
Stress Problems scale
Narrative recordings are also called:
anecdotal records.
A child sees a zebra, points to it and says, "Horse!" According to Piaget, this child's behavior is an example of:
assimilation
In evaluating an instrument's validity, practitioners should:
be convinced by the preponderance of evidence on the appropriate use of that instrument
The OQ-45 measures all of the following domains of client functioning except:
behavioral dysfunction
An effective initial interview should involve a balance of gathering information and:
building a therapeutic relationship
Behavioral assessment is different from career assessments because a behavioral assessment measures:
client behaviors.
The Woodcock-Johnson IV Complete Battery is comprised of a test of ______________________, a test of _______________________, and a test of ___________________.
cognitive ability; academic achievement; oral language
In conducting an interview with a client from another culture, the counselor should:
consider the degree to which self-disclosure is encouraged in that culture
When interviewing clients, counselors need to attend to both the _____________ and the __________ of the interview.
content; process
If a supervisor asks a practitioner to use an instrument that he/she is not adequately prepared to use, the practitioner should:
decline to use the instrument
The primary purpose of diagnosis is to:
determine what the client's prognosis will be.
When gathering information using assessments, counselors:
gather samples of behavior and infer meanings from those behaviors.
A term that is sometimes used instead of intelligence is:
general ability
In generalizability or domain sampling theory, the focus is on:
identifying specific sources of variation under defined conditions
In comparison to the original version of the MMPI, the MMPI-2:
includes norms based on a more diverse and representative standardization sample.
Cognitive testing is to affective testing, as __________ is to __________.
intelligence; personality
During the initial session, counselors should be sure to assess clients for each of the following problems except for:
irritability
Through aptitude testing such as previous research on the General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB), Hunter and Schmidt termed ___________________, which refers to the findings that the same test score data may be predictive for all jobs.
job-aptitude validity
When scores in a distribution are averaged, the statistic is called the:
mean
What makes the Jackson Vocational Interest Survey (JVIS) unique is that it:
measures preferences in both work styles and work roles.
The thrust of authentic assessment is to use:
methods that are consistent with the instructional area and to gather multiple indicators of performance.
If parents have a negative reaction to their child's assessment results indicating their child has a disability, the counselor should:
monitor the situation so the child does not internalize the parents' reaction
Which of the following are responsibilities of the client?
Be prepared to take the test
The most widely employed method of personality assessment is:
observation
During the observation, you decide that the target behavior is really no big deal. This error is called:
observer drift
The Cattell-Horn and the Carroll models of intelligence are best characterized by:
Broad abilities that subsume several narrow abilities
Aptitude tests are often used in career counseling because they are good predictors of:
occupational success
The MMPI-2 is primarily designed to identify:
patterns of personality and emotional disorders.
Standard error of measurement is designed to:
provide an estimate of the probable range of scores for an individual
Theories of intelligence based on the premise that intelligence can be described in terms of mental factors are called the:
psychometric approaches
Aptitude and achievement tests differ primarily in their:
purpose
You have asked your client to record what they eat for the next 72 hours. When the client returns to the next counseling session, it looks like the client copied a menu out of a diet magazine. This is an example of:
reactivity.
Concerning assessment practices, the American with Disabilities Act Amendment Acts of 2008 requires that:
reasonable accommodation be made for individuals with disabilities
Increasing the amount of time that counselors spend observing clients may be one way to enhance the __________________, and therefore, the validity, of observations.
representativeness
Communication of testing or assessment results:
should be an integral part of the counseling process
Vernon's hierarchical approach has two second-order factors, V:ed represents verbal and educational aptitudes, while K:m represents:
spatial, mechanical, and practical aptitudes
The writing style of a good psychological report is typically:
specific and concrete
The most commonly used instrument from the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessments is:
the Child Behavior Checklist System/6-18
In diagnosing Substance Use Disorders, counselors needs to consider:
the difference between Substance Dependence and Substance Abuse.
A psychosocial interview is typically associated with:
gathering client background information
A frequency polygon is a:
graphic representation of the frequency of scores
Using both formal and informal assessment tools:
is optimal because the strengths of one method complement the other and provide an in-depth analysis of the client.
What of the following is not common within the definitions of assessment?
Comparing people
What statistical technique is often used to calculate an estimate of reliability?
Correlation
The issues that clients have are:
multidimensional and require skill in identifying and clarifying.
In an intake interview, health and medical conditions should:
typically be addressed
One fundamental assumption of item response theory is that each item is constructed so that it measures only one trait or ability. This assumption is known as:
unidimensionality
Using decision theory, both expectancy tables and group separation help to determine:
whether an instrument differentiates between groups
If we interpreted a reliability coefficient to indicate that 80% of the variance was true variance to observed variance, what would be the ratio of error variance to observed variance?
0.20
In interpreting client drawings, a counselor can conclude that:
no simple conclusions can be made as interpretation is complex.
The DSM-5 is a diagnostic system that is used by licensed mental health professionals
For insurance reimbursement purposes To diagnose patients For research purposes ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which psychologist was the first to use the term mental test
James McKeen Cattell
According to Piaget, a form of cognitive structure or organization is referred to as a:
Schema
Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning stanines?
Stanines can be misunderstood because individuals do not understand that they represent a range of scores.
A problem with self-report measures of depression, such as the Beck Depression Inventory, is that
Test takers can fake depression or fake the absence of depression
Apart from the GRE, what is another test that is widely used in graduate school application decisions?
The Miller Analogies Test (MAT)
Besides frequency of a behavior, what else can an event recording measure?
The latency of the behavior
When you go to the doctor, they ask you to rate your level of pain. As a counselor you can ask your client to rate their level of depression at the start of each session. Which of the following would be a simple method to see if progress was being made?
A chart of each sessions rating
Which of the following is not one of the "big five" personality factors?
Anxiety
The use of projective tests minimizes
Examinee's attempts to fake good or bad
Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five factors of personality?
Introversion
Ranking your classmates on their performance on an exam is an example of what type of scale?
Ordinal
Which of the following instruments is easy to use and can be self-scored by the client?
Self-Directed Search (SDS)
A good example of an adult achievement battery is the __________________, which can be used for screening and placing and for determining educational interventions.
Test of Adult Basic Education (TABE)
Which of the following stimulus has NOT been used in projective testing?
Touch
Standard error of measurement is to standard error of estimate as:
a reliability coefficient is to a validity coefficient
The most comprehensive type of validity that incorporates a gradual accumulation of evidence is __________ validity.
construct
Research on the general stability of the five factors of personality over the lifespan indicates all of the following except:
personality changes most dramatically in adolescence and is largely set by the age of 30.
In the BSAC-2, the teacher and parent scales include:
ratings from never to always.
What is the focus of a formative evaluation?
Process
Vocational aptitude tests can be used for the following purposes, expect for:
predicting graduate school performance.
John is a second grade student who, on an achievement test, received a grade equivalent score of 4.5 (fourth grade-fifth month) on the reading comprehension subtest. As a counselor, you would interpret this score as an indicator that John should be:
the score could not be interpreted without examining how the instrument was developed
Concerning measures of self-concept or self-esteem:
there is no universal agreement on the definition of the concepts nor how to measure them.
Because rating recordings utilize a rating scale:
there is subjectivity.
The degree to which coaching has an impact on test performance depends on:
time spent in the program with materials that reflect the test's content.
In order to use a projective technique to make a clinical decision, the counselor should be:
trained extensively in using and interpreting the technique.
Clients who perceive their counselors as __________, __________, and __________, tend to have better outcomes in counselors than clients who do not have such perceptions.
trustworthy; expert; attractive
Which is true of a "flexible battery" in neuropsychological assessment?
A flexible battery of tests is typically preferable to a standard or prepackaged battery because it is more tailored to the assesses' presenting problem
Starting with moderately difficult test items and giving easier or harder items, depending on the test taker's performance, is termed
Adaptive testing
Which of the following is not one of the primary Clinical Scales (and associated criterion groups) for the MMPI-2?
Anxiety (A)
The Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) can be used alone or in conjunction with the:
Career Interest Inventory
The Woodcock-Johnson-III is based on which theory of cognitive abilities also embraced by the Stanford Binet 5?
Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC)
The Stanford-Binet 5 is based upon which theory?
Cattell-Horn-Carroll theory
Which of the following is TRUE of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test?
Caution in interpretation is necessary because test results may suggest neurological impairment when the test taker has mental illness without neurological impairment
Diagnosing mental disorders is under much scrutiny among the public. Which of the following must a counselor recognize when assessing mental disorders?
Client's culture
______ involves training or practice on questions that are the same or similar to the items on the test while _____________ occurs when the domain is covered more broadly with the intent of learning the content of the test.
Coaching; education
Which of the following would be considered best practice when assessing the interests of a client with a severe reading disability?
Consider using a pictorial instrument such as the Wide Range Interest-Opinion Test
Which of the following would be the most appropriate method of identifying and selecting psychometrically sound assessment instruments?
Consulting the Mental Measurements Yearbook or Tests in Print
Who is ultimately responsible for test or instrument usage?
Counselor
The court case that set the precedent that there must be a connection between the curriculum and minimum competency examinations is:
Debra P. v. Turlington.
Which of the following is TRUE of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator?
Despite weak psychometric properties, the test remains popular
What is a key function in treatment monitoring systems
Detecting potential treatment failure
What is the most commonly used diagnostic system in mental health settings?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition (DSM-5)
A method for analyzing the relative difficulty of individual items for different racial or ethnic groups is __________.
Differential Item Functioning
Which of the following is NOT part of Guilford's structure-of-intelligence theory?
Dimensions
Symptoms of a neurological deficit may become evident
During an intake interview In testing results During the administration of psychological tests ALL OF THE ABOVE
Which is NOT an advantage of behavioral assessment over other forms of assessment?
Elucidates contradictory dynamics in motivational structure
According to Bickman et al. (2000) how often all therapists open to receiving feedback about their client's progress?
Every fourth session
Patients with aphasia experience the loss of ability to
Expressively or receptively communicate
What legislation stipulates that no student shall be required, without parental permission, to submit to psychological examination, testing, or treatment that may reveal information concerning mental and psychological problems potentially embarrassing to the student or the student's family?
Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
Which of the following is NOT a common symptom of depression?
Feeling keyed-up and on edge
How many versions of the BSAC-2 are there?
Five
How many dimensions are in the model developed by Ogles, Lambert, and Fields (2002)?
Five
This act passed in 1996 is important for counselors working in community agencies because it requires that all clients be provided with notification describing how psychological and medical information may be used and disclosed.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)
A major thread running through the theories of Binet, Wechsler, and Piaget is the concept of interactionism. In this context, interactionism refers to interaction between:
Heredity and environment
Which of the following is false concerning the relationship between intelligence and occupational success?
Hernstein and Murray's conclusion that intelligence predicts occupational attainment has been supported by recent APA-commissioned research
An introverted client who uses senses to perceive information, uses feelings to process information, and whose orientation to the outer world is judgment would have which of the following Myers-Briggs personality types?
ISFJ
According to the text, the Strong Interest Inventory was developed primarily on the assumption that
If an examinee's interests match those of people already in the field, the examinee may be well suited for the job
Which of the following involves informing the client about both the nature of the information being collected and the purpose(s) for which the results will be used?
Informed consent
What are the two key concepts related to invasion of privacy in assessment?
Informed consent and relevance
How is the TAT similar to the Rorschach?
Inter-rater reliability based on coding categories is high
Strong Interest Inventory scores relate to examinee's interests relative to
Interests of people actually employed in various occupations
An assessor determines that John is incompetent to stand trial. This means that John
Is unable to understand the charges against him and is unable to assist in his own defense
What is one drawback of using the range as a measure of variability?
It can be significantly influenced by extreme scores.
Which of the following characteristics is NOT true of a nominal scale?
It is possible to determine the mean of nominally scaled variables
Something interesting about self monitoring is that
It not only can be used as a method of data collection but it is an intervention in and of itself
Which is true of the new computerized version of the Graduate Record Exam?
Items administered depend upon the answer to the previous question
In categorizing instruments as either speed versus power, a power test means the:
Items vary in difficulty and more credit may be given for more difficult times.
The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition (K-ABC-II) is grounded in which two models of intelligence?
Luria's processing model and the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model
The most frequently used and most researched personality test is the
MMPI-2
What are the major feature(s) of Antisocial Personality Disorder?
Manipulation, disregard, and deceit of others
What is the point on the scale that has an equal number of scores above and below it?
Median
How is "ratio IQ" calculated?
Mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100
Which of the following instruments was constructed primarily based on factor analysis?
NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO-PI-3)
Failure to provide a child with adequate food and shelter is referred to as
Neglect
If a test taker made a score of 40 on a 100-item test, what interpretation can we make of this score?
Nothing can be interpreted without additional information.
On the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales-IV (WAIS-IV), in addition to the Full Scale IQ there are four other IQ scores:
Perceptual Organization, Working Memory, and Processing Speed, and Verbal Comprehension Indexes
A widely used measure of the self-perceptions of children and adolescents is the:
Piers-Harris Children Self-Concept Scale, Second Edition.
The assumption that individuals will supply structure to unstructured stimuli in a manner consistent with their own conscious and unconscious concerns underlies the
Projective hypothesis
Which evaluation method uses an intrasubject design?
Quantitative data
Which of the following is not a typical heading found in a psychological report:
Reliability and Validity Information.
When is name of the meta-analytic method, developed by Vacha-Haase (1998), that explores variability in reliability estimates across studies?
Reliability generalization
The problem inherent in assessing personality by means of self-report is that people:
Respond to tests in ways to manage specific impressions
A helpful resource on ethics and assessment that consists of a series of case studies illustrating proper and improper test usage is:
Responsible Test Use: Case Studies for Assessing Human Behavior - Second Edition
One problem in identifying many forms of child abuse is that
Signs of abuse may also be symptoms of other conditions
The person credited with launching the testing movement is:
Sir Francis Galton.
Across cultures, decisions regarding mental health/illness are most influenced by
Societal standards
What is the second step in the Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS)?
Specify an expected level of outcome
What is the relationship between variance and standard deviation?
Standard deviation is the square root of variance.
Jennifer took an aptitude test and is interested in whether the score on the verbal aptitude subscale is significantly higher than her mathematical aptitude subscale score. What statistic would you be interested in to answer her question?
Standard error of difference
An instrument that has fixed directions for the administration and scoring of the instrument is said to be:
Standardized
The most widely-researched career counseling instrument is the:
Strong Interest Inventory
Which of these constructs can not be measured using a ratio scale?
Temperature
In which of the following situations would a counselor not have to obtain informed consent to perform some type of assessment?
Testing that is a regular part of school activities (e.g., achievement testing).
The most commonly used measure of depression is
The Beck Depression Inventory-II
A set of tests of aptitude and achievement that measure simultaneous and sequential processing, that compete with the Wechsler scales, were authored by
The Kaufmans
Based upon recent research, which of the following is TRUE of Strong Interest Inventory related to its use with respondents from diverse cultures?
The evidence supports the use of the Strong with college-educated respondents of diverse backgrounds
The basic theory underlying projective measures is that:
The examinee's responses are projections of the individual's latent traits.
What is recorded during an event recording?
The frequency of the behavior
Debate over the validity of the Rorschach has stemmed from inconclusive results of research examining
The interpretation of Rorschach responses The predictive qualities of the Rorschach Its effectiveness in differentiating between clinical groups ALL THE ABOVE
Which of the following is an advantage of using an interest inventory?
They often connect clients' general interest areas to specific occupations.
Which individual's original theory proposed that there were seven primary mental abilities and not a general ability factor?
Thurstone
What groups are patients randomly assigned to in a random clinical trial design?
To a placebo group or an intervention group
What is the purpose of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 2004?
To ensure that students with disabilities receive educational services
According to the text authors, which of the following most completely describes what is measured in personality assessment?
Traits and states
The lower test-retest reliability coefficients found to exist for state anxiety when compared with the higher test-retest reliability coefficients obtained for trait anxiety support which premise?
Traits are more enduring personality characteristics than states
For a Major Depressive Episode, how long must a client be in a depressed mood or have lost interest or pleasure in nearly all activities?
Two weeks
The Self Directed Search is based on six personality _______
Types
Assessment is an integral component to counseling that encompasses four broad steps. The first step is assessing the client problem(s). Which one of the following is NOT part of the remaining three steps?
Utilizing as many assessment instruments as possible to determine treatment progress
Which of the following Wechsler tests is the test measuring achievement?
WIAT-II
What is the difference between whole-time interval sampling and partial-time interval sampling?
Whole-time means that the client demonstrated the behavior the whole time.
The difference between an analogue observation and a natural observation is that an analogue observation is in:
a simulated setting.
In counseling, a 15-year-old client reports that he has repeatedly had to leave his classroom because there was a spider near his desk. He knows that his fear of spider is "over the top," but he reports he cannot stay near one. When using the DSM-IV-TR, you would probably first consider:
a specific phobia.
The Achievement test is an aptitude test, as __________ is to __________.
acquired knowledge or proficiency; performance in the future
Achievement tests typically focus on _______________, while aptitude tests focus on ________________.
acquired learning; potential
An individually-administered instrument, as compared to a group-administered instrument, has the advantage of:
allowing the administrator to observe nonverbal behaviors.
If we were to build a mathematics test to predict how well students would do in occupations related to mathematics, this test would be called:
an aptitude test
The ACT includes both a test of four academic areas and:
an interest inventory.
An example of gathering evidence based on response processes is:
asking individuals to "think aloud" while completing an inventory.
With cyclothymic disorder, the client has:
at least two years of numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and numerous period of depressive symptoms
Ratings recordings can be completed:
at the beginning, the middle and the end of the counseling session.
With Agoraphobia, the client is fearful of places or situations where they may have trouble coping and:
avoids those places or situations.
Concerning assessment practices, the Civil Rights Act of 1991:
banned the use of separate norms in any employment tests
Neuropsychological assessment concerns appraisal of the:
behavioral effects of possible brain trauma
Those clients who receive interpretation of test results tend to have a:
better counseling outcome than those who do not receive an interpretation
The degree to which construct-irrelevant factors systematically affect a group's performance is called
bias testing
Bulimia Nervosa is characterized by:
binge eating and inappropriate compensatory behaviors to prevent weight gain.
Career counseling outcomes need to focus on all of the following except:
career decidedness
One of the reasons interests are assessed in career counseling is because interests are a good predictor of:
career direction and occupational choice.
In ___________, clients are instructed to mark the given words or phrases that apply to them.
checklists
According to Hill and Lambert (2004), which of the following strategies is not used in assessing outcomes:
clearly specifying expected change.
If the sampling procedure used to draw the norming group used whole classrooms rather than selecting individuals, that procedure would be:
cluster sampling
The statistic that represents the percentage of shared variance between two variables is the:
coefficient of determination
One of the strengths of the Strong Interest Inventory is it:
compares the individual's interests to the interests of individuals working in different occupations
Norm-referenced instruments are most useful for:
comparing an individual's performance with other individuals.
Holistic rubrics are to analytic rubrics as ________________ is to _____________________.
comprehensive performance assessment; individual-level performance assessment
The Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) is composed of four scales that measure:
concern, control, curiosity, confidence.
In counseling a client with a hearing disability, the counselor needs to:
consider the magnitude and the age of onset of the loss in any assessment
Nonverbal instruments have been developed primarily in an attempt to:
control for the influences of language and culture.
A high correlation between a self-report inventory that measures depression and a depression measure completed by the therapist is an example of:
convergent evidence
Projective techniques, as distinguished from other personality instruments, have usually been designed to measure the:
covert and underlying aspects of personality
An academic achievement test is developed to measure mastery of a multiplication table. Mastery is defined as getting 100% of the multiplication items correct. This instrument is an example of a:
criterion-referenced test
In the past, the field of assessment attempted to develop __________ instruments, but found this impossible and has focused on developing culture-fair instruments.
culture-free
As the reliability of an instrument increases, the standard error of measurement _______.
decreases
The type of relationship an examiner has with the examinee should:
depend on what is stipulated in the instrument's manual
A low, non-significant correlation between an observation-based assessment of symptoms of autism and a teacher-report of ADHD symptoms provides ______________________ evidence of the validity of the autism measure.
discriminant
If a counselor becomes aware of another practitioner who is misusing an assessment measure, the counselor's first step should be to:
discuss the misuse with the other practitioner
The parent of an underage client requests to see a sample of the questions on a standardized achievement test you are responsible for administering. Your best response would be to:
explain to the parent that the test content must remain secure and he/she may not view the questions
The central component of motivational interviewing is to:
express empathy.
According to Cattell, a person trying to solve an entirely new kind of problem is using his or her __________, whereas a person working on a task that he or she knows well is using his or her __________.
fluid intelligence; crystallized intelligence
Individually administered achievement tests are often administered:
for psychoeducational evaluation (e.g., to identify students with learning disabilities).
When interviewing children, counselors should:
gear the interview toward the child's developmental level and provide an explanation of why they are asking questions.
Norm-referenced instruments are to criterion-referenced instruments as:
group comparison is to individual level of performance.
Systematic error (as compared to unsystematic error):
has no effect on the reliability of an instrument
Interest inventories:
have historically yielded different results for men and women.
The first step in identifying appropriate assessment strategies is to:
identify what information is needed
In administering a standardized achievement test, a counselor realizes she has made a mistake and has given the group an extra five minutes of testing time on the first subtest. She should:
immediately consult the manual to determine what should be done with this problem
Most of the studies indicate that the correlation between freshman grade point average and scores on scholastic aptitude tests designed to predict college performance is:
in the range of 0.30 to 0.50
Recent research on the interests of minority clients indicates that:
individuals from diverse ethnic groups use the same cognitive map or structure of preference
Sternberg's triarchic theory is based upon the ________________________.
information processing model
The cases of Larry P. v. Riles (1979) and Parents in Action on Special Education (PASE) v. Hannon (1980) were both related to whether or not:
intelligence tests discriminated against Black or African American children
The two major types of informal personality assessment techniques are observation and ______________.
interviewing
Projective techniques:
involve the individual responding to relatively ambiguous stimuli.
The Standards for Multicultural Assessment is a resource that:
is a compilation of standards related to multicultural assessment gathered from other sources
In considering the counseling process, assessment:
is an integral part of the entire process.
The studies with the strongest research methodology related to the effect of age on intelligence test scores indicates that intelligence:
is mostly stable throughout adulthood with slight declines after 65 in the area of fluid intelligence
It is especially important that test content is ___________________ in the areas of intelligence or general ability, achievement, and aptitude assessment.
kept secure
The major responsibility of a test administrator is to:
know the administration materials and be prepared
Postmodernists suggest that ____________ has a pervasive influence affecting perceptions of reality, and should be considered in all assessment techniques.
language
Laws related to assessment emanate from:
legislation and litigation
As compared to objective measures, subjective instruments require the administrator to:
make professional judgments when scoring the assessment.
The Personal Styles scales of the Strong Interest Inventory:
measure preferences in working, learning, leading, making decisions, and participating on team
Managed care has influenced the rise of _______________services.
mental health
A ______________________ may be conducted during the initial session or intake interview for the purpose of understanding a client's level of functioning and self-presentation.
mental status exam (MSE)
When scoring assessments, clinical judgment:
must sometimes be used as part of the scoring process
The longitudinal study by Bizot and Goldman showed that eight years after their completion, interest inventories administered in high school had predicted
neither job performance nor job satisfaction
The placebo group receives:
no intervention
In an initial interview, it is usually better to use:
open-ended questions because they are less likely to lead or unduly influence the client.
If the intercept for an instrument that predicted college performance was higher for the majority group than the minority group, then the instrument would:
over predict minority group members' performance
Substantial research suggests that minority students tend to be __________________ in special education.
overrepresented
If a test requires individuals to manipulate objects, then it would be considered a(n):
performance test.
One strategy that may help to facilitate the integration of interests, abilities and values assessment is:
portfolio assessment.
If an instrument has slope bias, then the instrument would:
predict differently for different groups.
In appraisal, regression equations are most frequently used to:
predict test-takers' performance on the criterion
The difference between concurrent and predictive validity is whether the:
prediction is made in the current context or in the future
The standard error of estimate is an index of the:
probable range of scores on the criterion
With regard to fairness in assessment, Helms (2006) suggest that when interpreting test scores, counselors should consider the client's:
psychological characteristics and internalized racial or cultural experiences
The correct order of the following scales of measurement, from least precise to most precise, is:
qualitative data
Helms et al. (2005) assert that rather than using race to categorize assessment results, the construct of _________________ is more effective in explaining significant differences in assessment of cognitive abilities and other areas of psychological assessment.
racial identity
An instrument that requires clients to rate their level of anxiety from (1) not at all anxious to (5) extremely anxious is a:
rating scale
When administering instruments that have been translated to another language with non- native English-speaking clients, the counselor should:
read the manual to find out what modifications should be made, and what research supports these modifications
After taking an assessment instrument, a client has the right to:
receive an appropriate explanation of the results
Trichotillomania involves:
recurrent pulling out of one's hair for pleasure, gratification, or relief of tension.
If an instrument measures consistently but does not measure what it was designed to measure, the instrument is:
reliable but not valid.
In Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, the compulsions are:
repetitive behaviors or mental acts with the goal being to reduce or prevent the anxiety.
The main distinction between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:
schizophreniform disorder lasts for a shorter duration than schizophrenia.
With performance and authentic assessment techniques, a major goal is to:
see if knowledge can be applied in appropriate situations
When assessing a child for a suspected disability, the assessment,
should be given in the child's native language
The tendency for individuals to respond to personality test items in a socially acceptable way, rather than in a way that truly reflects their personality, is known as:
social desirability
A potential complication in identifying mental health issues in older individuals is that:
some mental health issues may have a unique presentation in older individuals, and may be difficult to distinguish from cognitive impairment
The most widely used statistic of variability in measurement is the:
standard deviation.
Assessments cannot only be used to identify client problems, but to also identify client:
strengths
With respect to high-stakes testing, both the American Psychological Association (APA) and the American Education Research Association (AERA) contend that:
tests should not be used as a single measure of student performance, or basis for high-stakes decisions
The difference between a Hypomanic Episode and a Manic Episode is that:
the Hypomanic Episode has a minimum duration of four days as compared to a week for a Manic Episode.
Validity evidence is to ________ as item analysis is to ________.
the entire instrument; qualities of each item
In norm-referenced assessment, the word norm refers to:
the group of individuals who took the instrument, to which others' scores are later compared.
The decision to use either the Kuder-Richardson 20 (KR 20) or the Kuder-Richardson 21 (KR 21) is based on whether:
the items measure a homogeneous or heterogeneous behavior domain
Interval recording allows the observer to focus on a specific amount of time and document:
the presence or absence of a behavior.
The "what?" of a behavioral assessment focuses on:
the target behavior.
The empirical criterion keying method of constructing a personality inventory means items are selected based on:
their relationship to some external criterion
In general, a strength of interviews as an assessment strategy is that:
they allow counselors to directly question clients about their concerns
One of the major advantages of unstructured interviews is:
they can be easily modified to respond to the unique needs of the client
Sufficient knowledge about the specifics of an appraisal instrument can only be gained through:
thorough examination of the test manual and materials
The Spearman-Brown formula is used:
to correct a split-half reliability coefficient
Detailed information about the development of an instrument and psychometric properties are:
very important factors to take into consideration when evaluating the potential use of an instrument
Correlation coefficients range from:
-1.0 to 1.0.
According to the National Institute for Mental Health approximately ______ of American adults suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year.
25%
On the ACT, if a subject-area Composite score is marked by a *, this means that the student has a _____ chance of getting a grade of ____ or higher in a corresponding first-year level course.
50%; B
Which of the following behaviors would be considered a latency behavior?
A child who takes 3 minutes to get their workbook out of their desk after the direction is given
_________________ refers to a dynamic process of change and adaptation, wherein a person retains parts of his/her culture of origin while simultaneously adapting to the new or host culture.
Acculturation
An instrument that incorporates self-estimates of abilities is the:
Campbell Interest and Skills Survey (CISS).
If a counselor is interested in measuring clients' levels of career indecision, then he or she might use the:
Career Decision Scale
In the OQ-45, the counselor receives a color-coded message. What does white indicate?
Client is in normal range
Which clients have better outcomes?
Clients who have clinicians who receive weekly feedback about client progress
Of the three historical types of validation evidence, which one is believed by many experts to be the most pertinent with assessments used by counselors?
Construct-related
If the validity evidence focuses on the degree to which the evidence indicates the items, questions, or tasks adequately representing the intended behavior domain, which traditional category of validity would it be most related to?
Content-related validity
This group of disorders is characterized by a disruption in the usually integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perceptions of the environment.
Dissociative Disorders
The College Board SAT program of assessments includes the SAT ___________ and the SAT ___________.
Evidence-Based Tests; Subject Test
How should counselors use the interpretative materials (i.e., computer generated handouts or reports) that are provided with some instruments?
Interpretative materials can be a used as a supplemental resource to complement the counselor's explanation of test results
An episode characterized by abnormally elevated, expansive, or irritable moods is a(n) __________ Episode.
Manic
What is the major resource typically used by practitioners to obtain critiques of instruments?
Mental Measurements Yearbook
In a distribution of scores, what do we call the score that occurs most frequently?
Mode
The passage of the __________________ Act of 2001 resulted in all states being required to institute an assessment program, often referred to as "high stakes" testing.
No Child Left Behind
When the target behavior is not clearly defined and the counselor responds to an extraneous factor, which systematic error is likely to occur?
Observer bias
Concerning Anxiety Disorders, a brief period where the client feels intense apprehension, fearfulness, or terror is called a(n):
Panic Attack.
When calculating correlations, the most common method used is the:
Pearson-Product Moment Correlation Coefficient
What is self-monitoring?
Recording one's own behavior
The Exner Comprehensive System, which examines location, determinants, and content, is associated with which projective technique?
Rorschach Inkblot Test
At which level of Response to Intervention are students provided with evidence-based interventions of moderate intensity?
Secondary
Which of the following statements is true?
Sometimes the design of an instrument does not correspond to its intended purpose
This semi-structured interview is considered the current standard with the field and is psychometrically robust.
Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders (SCID-5)
A client reports that he has been using a pain killer (i.e., Loritab) for the last 18 months and has attempted to stop using the pain killer but has not been able to do so. He also reports taking higher doses to get the same effect, and he is going to multiple doctors to get various prescriptions. A diagnosis you should first consider would be:
Substance Use Disorder.
A very well-known and used standardized checklist that examines client distressing symptoms is the:
Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL-90-R).
Which of the following is NOT one of the assumptions that should be met when establishing the reliability of an instrument using the test-retest method?
Test-retest reliability is only valid when measuring situational traits
What do kleptomania, pyromania, intermittent explosive disorder, and pathological gambling have in common?
They are all impulse-control disorders
Which test is among the most commonly used intelligence instruments?
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Because a client may change their behavior as a result of being observed
Why does an observer need to be aware of reactivity?
Is it appropriate to have a child participate in self-monitoring?
Yes, because they need to see how often they do the behavior.
A commonly used method to assess intelligence for clients with severe motor disabilities is to use:
a picture vocabulary test
A normalized distribution of scores has:
a single peak in the center and the same score for the mean, mode, and median.
After hearing the child's error, his sister corrects him, saying "No, that's a horse." The following week, the child sees a zebra and labels it correctly. According to Piaget, the child's correction is an example of:
accommodation
Authentic and performance assessments are typically associated with:
achievement testing
With a reliability coefficient of .81, using classical test theory we would interpret that the:
amount of true variance to observed variance is 81 percent
A client is having trouble sleeping. You ask them to record what they do from the end of dinner until they lay down in the bed. This is an example of:
anecdotal records
The Strong Interest Inventory assesses:
clients' likes and interests.
In evaluating an instrument's reliability, a counselor should:
consider how the instrument is going to be used
Ceci's bioecological theory strongly emphasizes the importance of ___________ when considering intellectual performance.
context
When constructing interviews to assess personality, counselors should be sure to:
develop questions that are conceptually related to personality assessment.
In comparison to the __________________ model, the _______________ model assesses the complexities of learning disabilities better than a one-step process where an individual is tested once and diagnosed.
discrepancy; Response to Intervention
The majority of court cases related to assessment have focused on:
discrimination issues
During the 1960s and 1970s, there was a lot of examination and evaluation of the use of tests and assessment instruments. There was significant scrutiny over:
ethnic bias, fairness, and accuracy
If an instrument requires some professional judgments in scoring, then the manual should also include information on:
interrater reliability
A mark of a good psychological report is it:
involves an overview of the client and a comprehensive interpretation of the assessment results
The difference between the percentage of examinees in the upper group who answer an item correctly and the percentage of examinees in the lower group who answer the item correctly is called the ____________ index.
item discrimination
Examining how clients spent their time and their preferred activities is a way to identify _____________ interests; asking clients about their interests helps to identify their _____________ interests.
manifest; expressed
Informal checklists that do not have psychometric data:
may be used with caution for gathering preliminary information and identifying possible concerns.
Research indicates that computer-assisted career guidance systems are:
more effective when they are used in conjunction with counseling
When interpreting a client's Strong Interest Inventory, the counselor should:
move from general interests to more specific interests (e.g., certain occupations).
If a counselor is working with a client from an ethnic minority group, he or she should:
not conclude anything about the client's potential intelligence because there is significant variation within any ethnic group
If a child during a counseling session begins crying, plays disruptively, or misbehaves in some way, Greenspan and Greenspan (1981) recommend:
not stopping the behavior too quickly
The primary objective of both the SAT Reasoning Test and the American College Testing Program (ACT) is to:
predict college performance
The Graduate Record Examination (GRE) is designed to:
predict graduate school performance
Once the counselor has identified each of the significant problems the client is experiencing, the next step is to
prioritize these problems
Once a counselor has selected a focus and the design of the study, the next step is to:
select participants
According to Luria, ________________ processing involves integrating mental input, whereas ______________ processing is the ability to problem solve by arranging stimuli in serial order.
simultaneous; sequential
In the equation Y' = a + bX, the b represents the:
slope or regression coefficients
Resources provided with assessments such as the SAT and GRE that include test-taking strategies and sample questions are designed to provide information on:
test sophistication
With few exceptions, counselors cannot release a client's assessment results to a third party unless:
the client has consented to the release of information
One recent revision made to the Strong Interest Inventory was:
the inclusion of nonprofessionals in addition to professional occupations.
