Final Exam Review for Chapter 6-9

How does shared writing increase a child's understanding of print and facilitate reading development?

Shared writing is when teachers show the relationship between reading, writing, and speaking. It helps students realize that what is said can be written and that it can be read back as oral language.

3. Rhyming activities help children develop: A. letter recognition B. phonics skills C. phonological awareness D. letter-sound matching

C. phonological awareness

Experts recommend that teachers do which of the following when reading storybooks to young children? A. read slowly, with good expression B. read at least one book a week C. only read books one time so that children are exposed to a wide variety of literature. D. a and c

A. read slowly, with good expression

4. An activity that involves combining individual sounds to form words is: A. blending B. sound matching C. phoneme segmentation D. phonemic manipulation

A. blending

Explain the difference between creative dramatics and story drama.

Creative dramatics are informal dramatizing with no printed script or memorized lines. Story drama uses a storybook as a script, so children can put on a show.

Provide a rationale for using a direct instruction approach in early literacy teaching.

Using direct instruction is when a teacher takes students step-by-step to a goal. This method tell children what they will learn, models steps, and gives practice until they can demonstrate skills on their own.

Explain the main advantage of using children's names to teach letter recognition and phonics.

Using the child's name is helpful because its the first stable form of writing print that has meaning. Once they understand it, children begin to draw the letters of their name.

How should handwriting be taught in preschool and kindergarten? A. By making alphabet charts available for children to use as a reference B. In a fixed sequence, from A to Z C. Through structured drill and practice D. Using handwriting workbooks and worksheets

A. By making alphabet charts available for children to use as a reference

Which of the following is a key difference between shared writing and interactive writing? A. The teacher shares the writing tool. B. The teacher stretches words to vocalize the individual phonemes. C. The teacher talks about spaces between words. D. The teacher reads the sentence.

A. The teacher shares the writing tool.

5. The most effective approach for developing early word-level skills is: A. a combination of direct instruction in alphabet letter knowledge and phonological awareness B. phonological awareness followed by phoneme awareness C. name-writing D. print awareness and environmental print

A. a combination of direct instruction in alphabet letter knowledge and phonological awareness

9. If a teacher points to a picture of a ladder and asks children what letter does ladder begin with, she is addressing which skill? A. alphabet recognition B. phonological awareness C. phonics D. concepts about print

A. alphabet recognition

When choosing an artifact for students' showcase portfolio teachers should: A. choose pieces that illustrate students' best performance B. choose items every week in order to document students' progress. C. allow students older than age seven to select the pieces for these portfolios themselves. D. ask a colleague to make the final decisions

A. choose pieces that illustrate students' best performance

What are two types of standardized tests? A. criterion referenced and norm referenced B. norm referenced and True-False tests C. criterion referenced and multiple choice tests D. none of the above

A. criterion referenced and norm referenced

A formal assessment measure is used to: A. evaluate achievement B. appraise ongoing performance C. observe development D. monitor progress

A. evaluate achievement

Deirdre writes lines of linear scribble and hands her writing to her friend Max saying, "Here. This is an inbatation to play at my house tomorrow." What might Deirdre's teacher conclude? A. Deirdre's message could have been written better so that Max could have understood it. B. Deirdre has seen adults write invitations. C. Deirdre has had explicit instruction in invitation writing. D. Deirdre's teacher should have provided "proper" invitation paper,

B. Deirdre has seen adults write invitations.

Dialogic reading is an example of which storybook reading strategy? A. Traditional one-way read aloud B. Interactive storybook reading C. Shared big-book reading D. Decontextualized book reading

B. Interactive storybook reading

Which aspect of writing do children mostly learn about through their observing family writing activities? A. Formation of letters B. Spelling of words C. Purpose of writing D. Punctuation of sentences

C. Purpose of writing

Summative assessments support all of the following assessment purposes except: A. comparing districts/schools with one another. B. providing reliable and valid performance data C. determining which children need additional support services. D. monitoring curriculum effectiveness

C. determining which children need additional support services.

3. The primary purpose of the assess-plan-teach-reflect cycle is to: A. measure student achievement B. assess teacher accountability C. guide instructional decision making D. set standards of performance

C. guide instructional decision making

All are approaches to early reading teaching except: A. play-based approach B. basal approach C. language experience approach D. discovery approach

C. language experience approach

The author's chair strategy: A. Provides a means for children to share their writing with others B. Is a literacy-enriched version of the old favorite, "Musical Chairs". C. Helps children develop a sense of authorship. D. A and C

D. A and C

On-going assessment includes: A. anecdotal notes B. collection of students work C. information gathered while students are performing a game or activity D. All of the above

D. All of the above

Shared writing is an excellent means for teachers to demonstrate which of the following concepts or skills? A. The relationship between speaking, writing, and reading B. Purposes of written language C. Conventions of written language D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In which of the following strategies does the teacher engage in a "written conversation" with students? A. Learning logs B. Pen pals C. Dialogue writing D. Author's chair

D. Author's chair

According to the National Early Literacy Panel's (2008) report, the greatest impact of shared reading is on children's: A. oral language development. B. print knowledge. C. knowledge of phonics (i.e., letter-sound relationships) D. a and b

D. a and b

In her special feature, Laura Justice recommends which of the following strategies for reading storybooks to children with special needs? A. allow the child to pick the book being read B. allow the child to hold the book and turn the pages C. follow a strict routine so that the child knows what to expect D. a and b

D. a and b

Inviting children retell a story after listening to it being read aloud: A. helps to decontextualized the story B. teaches important phonics skills C. helps children learn about narrative story structure D. a and c

D. a and c

Explain how you would teach kindergartners to recognize the letters of the alphabet.

I would teach kindergartners the alphabet through songs, letter charts, word walls, print references, and games. I would introduce this knowledge with phonemic awareness.

Describe the differences between shared writing and interactive writing.

Shared writing is when teachers show the relationship between reading, writing, and speaking. Interactive writing is when a teacher shares a pen with a child and helps them write letters.

1. Benchmark: 2. Criterion-referenced test: 3. Formative assessment 4. Norm-referenced test: 5. Portfolio: 6. Reliability: 7. Standardized test: 8. Summative assessment: 9. Validity:

A. A test that is designed to compare one group of students with another group (4) B. A collection of student work (5) C. A point of reference that describes progress at a point in time. (1) D. The teacher reads verbatim the scripted procedures to the students. The conditions and directions are the same whenever the test is administered. Standardized tests are one form of on-demand testing (7) E. A type of assessment that occurs during a special time set aside for testing. In most cases, teaching and learning come to a complete stop while the teacher conducts the assessment (8) F. Extent to which an assessment really measures what it claims to measure (9) G. A test used to compare a student's progress toward mastery of specified content, typically content the student had been taught. The performance criterion is referenced to some criterion level such as a cutoff score (e.g., a score of 60 is required for mastery). (2) H. Consistency of the data; if the same test is administered to the same child on consecutive days, the child's score should be the similar (6) I. A form of assessment that relies on the regular collection of children's work to illustrate children's knowledge and learning. The children's products are created as they engage in daily classroom activities. Thus, children are learning while they are being assessed. (3)

If a significant number of children need help with the same aspect of writing, which is the most appropriate phase of writing workshop to provide help with this skill or concept? A. Focus lessons B. Individual teacher conferences during writing time C. Group share time D. After writing has been published

A. Focus lessons

Which of the following is a key feature of interactive storybook reading? A. The teacher encourages children to talk and think about the story, while it is being read. B. The teacher pauses after reading each page and teaches a new concept of print. C. The teacher focuses on getting children to make accurate predictions about what is going to happen in the story. D. The teacher asks a minimal amount of questions during reading so that children focus on plot of the story.

A. The teacher encourages children to talk and think about the story, while it is being read.

2. A true statement of the formative assessment approach is: A. compare children to one another B. gather information within the context of classroom activities C. use the information to compare teacher effectiveness D. gather information on all children's performance in exactly the same way.

B. gather information within the context of classroom activities

6. The alphabetic principle: A. states that letters of the alphabet have a relationship with the speech sounds B. maintains that children need to learn the alphabet before they can read words C. is best taught using the letter-of-the week approach. D. has been discredited by research.

A. states that letters of the alphabet have a relationship with the speech sounds

14. All are characteristics of effective early reading approaches except: A. tracing letter activities B. well-defined scope and sequence C. differentiated instruction D. a lesson framework

A. tracing letter activities

The main purpose of classroom-based assessment tools is to: A. determine achievement level B. monitor learning growth C. provide achievement results D. provide summative data

B. monitor learning growth

1. All are features of formative assessment except: A. generates feedback loops B. on-demand tasks C. identifies gaps in learning D. encourages self-monitoring

B. on-demand tasks

Repeated reading of favorite storybooks: A. is a waste of time B. results in enhanced story comprehension C. will make children bored and more likely to be disruptive during story reading D. a and c

B. results in enhanced story comprehension

In which stage or category of writing would the use of the scaffolded interactive writing be most appropriate for children? A. Non-phonetic letter strings B. Letter-like forms C. Invented spelling D. None of the above

B. Letter-like forms

Julia, a 4-year-old, writes "ssabegy" on a piece a paper. The letters are a bit squiggly, but they are correctly formed. When her teacher asks her what she has written, Julie replies, "I love my cat." Which form of emergent writing is Julia using? A. Letter-like forms B. Non-phonetic letter strings C. Invented spelling D. None of the above— - it is nonsense writing

B. Non-phonetic letter strings

Which of the following is a developmentally inappropriate handwriting practice? A. Teacher talking about how he is forming the letter m as he writes a shared writing text. B. Teacher requiring children to sign up to use the tricycles during outdoor play. C. Teacher rotating children through a center where they use an iPad app to trace the letter m. D. Teacher requiring children to write 25 letter ms as a homework assignment.

B. Teacher requiring children to sign up to use the tricycles during outdoor play.

10. Which of the following typically occurs during the "writing time" portion of the writing workshop? A. The teacher teaches a brief lesson about some aspect of writing to the whole class. B. The teacher has brief one-to-one conferences with children about their writing. C. The teacher calls on children to take turns sharing their writing with class. D. The teacher selects a topic for children to write about.

B. The teacher has brief one-to-one conferences with children about their writing.

1. When teachers use a set sequence of books, materials and activities to teach early reading, they are using the ** approach? A. direct instruction approach B. basal approach C. discovery approach D. all of the above

B. basal approach

13. Print convention skills are an indicator of: A. later reading achievement B. children's familiarity with printed texts C. phonological awareness D. alphabet knowledge

B. children's familiarity with printed texts

All are characteristics of formative assessment except: A. observing development over time B. comparing student performance to a norm C. determining the effectiveness of instruction D. monitoring progress toward a benchmark.

B. comparing student

Which literature response strategy has children act out the story without a script or memorized lines? A. story drama B. creative dramatics C. shared enactment D. a and b

B. creative dramatics

2. Ms. Parker believes in a mixed method approach to early reading teaching. She understands the importance of phoneme awareness in the learn-to-read process, so she uses a direct instruction method to develop her kindergarteners' phoneme awareness. To best support these lessons using a different method, she can: A. use worksheets to reinforce students' learning B. use chants and songs with rhyming words C. focus on sounds in words during shared book reading D. rely on environmental print to communicate this concept

B. use chants and songs with rhyming words

Children who write 'Today we tak a lon wok" are in which of the following stages of writing? A. Non-phonetic letter strings B. Letter-like forms C. Invented spelling D. None of the above

C. Invented spelling

What limits young children's ability to compose written text during a shared writing experience? A. Inability to write text B. Inability to read text C. Lack of experiences D. None of the above

C. Lack of experiences

Which of the following typically is true of children who write by making linear scribbles? A. They know how to form letters but choose not to do so. B. They know that there is a relationship between letters and sounds. C. They know that writing is different from drawing. D. They know where one word ends and another begins.

C. They know that writing is different from drawing.

10. Interactive storybook reading or shared book reading is an example of a: A. word-level technique B. vocabulary technique C. listening comprehension technique D. meaning-level technique

C. listening comprehension technique

The key characteristic of a discovery approach to early literacy teaching is: A. sequential lessons B. make believe play C. problem solving tasks D. explicit instruction

C. problem solving tasks

How should teachers encourage children to use art to respond to books that are read to them? A. provide a model for children to copy B. tell children to "draw a picture of your favorite part of the story" C. provide access to art materials after storybook reading and let children decide how they want to respond to the book D. have children make a 3-part illustration showing the beginning, middle, and ending of the story.

C. provide access to art materials after storybook reading and let children decide how they want to respond to the book

A key feature of a play-based approach is: A. a core reading program B. direct instruction C. scaffolded writing D. problem solving about a topic

C. scaffolded writing

A pointer is an essential tool for: A. traditional read alouds B. interactive storybook reading C. shared big-book reading D. dialogic reading

C. shared big-book reading

Decontextualized language occurs in: A. face-to-face conversations B. when teachers lead small-group discussions C. storybooks D. a and b

C. storybooks

Which of the following reading response strategies is particularly suited to shy children to act out and retell stories? A. Creative dramatics B. Story drama C. Art projects D. Puppets

D. Puppets

11. Reading habits form early. Choose a technique that nurtures the reading habit at an early age. A. shared book reading B. buddy reading C. book browsing D. all of the above

D. all of the above

When teachers engage in shared big-reading with young children, they should: A. read the story only one time B. draw children's attention to the print in the story C. encourage children to read along on the parts they remember D. b and c

D. b and c

7. To grasp the alphabetic principle, children must first: A. learn to recognize alphabet letters B. develop phonemic awareness C. memorize the alphabet song D. both a and b

D. both a and b

Informative, nonfiction texts: A. are overlooked in the Common Core State Standards B. are read too frequently by preschool teachers. C. help young children learn about narrative story structure. D. build children's conceptual knowledge

D. build children's conceptual knowledge

The teacher's first task in assessing early literacy is: A. develop a rubric. B. determine what is important to learn about students' literacy knowledge and skills. C. discover tools that will accurately measure students' literacy knowledge and skills. D. pre-test students' prior knowledge and skills

D. pre-test students' prior knowledge and skills

The purpose of recording anecdotal notes is to: A. show the students that you always have your eye on them. B. have records of topics covered that can then drive future instruction. C. provide students with a written explanation of their work. D. provide specific examples of what students know and can do.

D. provide specific examples of what students know and can do.

Explain how you would facilitate writing workshop in a kindergarten classroom.

I would facilitate a writing workshop by having 5-10 min lesson about writing, a 10-15 min period to talk about writing to teacher and/or peers, and a 10 min period to read their writing.

Describe interactive storybook reading and explain why it is considered to be the most effective read aloud strategy to use with young children.

Interactive storybook reading is effective because it promotes love of books, makes children familiar with complex grammar and decontextualized language, builds knowledge of story grammar, expands conceptual knowledge, and is highly engaging.

Describe the difference between phonemic awareness and phonics.

Phonemic awareness is the awareness that spoken words are composed of individual sounds or phonemes. Phonics is the relationship between sounds and letters in a written language.

Explain why reading aloud to young children is "the single most important activity" for promoting early literacy development.

Reading aloud is an important activity because it promote early literacy skills like: book handling, book naming, understanding of how stories work, recognition of sounds and letters, knowledge of large range of vocabulary, the ability to listen, and the understanding of complex grammar.

What is "scaffolded" writing?

Scaffolded writing is when teachers draw the lines for the words of the message, provide strong support for children when stretching the words out to hear sounds, and to write the words on the lines.

Explain how shared-big book reading helps children learn about print.

Shared big-book reading helps children learn about print by building sight word knowledge and make everyone feel successful.

Explain why teachers should regularly read informational books to young children.

Teachers should regularly read informational books to young children because of the benefits. It will be the key to success later in school, it prepares students to handle real-life reading, applies to preferences, addresses questions and answers, builds knowledge on natural and social world, and boosts vocabulary knowledge.

Describe key features of integrated, content-focused activities in a comprehensive early literacy program.

The key features of integrated content-focused activities have: children who listen to the teacher read informational texts, opportunities to gather data, use emergent writing for observations/information, engage in dramatic play to express what they learned, and they learn by investigating/trying.