Learning and Conditioning Ch.5
Veronica is cooking dinner. She puts a pot roast in the oven, and sets the timer for one hour. She checks on the pot roast several times over the hour, but only finds that it is done after the timer goes off, then and only then can she eat. This is an example of a ____________ schedule of reinforcement: 1) Fixed ratio 2) Fixed interval 3) Variable interval 4) Variable ratio
Fixed interval
This type of schedule produces a high rate of responding, typically accompanied by postreinforcement pauses. 1) fixed interval 2) fixed ratio 3) variable ratio 4) variable interval
fixed ratio
Variable interval (VI) schedule: 1) Amount of time required to elapse before a response will be reinforced varies from trial to trial. 2) The number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one reinforcer delivery to the next. 3) Individual has to perform a fixed number of responses for the delivery of each reinforcer 4) A fixed amount of time has to pass before a response can be reinforced
Amount of time required to elapse before a response will be reinforced varies from trial to trial
Postreinforcement pause: 1) In FR and FI schedules, the period of time during which the participant stops responding after reinforcer delivery 2) Special kind of graph representing the passage of time and the accumulated-total number of responses. 3) Reinforcer can be obtained only for a specified period of time after it becomes available. 4) The outcome that partial or intermittent reinforcement produces more persistence in responding during extinction than continuous reinforcement.
In FR and Fi schedules, the period of time during which the participant stops responding after reinforcer delivery
In FI and FR schedules, the slight hesitation in responding, which occurs immediately after receiving reinforcement, is called the post reinforcement pause. 1) True 2) False
True
Short IRTs are differentially reinforced on ratio schedules. True False
True
Online farming games often require the player to return after a certain amount of time to collect their crop. If the player fails to check their crop within a specified amount of time after it is ready for harvest, the crop will rot and no longer "pay" when harvested. This is an example of: a postreinforcement pause a limited hold break-and-run responding superstitious responding an inter-reinforcement interval
a limited hold
Behavior that has been attributed to ___________ of the organism can often be related much more exactly to regularities produced by schedules of reinforcement. 1) drives 2) needs 3) expectations 4) all of these
all of these
Continuous reinforcement: 1) generates high rates of response 2) is an intermittent schedule 3) generates little resistance to extinction 4) generates great resistance to extinction
generates little resistance to extinction
Lowe and colleagues (1983) explained their observation that humans generated either high or low rates of responding, but not the typical schedule patterns observed in animals, during schedule training, by arguing that: language causes humans to behave according to a rule rather than the arranged contingencies schedule studies in humans are too short to develop the stereotypical patterns schedule effects do not generalize from animal to human behavior humans are not motivated to be in the study so they do not pay sufficient attention to the contingencies
language causes humans to behave according to a rule rather than the arranged contingencies
When considering ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement: interval schedules produce a higher rate of response ratio schedules produce a higher rate of response to get the highest rate of responding the researcher must alternate between ratio and interval schedules rate of responding is equal
ratio schedules produce a higher rate of response
Variable ratio schedules with high mean ratios (e.g., VR 100) have fewer short ratios following one another and are likely to result in longer PRPs shorter PRPs the absence of any PRP the highest response rates
shorter PRPs
The critical measure on progressive-ratio (PR) schedules is typically: the rate of responding the frequency of responding the length of the postreinforcement pause the breakpoint where the organism fails to complete the schedule requirement
the breakpoint where the organism fails to complete the schedule requirement
This schedule generally produces a high rate of response with little or no postreinforcement pause. 1) fixed ratio 2) fixed interval 3) variable ratio 4) variable interval
variable ratio
Fixed interval (FI) schedule: 1) The number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one reinforcer delivery to the next. 2) Amount of time required to elapse between reinforcer availability varies from trial to trial. 3) Individual has to perform a fixed number of responses for the delivery of each reinforcer 4) A fixed amount of time has to pass before a response can be reinforced
A fixed amount of time has to pass before a response can be reinforced
What is the relationship between an analysis of behavior perspective and the organism's memories and thought processes? It is important to use behavior as a means to infer both cognitions and memories in the individual exhibiting the behavior An analysis of behavior perspective discourages speculations and inferences about memory and thought processes Without an understanding of the organism's thought processes, behavior cannot be changed An experimental analysis of behavior rejects free choice and therefore sees cognition and memory as irrelevant
An analysis of behavior perspective discourages speculations and inferences about memory and thought processes
"Break and run" is a term most likely associated with _________ schedules. 1) VR 2) VI 3) FI 4) FR
FR
Continuous reinforcement is equivalent to: 1) FI 1 2) VI 1 3) FR 1 4) VR 2
FR 1
Which of the following schedules would produce the longest pause after each reinforcement? 1) FR 40 2) VR 30 3) VR 60 4) FR 10
FR 40
A professor gives unannounced quizzes throughout the semester. This is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement since the student can earn points on the quizzes. 1) True 2) False
False
Human infants who are not verbally skilled show FI schedule performances that not are in accord with the contingencies of an FI schedule. True False
False
Sally receives her weekly allowance only if she makes her bed every morning. This is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement. 1) True 2) False
False
______________ _____________have a very specific number of reinforcers that can be obtained in a specific period of time. 1) Concurrent schedules 2) Interval schedules 3) Simple schedules 4) Ratio schedules
Interval schedules
Variable ratio (VR) schedule: 1) Amount of time required to elapse between reinforcer availability varies from trial to trial. 2) The number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one reinforcer delivery to the next. 3) Individual has to perform a fixed number of responses for the delivery of each reinforcer 4) A fixed amount of time has to pass before a response can be reinforced
The number of responses required for reinforcement varies from one reinforcer delivery to the next
The PRE: 1) In FR and FI schedules, the period of time during which the participant stops responding after reinforcer delivery 2) Special kind of graph representing the passage of time and the accumulated-total number of responses. 3) Reinforcer can be obtained only for a specified period of time after it becomes available. 4) The outcome that partial or intermittent reinforcement produces more persistence in responding during extinction than does continuous reinforcement. 5) The outcome that partial or intermittent reinforcement produces less persistence in responding during extinction than continuous reinforcement.
The outcome that partial or intermittent reinforcement produces more persistence in responding during extinction than does continuous reinforcement
Ritalin (methyphenidate) has been shown to have similar reinforcement efficacy as d-amphetamine at some the assessed doses. True False
True
The occasional occurrence of a reinforcer right after another reinforcer reduces the likelihood of pausing on a VR schedule. True False
True
Timing is to interval schedules as number of responses is to ratio schedules. 1) True 2) False
True
Under a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement, only one response must be made before reinforcement can be obtained. 1) True 2) False
True
The pattern of responses generated on a fixed-ratio schedule and observed on a cumulative record is best described as: 1) a rapid run of responses, a pause following reinforcement, then another run of responses 2) moderate steady responding, with no or few pauses after reinforcement 3) a few early responses, then gradual acceleration until reinforcement, then a pause - the pattern repeats 4) steady high rate of response with few or no pauses after reinforcement
a rapid run of responses, a pause following reinforcement, then another run of responses
Schedule of reinforcement: 1) A rule that specifies the conditions necessary for the reinforcement of the operant response 2) Individual has to perform a fixed number of responses for the delivery of each reinforcer 3) Proposes that introducing extinction after continuous reinforcement involves a more noticeable change (the change in conditions is easy to discriminate) for the participant than introducing extinction after partial reinforcement 4) A fixed amount of time has to pass before a response can be reinforced
a rule that specifies the conditions necessary for the reinforcement of the operant response
Molar approaches to schedule control: 1) are concerned with large scale factors that may occur over the length of an entire session 2) focus on small moment to moment relationships between behavior and its consequences 3) are concerned with the interaction between PRPs and IRTs 4) focus on foraging and interreinforcement time
are concerned with large scale factors that may occur over the length of an entire session
On FR schedules, postreinforcement pauses 1) occur because the animal is exhausted. 2) become shorter as one stretches out the ratio. 3) become longer as one stretches out (increases) the ratio. 4) tend to not occur 5) occur because the animal is consuming the reinforcer.
become longer as one stretches out (increases) the ratio
After ________organisms occasionally show a "break and run" pattern of behavior: 1) considerable experience on FI schedules 2) limited experience on FI schedules 3) considerable experience on VI schedules 4) limited experience on VI schedules
considerable experience on FI schedules
A useful schedule of reinforcement to use when first shaping a new behavior is a(n) ____ schedule. 1) continuous 2) intermittent 3) FI 4) VT
continuous
From a behavioral analysis standpoint, a child working hard to achieve good grades is caused by _______. high motivation low motivation environmental contingencies positive reinforcement negative reinforcement
environmental contingencies
A schedule where a set time interval must pass before a response is reinforced is called: 1) variable interval 2) fixed ratio 3) variable ratio 4) fixed interval
fixed interval
This schedule produces a cumulative response pattern that is upwardly curved, a scallop. 1) fixed ratio 2) fixed interval 3) variable ratio 4) variable interval
fixed interval
A _________ schedule requires a set number of responses for each reinforcement. 1) variable interval 2) fixed ratio 3) variable ratio 4) fixed interval
fixed ratio
Jerry, a factory worker, receives a bonus for every 100 products that he assembles. Jerry's bonus is an example of which schedule of reinforcement? 1) Fixed interval 2) Variable ratio 3) Fixed ratio 4) Variable interval
fixed ratio
Generally speaking, on a ratio schedule, as rate of response increases, rate of reinforcement: 1) decreases 2) increases 3) is unaffected 4) any of these could occur, depending on the type of ratio schedule
increases
Consider the following example: "A rat receives a pellet for the first response after 5 minutes regardless of how often they press the lever." This is an example of a(n) _____ schedule. interval concurrent ratio baseline progressive
interval
Schedules combining time and responses are called: partial reinforcement schedules complex schedules interval schedules fixed-time schedules
interval schedules
The pattern of responses generated on a variable-interval schedule and observed on a cumulative record is best described as: 1) a rapid run of responses, a pause following reinforcement, then another run of responses 2) moderate and steady responding, with no or few pauses after reinforcement 3) a few early responses, then gradual acceleration until reinforcement, then a pause - the pattern repeats 4) steady high rate of response with few or no pauses after reinforcement
moderate and steady responding, with no or few pauses after reinforcement
Employees working for their pay and students working for teacher attention are more likely to interact with _________ contingencies. molecular molar progressive both molar and molecular
molar
Dr. Fergus Lowe has conducted numerous studies of fixed-interval performance with humans. In these experiments, participants press a button to obtain points that are later exchanged for money. Although animals develop characteristic pattern of fixed-interval, adult humans do not. Instead, people _____________ . 1) produce an inefficient high, steady rate of response 2) produce an inefficient low rate 3) generally refuse to bar press on fixed interval 4) only (a) and (b)
only a and b
Increasing the number of responses required in a ratio schedule of reinforcement too quickly often results in a stereotyped pattern of behavior that includes emotional responding and a failure to perform the required behavior. This pattern of behavior is referred to as: a pre-reinforcement pause an inter-trial interval ratio strain a postreinforcement pause
ratio strain
Behavioral momentum: refers to behavior that persists or continues in the presence of a stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors refers to the tendency for behavior that is intermittently reinforced to be more resistant to extinction than behavior on continuous reinforcement refers to the high rate of behavior observed on variable schedules compared to fixed schedules of reinforcement refers to the higher rate of behavior observed in ratio schedules compared to interval schedules
refers to behavior that persists or continues in the presence of a stimulus for reinforcement despite disruptive factors
Molar explanations of rate differences on interval and ratio schedules would be concerned with: 1) interresponse times and the reinforcement schedule 2) post reinforcement pause times on continuous reinforcement 3) the correlation between responses and reinforcement 4) more than one of these
the correlation between responses and reinforcement
Noah is practicing his hitting for tomorrow's baseball game. On the first pitch, he swings and hits a home run. However, he struggles with the next few swings before he has another good hit. He has to try several swings before any good hit. Which type of reinforcement schedule describes Noah's situation? 1) Variable ratio 2) Fixed interval 3) Variable interval 4) Fixed ratio
variable ratio
