MGT304 Chapter 13

85. A university professor is generally a high stress occupation. a. True b. False

False

86. People who feel stress are nervous to start with. a. True b. False

False

91. Work-related stress and family-related stress rarely affect one another. a. True b. False

False

92. Managers experience more stress compared to employees lower in the hierarchy of bureaucratic organizations. a. True b. False

False

93. People who are pessimistic experience less stress than those who are optimistic. a. True b. False

False

103. Compare and contrast the three types of strain that may occur.

1. Physiological—high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, high cholesterol, stomach ulcers compromised immune system 2. Psychological—anxiety, burnout, emotional exhaustion, fatigue, hostility, irritation, tension, lower self-confidence and self-esteem 3. Behavioral—accidents and errors, alcohol use, caffeine intake, drug use, smoking, workplace deviance (e.g., doing inferior work on purpose, stealing, damaging property) 1. Physiological—high blood pressure, coronary heart disease, high cholesterol, stomach ulcers compromised immune system 2. Psychological—anxiety, burnout, emotional exhaustion, fatigue, hostility, irritation, tension, lower self-confidence and self-esteem 3. Behavioral—accidents and errors, alcohol use, caffeine intake, drug use, smoking, workplace deviance (e.g., doing inferior work on purpose, stealing, damaging property)

102. Describe abusive supervision and how to overcome it.

Abusive supervision is hostile behavior toward followers that may include ridiculing, spreading rumors, taking credit for work done by followers, giving the "silent treatment," and/or withholding information. Poor supervision is a root cause of stress at the workplace. This occurs for two primary reasons: Abusive supervisors place additional job demands on employees, and they don't provide support to help employees cope. To address the problem of abusive supervision, organizations are encouraged to set up confidential (or even anonymous) reporting "hotlines" so that supervisory abuse can be reported. Also, training that focuses on appropriate supervisory behaviors may alleviate stress and improve employee well-being.

104. Develop a plan for coping with stress during change.

Coping is defined as "constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person." There are two types of coping: behavioral methods (problem-solving behaviors) and cognitive methods (managing thoughts and emotions).

97. How would you know if a coworker was experiencing job burnout and what would you do about it?

Job burnout "is a prolonged response to chronic stressors on the job." Symptoms of burnout are exhaustion, cynicism, detachment from work, and feelings of ineffectiveness or failure. Burnout is a serious problem for many employees and affects their attitudes motivation and job performance. Pay attention to your coworkers and/or classmates. If you see them exhibiting the following symptoms, they may be on the path to burnout. Physical signs and symptoms of burnout. • Feeling tired and drained most of the time. • Lowered immunity, feeling sick a lot. • Frequent headaches, back pain, muscle aches. • Change in appetite or sleep habits. Emotional signs and symptoms of burnout - • Sense of failure and self-doubt. • Feeling helpless, trapped, and defeated. • Loss of motivation. • Increasingly cynical and negative outlook. • Detachment, feeling alone in the world. • Decreased satisfaction and sense of accomplishment. Behavioral signs and symptoms of burnout - • Withdrawing from responsibilities. • Isolating yourself from others. • Procrastinating, taking longer to get things done. • Using food, drugs, or alcohol to cope. • Taking out your frustrations on others. • Skipping work or coming in late and leaving early. Look for warning signs. Providing social support and job redesign may help, as well as listening and airing of grievances.

96. Define stress and discuss estimated costs to business.

P-E fit theory defines stress as a perceived dynamic state involving uncertainty about something important. More specifically, stress is "a discrepancy between an employee's perceived state and desired state, provided that the presence of this discrepancy is considered important to the employee." In other words, stress is the difference between the demands (or stressors) placed on a person and their ability to cope with the demands and reach their goals. Nearly half of all workers suffer from moderate to severe stress while on the job, according to a recent survey. And 66 percent of employees report that they have difficulty focusing on tasks at work because of stress. Stress has been called the "health epidemic of the 21st century" by the World Health Organization and is estimated to cost American businesses up to $300 billion per year. One study of more than 46,000 U.S. employees found health care costs were 46% higher for workers who experienced high stress.

100. Identify work-related stressors.

People learn their roles in organizations and "act" them out daily. Roles can be a source of stress in a number of ways because they place demands on a person to fulfill expectations. Role ambiguity occurs where there is a lack of specificity or predictability about what a person's role is. In short, the person does not know what is expected, possibly due to not understanding what a manager requires, for example. Role conflict occurs when there are incompatible demands regarding what a person's role is. Role overload is a third form of role-related stress and it is caused by too much work, time pressure, and deadlines that a person feels unable to meet.

101. Discuss work-life balance.

Reconciling conflicts between work and family roles (known as work-life balance) is a specific form of interrole conflict that has received a great deal of research. Work-life balance is disrupted when demands of participation in work are incompatible with demands of participation in family life. This conflict can have an important effect on the quality of both work and family life. Research has indicated that conflicts between work and family roles negatively affect employee well-being. It is not uncommon for employees to carry stress home with them from the workplace (known as the crossover stress effect) and this affects family interactions.

98. Explain how stress affects organizational outcomes.

Stress can be performance enhancing or disruptive. A study of executive stress found that the experience of challenging or rewarding job experiences related differently to outcomes than stress from associated with hindering or constraining job experiences. There are two general types of stress: challenge-related stress and hindrance-related stress. Challenge-related stress may be positive, or what is known as eustress, or "good stress" from the Greek root eu for "good." Hindrance-related stress is excessive or undesirable constraints that interfere with an individual's ability to achieve goals, creating "negative stress." Both forms of stress relate to psychological strain, but one study found that hindrance-related stress is more related to lessened loyalty and intentions to quit. Hindrance-related stress also negatively affects learning. However, a challenging learning environment increases learning. Stress negatively impacts job performance and attitudes. Stress relates to lower job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job involvement as well as higher frustration (these are psychological outcomes). Second, stress is related to more use of health care, sick days, and workers' compensation claims (physical outcomes). Third, stress is related to lower job performance, more counterproductive behavior, and accidents (behavioral outcomes).

99. Explain the relationship between organizational change and stress.

Stress has been rising at the workplace due to organizational change. Change increases uncertainty and disrupts employees' regular work routines. Employee resistance to organizational change is one of the most common sources of work stress. The new organizational reality is one of competition with mergers, acquisitions, downsizings, and restructurings. These forces have increased psychological strain from work. Uncertainty during organizational change may be related to layoffs, pay cuts, fewer promotion opportunities, and changes to the culture of the organization

95. Describe the three elements of travel stress.

Travel, including business travel, can be exciting but research has identified sources of stress related to business travel at three points: pre-trip stress, trip stress, and post-trip stress. Pre-trip stressors involve planning, trying to accomplish tasks at work before leaving, and taking care of issues for the home and family. Travel itself can be very stressful and can include trip stress such as having flight delays or cancellations, losing luggage, and clearing security and customs. Travel disrupts diet, exercise, and sleeping patterns, particularly international travel that is so often needed in today's international business arena. After the trip, the post-trip stress sets in due to readjustment to the job and family life. Often, a returning executive has a full calendar of people needing urgent meetings after returning to the office.

87. Stress can kill you. a. True b. False

True

88. According to recent research, money was listed as the most commonly reported source of stress. a. True b. False

True

89. There may be an optimum level of stress that is good for performance. a. True b. False

True

90. Employee resistance to organizational change is one of the most common sources of work stress. a. True b. False

True

94. Organizations can take steps to reduce employee stress in the workplace. a. True b. False

True

54. All of the following are example of abusive supervision, except: a. Giving credit for work done by followers b. Ridiculing c. Giving the "silent treatment" d. Withholding information

a. Giving credit for work done by followers

65. All of the following are examples of physiological strain, except: a. Anxiety b. High blood pressure c. Stomach ulcers d. High cholesterol

a. Anxiety

21. Another term for challenge-related stress is: a. Eustress b. Mestress c. Hindrance-related stress d. Strain

a. Eustress

58. All of the following are examples of deviant behavior except: a. Flirting b. Bullying c. Incivility d. Aggression

a. Flirting

80. All of the following are emotion-focused, behavioral methods for coping with stress, except: a. Focusing on job duties b. Engaging in non-work activities c. Seeking support d. Venting anger

a. Focusing on job duties

16. Dewey does not enjoy his job. He experiences exhaustion, cynicism, detachment from work, and feelings of ineffectiveness or failure. Which of the following best describes Dewey's condition? a. Job burnout b. Role overload c. Strain d. Organizational stress

a. Job burnout

28. All of the following are psychological outcomes related to stress, except: a. Lower job performance b. Lower job satisfaction c. Lower job involvement d. Lower organizational commitment

a. Lower job performance

70. Cedric has generalized positive outcome expectancies. Cedric can be described as: a. Optimistic b. Proactive c. Ambivalent d. Pessimistic

a. Optimistic

75. In China and the United States, the most frequently reported stressors include all of the following, except: a. Pay and promotion opportunities b. Poor working conditions c. Equipment failure d. Lack of training

a. Pay and promotion opportunities

48. Lorna's boss wants her to fudge some numbers at work, but she feels uncomfortable acting unethically. She is likely experiencing: a. Person-role conflict b. Intersender role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Interrole conflict

a. Person-role conflict

44. Which of the following is defined as role-related stress caused by too much work, time pressure, and tight deadlines? a. Role overload b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role reversal

a. Role overload

34. Glenda is interested in taking actions to alleviate the stress due to change for employees in her organization. All of the following are mentioned in the text as potential actions, except a. Stop making organizational changes. b. Manage the frequency of change and the planning involved in change. c. Provide supportive leadership. d. Help employees develop coping mechanisms for stress due to change.

a. Stop making organizational changes.

10. All of the following are examples of common misconceptions about stress, except: a. Stress can kill you. b. Work-related stress can be left at the office and not brought home c. Stress is only in the mind, it's not physical. d. There's nothing you can do about stress without making drastic changes in your lifestyle.

a. Stress can kill you.

4. Which of the following occurs when having flight delays or cancellations, losing luggage, and clearing security and customs? a. Trip stress b. Pre-trip stress c. Post-trip stress d. Flight stress

a. Trip stress

53. Which of the following is known as hostile behavior toward followers that may include ridiculing, spreading rumors, taking credit for work done by followers, giving the "silent treatment," and/or withholding information: a. Leadership stress b. Abusive supervision c. Dysfunctional direction d. Supervisory strain

b. Abusive supervision

64. Which of the following is not one of the three types of strains resulting from stressors? a. Physiological b. Attitudinal c. Psychological d. Behavioral

b. Attitudinal

76. Gina demonstrates problem-solving behaviors to deal with stress in her life. These are known as: a. Cognitive methods b. Behavioral methods c. Problem-focused methods d. Avoidance methods

b. Behavioral methods

20. Which of the following is good stress? a. Hindrance-related stress b. Challenge-related stress c. Organizational stress d. Role stress

b. Challenge-related stress

71. Alec is constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding his resources. Alec is: a. Stressing b. Coping c. Chilling d. Revealing

b. Coping

39. All of the following are indicated in the text as stressors found at work, except: a. Schedule-related stressors b. Coworker-related stressor c. Task-related stressors d. Career-related stressors

b. Coworker-related stressor

57. Which of the following is defined as aggression, bullying, harassment, incivility, and social undermining? a. Challenge stressors b. Deviant behavior c. Citizenship behavior d. Role conflict

b. Deviant behavior

59. Ilene is the target of her coworker's aggression in the workplace. She is experiencing: a. Indirect effects b. Direct effects c. Role ambiguity d. Role conflict

b. Direct effects

27. Which of the following is not one of the outcomes associated with stress: a. Psychological outcomes b. Environmental outcomes c. Physical outcomes d. Behavioral outcomes

b. Environmental outcomes

79. All of the following are problem-focused, behavioral methods for coping with stress, except: a. Working harder b. Escape and detachment c. Seeking assistance d. Acquiring more resources

b. Escape and detachment

45. Heather is a student that wants to please her Organizational Behavior professor by studying for a midterm exam in the class, but she her friends want her to go out to dinner with them the night before the exam. She is likely experiencing: a. Person-role conflict b. Interrole conflict c. Intersender role conflict d. Role ambiguity

b. Interrole conflict

46. Dieter's boss wants him to work late, but his coworkers want him to leave when they do so they don't look bad. He is likely experiencing: a. Person-role conflict b. Intersender role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Interrole conflict

b. Intersender role conflict

24. The shape of the relationship between pressure and performance in the Yerkes-Dodson law is: a. U-shaped b. Inverted U-shaped c. Downward sloping horizontal line d. Upward sloping horizontal line

b. Inverted U-shaped

15. All of the following are true of organizational stress, except: a. It has serious consequences to employees in terms of their well-being. b. It is relatively cost-less in terms of organizational impact. c. Employees who experience high stress have significantly higher health care costs. d. It has serious consequences for employee health.

b. It is relatively cost-less in terms of organizational impact.

17. Which of the following is defined as a prolonged response to chronic stressors on the job? a. Strain b. Job burnout c. Role overload d. P-E fit

b. Job burnout

55. Which of the following is not a link between organizational politics and stress? a. Highly political organizations reward employees who engage in hardball influence tactics. b. Organizational politics are a challenge stressor. c. It is often necessary to engage in organizational politics to survive or advance in an organization. d. Research has shown a significant relationship between perceptions of organizational politics and psychological strain.

b. Organizational politics are a challenge stressor.

11. Which of the following is the degree of congruence between the person and the work situation: a. Person-job fit b. Person-environment fit c. Person-situation fit d. Person-work fit

b. Person-environment fit

5. Which of the following occurs when readjusting to job and family life after business travel? a. Pre-trip stress b. Post-trip stress c. Trip stress d. Repatriation

b. Post-trip stress

3. Which of the following involves planning, trying to accomplish tasks at work before leaving, and taking care of issue for the home and family? a. Trip stress b. Pre-trip stress c. Post-trip stress d. Road warrior stress

b. Pre-trip stress

9. All of the following are examples of common misconceptions about stress, except: a. You always know when you are under stress. b. Prolonged physical exercise will strengthen your resistance to stress. c. Stress is always bad. d. Stress can be controlled with medication.

b. Prolonged physical exercise will strengthen your resistance to stress.

74. Large-scale studies of cross-cultural stressors and cultural values found all of the following, except: a. Role conflict is related to power distance. b. Role ambiguity is related to collectivism. c. Role ambiguity is related to individualism. d. Role conflict is related to individualism.

b. Role ambiguity is related to collectivism.

43. Which of the following occurs when there are incompatible demands regarding what a person's role is? a. Role overload b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role reversal

b. Role conflict

33. Which of the following is not one of the three elements of change uncertainty: a. Strategic b. Supervisory c. Structural d. Job-related

b. Supervisory

82. All of the following are problem-focused, cognitive methods for coping with stress, except: a. Planning and organizing b. Venting anger c. Focusing on job duties d. Taking one step at a time

b. Venting anger

6. Timothy travels a lot for his work and has become aware of the phenomenon known as travel stress. He seems to be suffering symptoms of this type of stress. All of the following are responses to travel stress that may reduce his symptoms, except: a. Music or meditation b. Jet lag training c. Avoiding a healthy diet and exercising d. Maintaining contact with executives while traveling

c. Avoiding a healthy diet and exercising

40. Weldon is concerned that he will not receive the promotion he has been hoping for and this is causing him strain. This type of stressor is best described as: a. Schedule-related b. Task-related c. Career-related d. Physical

c. Career-related

77. Nathan deals with stress by managing his thoughts and emotions. This is known as: a. Behavioral methods b. Fight-or-flight response c. Cognitive methods d. Affective methods

c. Cognitive methods

84. Which of the following are programs designed to help employees deal with problems that seriously affect job performance: a. Wellness programs b. Preventative stress management c. Employee assistance programs d. Job redesign

c. Employee assistance programs

49. Which of the following is not one of the types of role conflict? a. Interrole conflict b. Person-role conflict c. Extra-role conflict d. Intersender role conflict

c. Extra-role conflict

52. Frieda recently went through a divorce and had some legal troubles with one of her children. The stress she experiences from these events in her family has caused her problems at work. This is known as: a. Work-to-family conflict b. Work life balance c. Family-to-work conflict d. Crossover stress effect

c. Family-to-work conflict

63. Which of the following is the result of human evolution in which humans needed to attack or run away from predators? a. Do-or-don't response b. Fright response c. Fight-or-flight response d. Fright-or-die response

c. Fight-or-flight response

26. All of the following are related to hindrance-related stress, except: a. Lessened loyalty b. Intentions to quit c. Higher performance d. Negative learning effects

c. Higher performance

56. Cornelia is interested in reducing the impact of abusive supervision on employees in her organization. All of the following are suggestions listed in the text, except: a. Set up confidential or anonymous reporting "hotlines." b. Provide training focusing on appropriate supervisory behavior.s c. Ignore the abusive behavior and it will go away. d. Be aware that abusive supervision hurts the target of abuse as well as those who witness the abuse.

c. Ignore the abusive behavior and it will go away.

60. Bobby witnesses his cubicle neighbor being bullied by a coworker every day. This bullying bothers Bobby. He is experiencing: a. Role overload b. Role conflict c. Indirect effects d. Direct effects

c. Indirect effects

18. All of the following are true of job burnout except: a. It can affect employee attitudes. b. It can affect employee motivation. c. It is relatively not serious for the employee or organization d. It can affect job performance.

c. It is relatively not serious for the employee or organization

30. All of the following are behavioral outcomes related to stress, except: a. Lower job performance b. More counterproductive behavior c. Lower job satisfaction d. More accidents

c. Lower job satisfaction

32. All of the following are true of the relationship between organizational change and stress, except: a. Change increases uncertainty and disrupts employees' regular work routines. b. Employee resistance to organizational change is one of the most common sources of work stress c. Organizational change is reducing in frequency in recent years. d. Uncertainty during organizational change may be related to layoffs, pay cuts, fewer promotion opportunities, and changes to company culture.

c. Organizational change is reducing in frequency in recent years.

14. Which of the following is defined as negative environmental factors or stressors associated with a particular job: a. Occupational stress b. Job stress c. Organizational stress d. Strain

c. Organizational stress

42. Which of the following is defined as a lack of specificity or predictability about what a person's role is? a. Role overload b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role reversal

c. Role ambiguity

47. Irene recently started a new position which she does not know much about. Her boss and coworkers have not given her much direction on what is expected of her or what she is to do. She is likely experiencing: a. Role overload b. Role conflict c. Role ambiguity d. Role reversal

c. Role ambiguity

66. All of the following are examples of psychological strain, except: a. Burnout b. Emotional exhaustion c. Smoking d. Lower self-esteem

c. Smoking

12. Which of the following is defined as a combination of greater psychological job demands and lower job control? a. Occupational stress b. Job stress c. Strain d. Organizational stress

c. Strain

81. All of the following are emotion-focused, cognitive methods for coping with stress, except: a. Tell yourself you always come through. b. Escape and detachment. c. Take one step at a time. d. Convince yourself work doesn't matter.

c. Take one step at a time.

72. All of the following are true of pessimistic individuals, except: a. They have a higher risk for depression. b. They have more health problems. c. They experience less stress. d. They have lower levels of achievement.

c. They experience less stress.

2. Which of the following refers to perceptual, emotional, behavioral, and physical responses made by an individual to the various problems faced during one or more of the phases of travel? a. Commuter stress b. Trip stress c. Travel stress d. Flight stress

c. Travel stress

68. Which of the following is a behavior pattern characterized by tenseness, impatience, and aggressiveness, often resulting in stress-related symptoms? a. Type B b. Hardiness c. Type A d. Need for control

c. Type A

23. Which of the following is a law stating that performance increases with increasing stress to an optimum point, after which stress becomes too much and performance declines? a. Shannon-Weaver law b. Goal-attainment law c. Yerkes-Dodson law d. Dodd-Frank law

c. Yerkes-Dodson law

25. Mackenzie is studying for an exam. An optimal level of stress can help her concentrate and remember the correct answers while taking the exam. However, too much stress impairs her ability to focus and she starts missing answers. This phenomenon is known as: a. Academic burnout b. Law of large numbers c. Yerkes-Dodson law d. Law of diminishing returns

c. Yerkes-Dodson law

62. Which of the following occurs when collective deviant behavior creates a hostile working environment? a. Direct effects b. Indirect effects c. Passive aggressive impact d. Ambient impact

d. Ambient impact

38. All of the following are listed in the text as tips for surviving the stress of organizational change, except: a. Fall in love with your job, and keep the romance alive. b. Develop a greater tolerance for constant changes in the game plan. c. Be careful in what you use as evidence to evaluate how much the organization cares about people. d. Avoid surprises or mid-course corrections.

d. Avoid surprises or mid-course corrections.

31. Chelsea is experiencing uncertainty due to strategic, structural, and job related change. Chelsea is experiencing: a. Test anxiety b. Travel stress c. Eustress d. Change uncertainty

d. Change uncertainty

19. According to a recent study, which of the following was not in the top three reported sources of stress? a. Money b. Work c. The economy d. Children

d. Children

51. Wes has a stressful job and carries the stress home with him from the workplace. This affects family interactions. This is known as: a. Home stress b. Family-to-work conflict c. Carryover stress effect d. Crossover stress effect

d. Crossover stress effect

61. Which of the following may occur when an individual's ethical outlook or standards differ significantly from the prevailing ethical ethos, environment, or standards of members of the organization in which she or he is employed? a. Ethos-related stress b. Challenge stress c. Role ambiguity d. Ethics-induced stress

d. Ethics-induced stress

22. Andy is experiencing excessive or undesirable constraints that interfere with his ability to achieve goals. Andy is experiencing: a. Eustress b. Challenge-related stress c. Goal-stress d. Hindrance-stress

d. Hindrance-stress

13. Jenny perceives she has a high degree of power over where, when, and how she works. Jenny has high: a. Self-esteem b. Self-efficacy c. Self-control d. Job control

d. Job control

37. All of the following are listed in the text as tips for surviving the stress of organizational change, except: a. Keep in step with the organization's intended rate of change. b. Now's the time for serious mind control. c. Stretch yourself today so you'll be in better shape tomorrow. d. Learn to hate your job.

d. Learn to hate your job.

78. All of the following are true regarding how men and women cope with stress, except: a. Women are more likely than men to ruminate about problems. b. Women were more likely to seek emotional support. c. Women are more likely to use positive self-talk. d. Men and women do not cope with stress differently.

d. Men and women do not cope with stress differently.

29. All of the following are physical outcomes related to stress, except: c. More use of health care d. More accidents c. More use of sick days d. More workers' compensation claims

d. More accidents

69. Which of the following is the belief that one causes events to happen? a. External locus of control b. Hardiness c. Type B d. Need for control

d. Need for control

35. All of the following are listed in the text as tips for surviving the stress of organizational change, except: a. Don't count on anyone else coming along to relieve your stress b. The organization is going to change—it must—if it is to survive and prosper c. Accept fate and move on d. Pay little attention to the situation

d. Pay little attention to the situation

83. Romulus is seeking social support to help him deal with stress. This social support can come from all of the following, except: a. Family b. Friends c. Supervisors d. Previous experiences

d. Previous experiences

41. Heath has been assigned the role of playing devil's advocate in a highly contentious group. He experienced stress from this. This type of stressor is best described as a: a. Social stressor b. Physical stressor c. Traumatic event d. Role stressor

d. Role stressor

73. Which of the following had a universally negative association with burnout in a study of stress on a global scale? a. Type A personality b. Turnover motivation c. Proactivity d. Self-efficacy

d. Self-efficacy

8. All of the following are examples of the least stressful occupations, except: a. Audiologist b. Hair stylist c. Jeweler d. Senior corporate executive

d. Senior corporate executive

36. All of the following are listed in the text as tips for surviving the stress of organizational change, except: a. Don't fall into the trap of believing there's such a thing as a low-stress organization that's on track to survive. b. Ask yourself if the struggle makes sense. c. Reengineer your job. d. Slow down.

d. Slow down.

67. All of the following are examples of behavioral strain, except: a. Accidents and errors b. Alcohol use c. Drug use d. Tension

d. Tension

1. Which of the following is not one of the three elements of travel stress? a. Pre-trip stress b. Trip stress c. Post-trip stress d. Trip-planning stress

d. Trip-planning stress

7. All of the following are examples of high stress jobs, except: a. Enlisted military personnel b. Firefighter c. Airline pilot d. University professor

d. University professor

50. Which of the following occurs when demands of participation in work are incompatible with demands of participation in family life? a. Work-life stress b. Person-job fit c. Person-environment fit d. Work-life balance

d. Work-life balance