The American Dream Midterm
Self-Interest Rightly Understood
understanding that it is ones self-interest to guard public liberty
A Model Of Christian Charity
A sermon given by John Winthrop in 1630. Talked about how great and lovely the New England utopia would be and how it would shame England into reforming the Church once and for all. It appealed to old and new beliefs. Coined the phrase "city upon a hill"
Ralph Waldo Emerson
American transcendentalist who was against slavery and stressed self-reliance, optimism, self-improvement, self-confidence, and freedom. He was a prime example of a transcendentalist and helped further the movement.
Vertical Integration
An attempt by one company to simultaneously control several related aspects of the media business.
Nauvoo Expositor
Anti-mormon publication for which there was only one issue, and then it was destroyed by order of Joseph Smith, as mayor, under the direction of the city council.
Free Labor Ideology
Belief that all work in a free society is honorable and that manual labor is degraded when it is equated with slavery or bondage
covenant of works
Belief that individuals gained salvation through pure lives and good deeds or religious rituals.
Transcendentalists
Believed that the most important truths in life transcended or went beyond human reason
Seventh-Day Adventists
Believed the second coming of Jesus would be here "right soon"
Charles Fourier
(1772-1837)-A leading utopian socialist who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing private property and monogamous marriage as well.
Andrew Jackson
(1829-1833) and (1833-1837), Indian removal act, nullification crisis, Old Hickory," first southern/ western president," President for the common man," pet banks, spoils system, specie circular, trail of tears, Henry Clay Flectural Process.
Horatio Alger
(1832-1899) American writer of inspirational adventure books featuring impoverished boys who through hard work and virtue achieve great wealth and respect. Supported the belief that in American one could rise from rags to riches.
Seneca Falls Convention
(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written
Dorothea Dix
(AJ) , Activist who helped improve conditions of mental patients
Federalists
A term used to describe supporters of the Constitution during ratification debates in state legislatures.
Brook Farm
A transcendentalist Utopian experiment, put into practice by transcendentalist former Unitarian minister George Ripley
Horizontal Integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
Albert Brisbane
He popularizes Charles Fourier his ideas in America
Alexis De Tocqueville
He wrote a two-volume Democracy in America that contained insights and pinpointed the general equality among people. He wrote that inequalities were less visible in America than France.
Hill Cumorah
Here the angel Moroni gave the Prophet Joseph Smith the gold plates on 22 September 1827 in Palmyra, NY
Mary Todd Lincoln
Lincoln's wife. Had many male relatives fighting for the Confederacy.
Just price
The idea that prices should be fair, protecting both consumers and producers, and that they should be imposed by government decree if necessary
"Calling"
The puritan idea that everyone has a purpose or "calling" to do something great in this life
Inheritance Tax
This is a tax one would pay on their parents or grandparents' money after they die
"The Gospel of Wealth"
This was a book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy.
Millenialist
believes that the "anti christ" and the end of the world is coming in a dramatic climax BUT GOD will save the TRUE believers.
Sir Thomas More
(1478-1535) - Renaissance humanist and chancellor of England, executed by Henry VIII for his unwillingness to recognize publicly his king as Supreme Head of the church and clergy of England. Wrote Utopia (1516)
Bacon's Rebellion
(1676) Led by Nathaniel Bacon, a group of army volunteers attacked and raided Native American villiages, and then fought the governor's forces and set fire to Jamestown. The rebellion lost momentum when Bacon died of dysentery
Seven Years War
(1756-1763 CE) Known also as the French and Indian war. It was the war between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
Cult of Domesticity
Belief in Middle and Upper Classes in US and Britain - women embodied perfect virtues in all senses
Jamestown
- first permanent English settlement in the Americas (1607)
Nathaniel Bacon
A planter who led a rebellion with one thousand other Virginians in 1676; the rebels were mostly frontiersmen forced toward the backcountry in search of fertile land
John Calvin
1509-1564. French theologian. Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism. Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
Massachusetts Bay
1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.
Roger Williams
1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.
Abraham Lincoln
16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)
Common Sense
1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation
John Locke
17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
Joseph Smith
1830 reported to have recieved golden plates from angels, formed the Mormon Church off of this, killed by a mob in 1844
Lincoln/Douglas Debates of 1858
1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate
Homestead Strike
1892 steelworker strike near Pittsburgh against the Carnegie Steel Company. Ten workers were killed in a riot when "scab" labor was brought in to force an end to the strike.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt
1932 became president. Made new deal. Wanted to increase productivity of industry.
Jackson's Inauguration
20, 000 people crowed in the White House, broke furniture, spilled drinks, trampled rugs, and broke thousands of $ of glassware and dishes; many believed Jackson was low class
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of US, Virginian, architect, author, and governor. Lived at Monticello. Wrote the Declaration of Independence. Second governor of Virgina. Designed the buildings of the University of Virginia.
John C. Calhoun
7th Vice President of the United States and a leading Southern politician from South Carolina; was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification
Puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
The Significance of the Frontier in American History
A seminal essay by the American historian Frederick Jackson Turner whichshares his views on how the idea of the frontier shaped the American being and characteristics.
Second Great Awakening
A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Blacks, and Native Americans.
Brigham Young
A Mormon leader who urged the Mormons to move farther west. They settled at the edge of the lonely desert near the Great Salt Lake.
Methodists
A Protestant denomination founded on the principles of John Wesley and Charles Wesley. (Poorer communities).
Anne Hutchinson
A Puritan woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.
Utopia
A book by Sir Thomas More (1516) describing the perfect society on an imaginary island
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
A founder and leader of the American woman suffrage movement from 1848, and the Seneca Falls Conference, until her death in 1902
Joint Stock Company
A group of people/ business venture in which investors pool their wealth for purpose of founding a colony. The Viriginia Company formed together to make a profit.
Oneida Community
A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
Stephen Douglas
A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty.
Abolitionist
A person who wanted to end slavery
Republican Motherhood
After the election of 1800 Jeffersonian promoted this as the ideal for women to raise their children with idealism of the American nation.
Thomas Paine
American Revolutionary leader and pamphleteer (born in England) who supported the American colonist's fight for independence and supported the French Revolution (1737-1809)
Charles Grandison Finney
American clergyman and educator, he became influential in the Second Great Awakening after a dramatic religious experience and conversion. He led long revivals that annoyed conventional ministers.
James Fenimore Cooper
American novelist who is best remembered for his novels of frontier life, such as The Last of the Mohicans (1826).
Benjamin Franklin
American public official, writer, scientist, and printer. After the success of his Poor Richard's Almanac (1732-1757), he entered politics and played a major part in the American Revolution. Franklin negotiated French support for the colonists, signed the Treaty of Paris (1783), and helped draft the Constitution (1787-1789). His numerous scientific and practical innovations include the lightning rod, bifocal spectacles, and a stove.
George Fitzhugh
American social theorist who justified slavery by saying that black people were just children and needed to be in slavery
John Winthrop
As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.
Edgar Thomson Works
Carnegie's first steel company, for which PA Railroad would provide much work
Tobacco
Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown
Church of England
Church created in England as a result of a political dispute between Henry VIII and the Pope, Pope would not let Henry divorce his wife
republican ideology
Desired to be different than European culture, without the corruption that was present. Civic virtue was required of a majority of the citizens for their government to work.
Doctrine of Celibate Communism
Doctrine of Shakers' community, believed women and men should be segregated when they eat, sleep and work. Everyone must stay pure.
Market Revolution
Dramatic increase btwn 1820 and 1850 in the exchange of goods and services in market transactions. Resulted from thee combo impact of the increased output of farms and factories, the entrepreneurial activities of traders and merchants, and the dev of a transportation network of roads, canals and RR.
Ellen G. White
Follower of Miller who explains the Great Disappointment, founded Seven Day Adventists in 1863, combine the millenialism of Miller with health evangelism of Slyester Graham
Alexander Stephens
Former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress
American Female Moral Reform Society
Founded in 1834 by Lydia Finney to help fallen women
The Four Freedoms
Franklin Roosevelt's famous goals. freedom of speech. freedom of religion. freedom from want. and freedom from fear.
Book of Mormon
Gold tablets found in hills of NY originally in Reformed Egyptian; base of Mormonism; published in 1830
Utopian communities
Idealistic and impractical communities. Who, Rather than seeking to create an ideal government or reform the world, withdrew from the sinful, corrupt world to work their miracles in microcosm, hoping to imitate the elect state of affairs that existed among the Apostles.
H.L. Mencken
In 1924, founded The American Mercury, which featured works by new writers and much of his criticism on American taste, culture, and language. He attacked the shallowness and conceit of the American middle class.
William Graham Summer
Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed "nothing" to the poor
The United States Constitution
It is the shortest and oldest written constitution of any major sovereign state. The United States Constitution was adopted on September 17, 1787, by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was ratified in 1798
Jacksonian Democrats
Jackson supporters, 1st national, well organized party that used slogans, canvassing and campaigning
Emma Lazarus
Jewish woman who wrote the poem, "The New Colossus," whose words were hung in the Statue of Liberty museum. The poem expressed the welcoming of immigrants by the US
Second Treatise on Government
John Locke's work arguing that true political authority comes not from God or precedent but from the people
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints
More commonly known as the Mormon Church, this group was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830.
The Shakers
Mother Ann Lee: Founder promoted Celibacy as an answer to world suffering. Men/women should live seperately to maintain celibacy, known for furniture- based upon a way for more togetherness
"Burned Over District"
NY was referred to as this because it had so many preachers preaching "hellfire and damnation"
William Miller
New England farmer, millenialist who believed that the time when Christ would over Earth, But in 1843 after a comet appears in the sky from February through April, he changes the date to October 22, 1843
Lamanites
One of the two groups of people most spoken of in the Book of Mormon. They began as the more wicked of the two groups, but many were later converted by missionaries who traveled into their land from the other group.
Nephites
One of the two groups of people most spoken of in the Book of Mormon. This group of people began when they fled into the wilderness with Nephi to escape persecutions from Laman and Lemuel.
Phalanxes
Part of utopian society of Fourier, consisted of 1620 people (810 men & 810 women), represented all skills needed for society to function
"Shining City on a Hill"
Phrase coined from John Winthrop's "A Model of Christian Charity", it represents a model/successful society that everyone can see and look up to. Mass. bay colonists strived to make their colony like this
The New Colossus
Poem by Emma Lazarus inscribed on the base of the Statue of Liberty.
Female Academies
Private schools that began providing advanced education to teenage girls in the late 1700s.
Clay's "American System"
Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.
Lyceums
Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topics ranging from science to moral philosophy.
Chartists
Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.
Republicans
Rivals of the Federalists who believed in a smaller government based on state rights. Their rivalry sparked tensions with Federalists, creating a political party system.
Palmyra vision
The angel Moroni visits and gives Joseph Smith the gold pates on September 22, 1827 on Hill Cumorah in Palmyra, NY
Henry Clay
Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slave state
Shaker Furniture
Shakers' known for style and production of wood carvings
Margaret Fuller
Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited "The Dial" which was the publication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom" "progress in philosophy and theology and hope that the future will not always be as the past".
Carthage, Illinois
The city where the jail is located where Joseph Smith and Hyrum (his brother) were martyred
Sojourner Truth
United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women (1797-1883)
Frederick Jackson Turner
United States historian who stressed the role of the western frontier in American history (1861-1951)
Henry Clay Frick
United States industrialist who amassed a fortune in the steel industry (1849-1919)
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams. During the war she wrote letters to her husband describing life on the homefront. She urged her husband to remember America's women in the new government he was helping to create.
Camp Meetings
a tool of the Second Great Awakening where people would gather to hear hellfire speeches
Angelina and Sarah Grimke
abolitionists and women's rights activists from South Carolina
"self-made man"
according to this idea, those who achieved success in America did so not as a result of hereditary privilege or government favoritism, but through their own intelligence and hard work. As thought by John Jacob Astor.
Philanthropy
charity; a desire or effort to promote goodness
Declaration of Sentiments
declared that all "people are created equal"; used the Declaration of Independence to argue for women's rights
Yeoman Farmer
family farmers who hired out slaves for the harvest season, self-sufficient, participated in local markets alongside slave owners
Keystone Bridge Company
founded in 1865 by Andrew Carnegie, it was an important bridge company that was best known for building the Eads bridge in St. Louis in 1874.
Nauvoo, Illinois
home of the Mormons from 1939- 1844 until local authorities arrested Joseph Smith and his brother and the two were killed by a mob attack
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
international standard organization that develops and publishes voluntary consensus technical standards for a wide range of materials, products, systems, and services.
Sabbatarians
opposed such prevalent practices as Sunday mail delivery (a sin by our own federal government no less), or the running of stage coaches, canal lines, and other modes of transportation
Indentured Servitude
person who agreed to work for a colonial employer for a specified time in exchange for passage to america.
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Margaret Carnegie
the only child of Andrew Carnegie and heiress to his fortunes
Sir William Berkeley
the royal governor of Virginia. Adopted policies that favored large planters and neglected the needs of recent settlers in the 'backcountry.' His shortcomings led to Bacon's Rebellion
Polgamy
the system of having more than one spouse at a time
