ANTHROPOLOGY EXAM 2

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Gifts given by groom's family to bride's family

bridewealth

Wild Wheat/Barley -->

brittle axis, hard husks

by 7,000 bp people were abandoning ____ ____- economies in favor of economies based on a few domesticated sources of food

broad spectrum

15,000 Bp to 12,000 was the beginning of the

broad spectrum revolution

the period beginning around 15,000 bp in the middle east in europe in 12,00 bp, during which a wider range of plant and animal life was hunted, gathered, collected, caught, and fished

broad spectrum revolution

the idea of a "missing link:" between chimps and humans is based on a

false accusation

the family in which one is born and grows up

family of orientation

formed when one marries and has children

family of procreation

Kinship Symbols: a colored circle

female

Kinship Symbols: gray circle

female ego whose kin are being shown

examples of analogies: Dolphins with ___ birds and _____

fish bats

What does the word Platyrrhines mean

flat-nosed

descent groups are not constituted with

flexibility, high mobility, and easy access kin-group in mind

the movement of people, animals, and products between zones was a precondition for the emergence of

food production

where are descent groups rare

foraging and modern, industrial, capitalist economies

until 10,000 years ago there was no difference between making a living and

foraging for food

an effective strategy when resources are scarce

fraternal polyandry

what do orangutans eat

fruit, bark, leaves, and insects

Ancient Middle Eastern foragers migrated seasonally in pursuit of ___. They also collected wild plant foods as they ripened at different altitudes. As they moved about, these foragers tom grains from the ___ zone, where they grew wild to adjacent areas. Humans became ____, preferring plants with certain attributes. ___ spilled over from the hilly flanks into adjacent areas like the piedmont steppe. In such marginal zones, people started ___ plants, They were trying to ____ the dense wild grains of the hilly flanks.

game/ hilly flanks/ agents of selection/ population/ cultivating/ duplicate

polygyny is more prevalent when there is a

gender disparity within a given society

___ and other apes are more closely related to each other than either is to monkeys

humans

where did ardipithecus' live

humid woodland habitat

ecological niches and their diets

hunters, scavenger, and foragers

the result of larger brains and better tools of H.erectus led to an increased reliance on

hunting and animal protein

the skulls of newborns are not fully formed, are actually elastic, and continue to grow outside the womb

immature birth

sexual relations with a close relative

incest

is any cultural rule or norm that prohibits sexual relations between closely related persons

incest taboo

the way primates evolve has been increasingly subject to _____ and _____ strategies, in addition to the selection of individuals based on differential ___ success. This trend has led to the heavy reliance on ____ as found among humans

inclusive fitness and group selection reproductive culture

the proportion of brain tissue concerned with memory thought and association has ___ in primates

increased

Kinship Symbols: circle or triangle with slash through it

individual is deceased

Kinship Symbols: colored square

individual regardless of sex

infant and young primates have more ______ than other mammals because they require constant attention and supervision

learning opportunities

Tarsiers have been historically clasified as

lemurs and lorises

H. erectus cranial morphology and denition

less robust

widow marries one of her deceased husband's brothers

levirate

the direct line of consanguinity is the relationship between persons one whom is a descendant of the other

lineal kinship

the ____ of the central andes was the largest domesticated animal in the new world

llama

movement towards bipedalism

locomotion

Anatomy of h. habilis

long arms and small body

for most americans, marriage is supposed to be based on

love sex choice

Functional Explanation for Marriage

love, sex, choice. a system of alliances between families and descent groups

Major domesticated plants and animals in Mesoamerica

maize, beans, squash, dogs, turkey, guinea fowl

In the New World, the most important domesticates were

maize, potatoes, and manioc

Kinship Symbols: A colored triangle

male

Kinship Symbols: gray triangle

male ego whose kin are being shown

we have very sensitive pads on our fingers and our nose this is very different from other ___ which have sensitive tactile skin on their noses or whiskers

mammals

marriage and exchange

outside of industrial societies, marriage is often more a relationship between groups than between individuals people dont just take a spouse; they assume obligations to a group of in laws

homo habilis lived alongside ___ for half a million years

p. boisei

when the sex of your parents sibiling is the same as there mother's sister father's brother their sibilings kids

parallel cousins

Robus Australopiths

paranthropus robusts

example of generalized reciprocity

parent- child giving- most common amongst foragers

descent: lineal includes

parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren; direct line

membership based on relatedness through male ancestors

patrilineal

Moving to the husband's community, children grow up in their father's village.

patrilocality

the requirements of upright bidalism impose limits on the expansion of the human ____ ____

pelvic opening

many similarities between organisms reflect their common

phylogeny

their genetic relatedness based on common ancestry

phylogeny

treeless plain

piedmont steppe

as primates we tend to be social and live with other members of our species and this help provide long term and attentive care to

offspring

share a locomotion that differs from humans and apes limbs are about the same size they move on the ground in a manner similar to a dog

old and new world monkeys

live in africa and asia

old world monkeys

some are arboreal but many are terrestrial

old world monkeys

they are far less likely to have tails at all and if they do they cannot grip

old world monkeys

represent that worlds oldest formally recognized stone tools

oldowan tools

they enabeled some species to expand their diets and become omnivorous

oldowan tools

were used for things like animal butchering

oldowan tools

what tools did h. habilis use

oldowan tools

H. floresiensis was located

on flores near indonesia

genus pongo

orangutans

mostly live in sumatra but also live in borneo

orangutans

the straight and upright stance

orthograde posture

who belongs to the ceboid superfamily

platyrrhines (new world monkeys)

what was australopiths dentition

pointed premolar

one woman, several husbands

polyandry

what is very rare and almost exclusively in south asia

polyandry

having more than one spouse

polygamy

One man, several wives

polygyny

expanded polyandrous households allow brother to

pool resources

neolithic economies fueled

population growth, expansion, and the settlement fo new environments

the challenges of surplus food production were mostly relation to

population size

competitive feast among indians on the north pacific coast of north america

potlach

the sponsering community gave away food and wealth items to visitors from other villages in its network in return for its giveway, the sponsering community recieved prestige

potlatching`

choppers were used for

pounding, breaking, or bashing

take a longer time to develop compared to almost all other mammals

primate babies

We share an evolutionary history with

primates

Natufian settlements show permanent architectural features and evidence for the ____ and ____ of wild grains

processing and storage

the market determines levels of

production and consumption

american economist assume that people make decision rationally, guided by the ___ ___, it is the assumption that individuals try to maximize profits

profit motive

social emphasis is placed on certain kinship ties which in turn

promotes or discourages certain types of residence

____ is more distantly related to humans than monkeys and apes

prosimians

the hypothesis that evolutionary development is marked by isolated episodes of rapid speciation between long periods of little or no change

punctuated equilibrium

in nayar nuclear families are

rare or nonexistent

what are the three principles of exchange

reciprocity, redistribution, markets

eventually flows in reverse, from the center back to the people

redistribution

when goods, services, or their equivalent move from the local level to a center

redistribution

the key feature differentiating early hominins from the apes

reliance on bipedalism

Major domesticated plants and animals in southern China ( Yangtze River corridor)

rice, water buffalo, dogs, pigs

its geography indicated the seperation of chimp and gorilla ancestors from homo ancestors

rift valley

where has an open grassland and savannah ecologies

rift valley

h. erectus head and body was still very

robust

Who were the earliest hominins?

sahelanthropus tchadensis orrorin tugenensis ardipithecus

settled life in villages

sedentism

similar traits and features can also arise if species experience similar ____ and ____ to them in similar ways

selective forces and adapt

individuals may have more than one spouse, but never, legally more than one at the same time

serial monogamy

marriage everywhere involves the legitimation of

sex, procreation, gender, and kinship

anatomical differences between male and females of a species also involves difference of temperament

sexual dimorphism

terrestrial primates also display a greater degree of

sexual dimorphism

what does the word Catarrhines mean

sharp-nosed

the _____ ___ are much sharper and longer in apes than in early hominins

sharper and longer

Descent: collateral includes

siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces, nephews

almost all primates give birth to a ____ _____ rather than to a ____

single offspring/litter

True or false cultivation in south america began at about the same time that food production arose in the middle east -- around 10,000 years ago

true

the kula ring system is based on t

trust, obligation, and shame

male orangutans weigh more than ______ that of females

twice

How many infraorders does Haplorrhines have

two

How many parvorders does Simian have

two

the Primate order has ___ suborders

two1

Descent rule only uses one line (so either patrilineal OR matrilineal)

unilineal

what permitted the use of tools and weapons against predators and competitors

upright bipedalism

as our societies became more urban, industrial, and stratified, we have conceptualized these other ways of life as a form of

utopia

Consisting of four geographically close but very different environmental zones

vertical economy

four thousands of years the middle east has had this it exploits environmental zones that, although close together in space, contrast with one another in altitude, rainfall, overall climate, vegetation, and other resources

vertical economyq

cronk argues that potlatching was a substitue for

war

Major domesticated plants and animals in the Middle East

wheat, barley, sheep, goats, cattle, pigs

satisfaction of the most basic material survival needs (food, clothing, and shelter)

"making a living"

one way of reducing the tension in situations of potential negative reciprocy is to engage in

"silent trade"

homo neandertalensis tools

(mousterian) improved on the Achuelian variety

the lakher

Half-step sibling relationships are acceptable with a mother's lineage but not with the father's lineage because they share the same last name

what is the last common ancestor that we share with chimpanzees and gorillas that lived around 8 mya

Hogopan

consists of what are called new world monkeys

Platyrrhines

What is the Simian's two parvorders

Platyrrhines and catarrhines

involved the alteration of both plants and animals

domestication

neolithic refers to the period when the first signs of ___ appeared

domestication

Gifts given by bride's family to grooms' family

dowry

genus ardipithecus is possibly the

earlies hominin but not definitve

we study primates because they provide the standard to assess

human uniqueness

a taboo against incest is a

human universal

examples of behavioral modernity

lascaux cave, france cueva da manos, argentina

what is an important part of primate adaptation

learned behavior

Time of Australopithecus

4.2-1 mya

State Class Stratification

Surplus Takers, Production Organizers, and Food Producers

in 2015 researchers found stone tools that were ____ mya in kenya

3.3

the first stone tools appeared about ____ mya

3.3

reasons for polygyny

- Men marrying later than women - Inheritance of widow from a deceased brother - To increase prestige or household productivity - an Infertile wife

characteristics of markets

- all purpose money - supply and demand - fludity, diversity, and diversity of exchange

what were the advantages of food production

- discoveries and inventions - people learned to spin and weave; make pottery, bricks, and arched masonryl and to smelt cast and metals - they developed trade and commerce by land and sea - created sculpture, mural art, writing systems, weights, measures, mathematics, and new forms of political and social organization

hardships of food production

- food producers typically work harder than forgers do for a less adequate diet - herds, fields, and irrigation systems need car - weeding can require hours of arduous bending - pens and corrals must be built and maintained for livestock - trade takes men, and sometimes women away from home, leaving burdens for those who stay behind - bc food producers tend to have more children than foragers do this means greater child care demands - child labor - division of economic labor grows more complex so that children and older people have assigned economic roles - public health declined - diets less varied, less nutritious, and less healthful than foragers' diet - physical well being of population declined - communicable diseases, protein deficiency, and dental caries increas - food producers tend to be sedentary, with denser population, which makes it easier to transmit and maintain disease - malaria, sickle-cell anemia, and small pox - population concentrations are breeding grounds for pathogens - social inequality and povery increased - elaborate systems of social stratification eventually replaced the egalitarianism of the past - resources were no longer common goods, open to all - slavery and other forms of human bondage eventually invented - crime, war, and human sacrifice became widespread

what was included in the broad spectrum revolution

- global warming - receding glaciers - expansion of human range - foragers pursued a more generalized economy

why are there changes in north american kinship nuclear families only accounted for 19% of american households

- more women joining workforce - later age of first marriage - higher divorce rate - increased single parent families - % of married adults decreased - trend toward smaller families

characteristics of the Natufians

- worked out the initial adaptation to this array of climates - built permanent villages in the hilly flanks - became sedentary to remain close to their grain - surplus

Domesticated Wheat/Barley

-Hard axis, brittle husks

Iroquois Kinship Terms

-matrilateral distinctions -Ego's mother's sister is also referred to mother, and her offsprings will be Ego's brother and sister too

The Kula Ring characteristics

1. "once in the kula, always in the Kula" - referring to participants and object s 2. kula objects must be passed on taking 2-10 years to make the full cycle

H. erectus 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 1.9 mya - 400,000 bp 2. africa, europe, asia 3. east/west turkana, olduvai, dmanisi, zhoukoudian, java, ceprano 4. 900

H. habilis 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 1.9-1.44 mya 2. east africa 3. Olduvai, East Turkana 4. 650

Neanderthals 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 130,000- 28,000 bp 2. europe, southwestern asia 3. la chapelle-aux-saint 4. 1,430 cm

Anatomically modern humans 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 195,000 b.p - present 2. worldwide 3. omo kibish, herto, border cave, klasies river, skuhul, qafzeh, cro-magnon 4. 1,350 cm`

H. rudolfensis 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 2.03-1.78 mya 2. east africa 3. east africa, east turkana 4. 775

H. floresiensis 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 700,000-50,000 bp 2. flores island, indonesia 3. liang bua cave 4. 400

H. heidelbergensis 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. 850,000-200,000 bp 2. africa, europe, asia 3. Kabwe, Petralona, Dali 4. 1,135

Australopithecus afarensis evolutionary traits 1. location 2. time 3. body size 4. locomotion 5. cranial capacity 6. tool use 7. dentition 8. cranial morphology 9. diet

1. Tanzania and Ethiopia 2. 3.8-3.0 mya 3. females 3-4 ft males: around 5 ft adult males may have weighed almost twice as much as females 4. bipedal 5.barely is larger than chimps 6.rudimentary tools and weapans 7. longer and shaper than in homo, canines were reduced, lower premolar was pointed and projecting molars are larger 8. head balanced directly on top of the neck foramen magnum located right underneath the skull skulls grew after birth 9. mainly vegetarian including leaves, seeds, fruits, and nuts soft, sugar rich foods but could also process hard, brittle foods

what are the hominin evolutionary trends

1. body size 2. locomotion 3. cranial capacity 4. tool use 5. dentition 6. cranial morphology 7. diet

Cohen's correlations and features with foraging and examples?

1. depends of naturally available food 2. small populations 3. mobile 4. relatively egalitarian 5. gendered divison of labor EX: Dobe Ju'Hoansi (Lee); Hadza of Tanzania, Australian Aborgines

what are the four adaptive stategies

1. foraging ( hunting and gathering) 2. horticulture 3. agriculture 4. pastoralism

what are the primate tendencies

1. grasping ability 2. reliance on sight over smell 3. reliance on hand over nose 4. brain complexity 5. parental investment 6. sociality

surplus production presented what challenges?

1. greater organization of harvest 2. greater limitation of access 3. increased routinization of distribution 4. new limits on consumption

what were the four geographic places in a vertical economy

1. high plateau 2. hilly flanks 3. piedmont steppes 4. alluvial plain

explanations for the incest taboo

1. inbreeding avoidance, instinctive or otherwise 2. familiarity breeds contempt 3. prevention of domestic chaos 4. marry out or die out

key attributes of early cities/states

1. larger and more densely populated than previous settlements 2. productive farming economies supporting dense populations, often including cities 3. taxation (accumulate resources to support specialists, increased control and power) 4. monumental architecture (signify the rights and status of the rulers) 5. had some form of record-keeping, usually a written script (like cuneiform) 6. social stratification (unequal access to wealth and power)

Compared to monkeys and other primates, apes have:

1. larger bodies 2. longer lifespans 3. longer intervals between births of infants, and a longer period of infant dependency 4. a tendency towards upright posture (knuckle walk; not fully upright like humans) 5. larger brains 6. shorter faces 7. no nails

How are we similar to primates?

1. learning 2. tool use 3. hunting 4. symbolic communication

Pan troglodytes 1. dates 2. known distribution 3. important sites 4. brain size

1. modern 2. central africa 3. Gombe, Mahale 4. 390

Cohen's correlations and features in agriculture

1. more complex tools 2. permanent plots and fields 3. sedentary lifestyle; higher population density 4. increased specialization 5. higher productivity 6. individual ownership

Australopithecus anamensis evolutionary traits 1. location 2. time 3. body size 4. locomotion 5. cranial capacity 6. tool use 7. dentition 8. cranial morphology 9. diet

1. northern kenya 2. 4.2-3.9 mya 3. 110 pounds larger than earlier ardis or later au. afarensis male: 5 ft female: 4'3 4. bipedal 5. unkown- prob small brain 6. simple tools 7. apelike canines, strong jaws, heavily enameled teeth 8. higher forehad and less pronounced brow ridge 9. preferred fruits and nuts but sometimes ate hard, abrasive foods

Cohen's typology disclaimers

1. not perfect: some groups possess some correlated features but not all 2. not all evolutionary schema 3. not mutually exclusive

scientist agree that about 6 mya... by 3.3 mya... by 1.7 mya... sometime around 200,000 mya

1. our hominin ancestors origniated in africa as apelike creatures they became bipedal 2. while still in africa, hominins were making crude (oldowan) stone tools 3. hominins had spread from africa to asia and eventually europe 4. anatomically modern humans evolved from ancestors who had remained in africa. like homo erectus before them, they spread out of africa

what is the transition of food production in the middle east

1. semi-nomadic hunting and gathering (Natufians) 2. early dry farming and caprine domestication 3. increased specialization in food production 4. origin of state (sumer)

distinction in kinship terminology 1. uncle vs aunt 2. cousin = same generation 3. mother vs mother in law 4. when terms for mother's relatives differ from those for father's relatives 5. older vs younger sibilings 6. parallel vs cross cousins

1. sex 2. generation 3. affinity 4. bifurcation 5. relative age 6. sex of linking relative

What characteristics are distinctly human?

1. share food widely and routinely 2. cooperate in planning and carrying out complex multistage tasks 3. use spoken language 4. classify others as kin of various types and interact with them for life

Cohen's correlations between subsistence strategies and:

1. social/political organization 2. environment/geography 3. population density 4. diet

Cohen's correlation and features with horticulture and examples

1. swiddens; slash and burn 2. hand- held tools (ex: hoes and digging sticks) 3. low yields 4. inequalities appear EX: Kawelka of Papua New Guinea; Kuikuru of central Brazil; Guarani of Paragua

what three things will kinship signify

1. the totality of relationships based on ideas of shared substance and mutuality that link individuals in a web of special rights and obligations 2. the kinds of groups formed in a society based on these ideas and relationships 3. the system of terms used to classify relatives and distinguish them from each other and from people who are not relatives

Ardi's 1. body size 2. locomotion 3. cranial capacity 4. tool use 5. dentition 6. cranial morphology 7. diet

1. weighed 120 pounds, close to 4 ft tall- males were only slightly taller than females 2. bipedal- pelvis suited for climbing and modidied for bipedal locomotion 3. slightly greater than a chimp average 4. simple tools similar to those used by modern chimps 5. ramidus teeth, canines resemble modern humans but are more tusklike, piercing upper canines of chimps and gorillas relatively large cannines and molars 6. basicranial morphology 7. omnivorous diet of plants, nuts, and small mammals

When did agriculture begin?

10,000-12,000 years ago

earliest date of food production in middle east

11,000-10,000 bp

By what year was the Neolithic under way in the Middle East

11,700 BP

cranial capacity of neadertals

1430 cc more than modern humans

H. habilis appears about ___ mya

2

genus homo came on the scene roughly ___ mya

2

the hominins evolved into several speices about ____ mya

2-5

the 5th adaptive strategy that developed in only the last 10,000 years and is the backdrop against which we have been defining these adaptive strategies is the economy in which we live in

5. industrialism

Time of ardipithecus'

5.8-4.4 mya

Uruk the capital of Sumer had a population of ___ people by 4,800 BP

50,000

our last common ancestor that we share with monkey species existed about ____ mya

50-60

H. habilis cranial capacity

600-800cc

as humans we share more than __% of our DNA with chimpanzees and gorillas

98

cohen's typologies were based on correlations that =

= factors that are linked and interrelated = typically found together = when change happens to one, the other tends to experience change as well

Hominin Taxonomy

A. anamensis (4.2-3.9mya) Kenya A. afarensis (3.8-3.0) East Africa A. africanus (3.0-2.0) South Africa A. garhi (2.5) Ethiopia A. robustus (2.0-1.0) East/South Africa A. boisei (2.6-1.2) East Africa *Homo habilis lived alongside A. boisei for about a million years.

H. habilis coexisted with ______ for about half a million years

A. boisei

Advantages and disadvantages of food production in short

A: inventions and discoveries D: harder work, poorer health, crime, war, social inequality, and environmental degradation

distinguishing collateral relatives both from lineal relatives of the same generation and from one another on the basis of the sex of connecting relatives

Bifurcate Collateral Kinship

-identifying collateral relatives with lineal relatives of the same sex and generation when the connecting relative is of the same sex but distinguishing them when the connecting relative is of the opposite sex in a bifurcate merging terminology a father's brother would be identified as father but a mother's brother as uncle

Bifurcate Merging Kinship

With glacial retreat, foragers pursued a more generalized economy, focusing less on large animals. This was the beginning of what Kent Flannery (1969) has called the

Broad-spectrum revolution

the Chauvet Cave in southern france, which contains the oldest human-painted images yet discovered

Cave of Forgotten Dreams

____ suggests that neandertal split from archaic homo sapiens about 600,000 years ago, i.e their last common ancestor

DNA

roughly 100,000 years later, H. habilis had evolved into or coexisted alongside

H. erectus

had larger brains and better tools

H. erectus (acheulian)

split from ancestral neandertals around 400,000 years ago

Denisovans

was the gradual result of attempts to recreate the Hilly Flanks economy in new climates

Domestication

Location of Ardipithecus

Ethiopia

incest taboo

Every culture in the world has taboo against incest. But how cultures define their relatives, and those incest, is variable and culturally specific

which two texts place humans in an original "state of nature" which is preferable, in many ways, to the kinds of societies we live in now

Genesis 3:17-19 Kottak 11:253

Why and why did food production begin?

In the middle east either because of the climate change or the need to subsist in marginal areas-- necessity was the mother of invention

The system emphasizes the nuclear family, identifying directly only the mother, father, brother, and sister. All other relatives are grouped together into categories. It uses both classificatory and descriptive terms, differentiating between gender, generation, lineal relatives (relatives in the direct line of descent), and collateral relatives (blood relatives not in the direct line of descent). Parental siblings are distinguished only by their sex (Aunt, Uncle). All children of these individuals are lumped together regardless of sex (Cousins). Ego's parents are clearly distinguished from their siblings.

Lineal "eskimo"

Nayar Descent

Matrilineal society in which extended families live in compounds called ''terawads' each headed by a senior female, without emphasis on biological paternity -many Nayar children did not know who their biological father was and not considered to be relatives of their biological father -total disregard to paternity -this shows that the nuclear family is NOT universal

By approximately 4,000 BP urban life has been established along the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in

Mesopotamia, the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus and Ganges Rivers in India/Pakistan, and the Yellow River in China

where were the early states

Middle East, China, Egypt, and India/Pakistan

the first hominins appeared late in which epoch

Miocene

a prime example of early sedentism is the widespread of

Natufian culture

what suborder of primates are lemurs, lorises, and tarsiers

Strepsirrhines

what are the primates two suborders

Strepsirrhines and Haplorrhines

The origin of state took place where and what was its capital

Sumer capital: Uruk

primate tool use

Termite fishing by Chimpanzees

the homo sapien sapien is aka

The Chosen Primate

the nuer

The daughter steps in as a son to keep the family line going in the absence of a male heir

the region where the first settled agricultural communities of the middle east and mediterranean basin are thought to have originated the birthplace of agriculture

The fertile crescent

living with relatives of the bride

Uxorilocality

living with relatives of the groom

Virilocality

who are the australopoths

a. anamensis, A. afarensis, a. africanus, paranthropus robustus, p. boisei

hyperrobust australopith

a. boisei

When did the agricultural revolution begin

about 12,000 years ago

species associated with lower paleolithic

acheulian and h. erectus b

before the industrial revolution, the vast majority of the worlds population livinf in economies based on the four

adaptive stategies

are the methods for meeting the needs to "making a living"

adaptive strategies

cohen argued that the most important reason for similarities between two or more unrelated societies is their possession of a similar

adaptive strategy

the larger surpluses required greater ___ and ___

administration and oversight

of a family relationship by marriage of a relative

affinal

Kin through marriage

affines/affinal

chimpanzees and bonoboos live in parts of

africa

where do gorillas live

africa

location of austalithecus

africa east and south

in east africa and is the place where almost all remaining early hominin evolution took place

africas rift valley

the neolithic is considered revolutionary bc

after millions of years of foraging as the sole human subsistence stategy, it would transform small, mobile groups into large societies living permanent settlements-- villages, towns, and eventually cities

compared with contemporaty humans, early hominins had very small ____

brains

the low lying area watered by the tigris and Euphrates river and was rich in soil

alluvial desert

the first states developed in the ____ of what is now Iraq and Iran between 6,000 and 5,500 BP

alluvial plains

Descent rule that recognizes either the female or male line, which a person can choose

ambilineal

for most americans, marriage should not be

an explicitly economic decision a decision made by parents, against the will of the espoused, for the reason ther than love, for the impersonal reasons

similarities arising as a result of similar selective forces; traits produced by convergent evolution

analogies

Sahelanthropus tchadensis bipedalism

anterior foramen magnum

the primate tendencies are most developed in

anthropoids

what were the australopoths like?

ape like from top down, human like from ground top

Sahelanthropus tchadensis blends what two characteristics

apelike and human like

since NWM seperation from OWM they have split from the ____

apes

ALL new world monkeys are

arboreal

4.4 mya and most complete early hominid specimen but could potentially be a hominin

ardi

what species were found in the rift valley

ardi and australopoth

who is recognized as the earliest knonw hominin

ardi kadabba

earliest widely accepted hominin genus

ardipithecus

who falls in genus ardipithecus

ardipithecus kadabba and adipithecus ramidus

how did humans become agents of selection

as people traveled and traded they removed plants from the zones, where they grew wild in the hilly flanks

Gracile Australopiths

au africanus and au sediba

what species is has the earliest found evidence of animal butchery and tool use

au. garhi

what are the two genera in australopiths

australopithecus and paranthropus

_____ was physically smaller than later speices, they had relatively robus features

australopiths

Exchange with anticipation of equal return

balanced reciprocity

why are orangutans difficult to study compared to more terrestrial ape species>?

bc they live in jungles and feed in trees

why was the broad spectrum revolutionary

because in the middle east it led to food production

why is the "free market" "free"?

because no traditional restrictions determine distribution ( not linked to social status)

many of our _______ are found among other primates

behavioral adaptations

relying on symbolic thought, elaborating cultural creativity, and as a result becoming fully human in behavior as well as in anatomy

behavioral modernity

has been viewed as an adpatation to open grassland or savanna country

bidepalism

characteristics of genus ardipithecus

bidpedal, but apelike in size, anatomy, and habitat

what is one example of a hominin trait that has been lost during subsequent human evoltuion

big back teeth

cranial capacity of h. erectus

bigger brain between 900-1250 cc

kinship system that do not have descent groups (relatives on mother's and father's side are considered to be the same kind of relatives)

bilateral

as humans became more____ we have eliminated the grasping ability of our feet

bipedal

a. afarensis locomotion? cranial capacity?

bipedal cc barely surpassed the chimp average

preceded stone tool manufacture and the expansion of the hominin brain

bipedal locomotion

larger skulls demand larger

births canals

what tools were associated with upper paleolithic

blade tools

the proportion of brain tissue concerned with memory thought and association

brain complexity

Anthropoids have larger

brains

both old world monkeys and hominoids (apes)

catarrhines

example of negative reciprocity

cattle raiders

consists of old world monkeys

cercopithecoids

in the kula ring exchange is accompanied by

ceremony, magic

where were Sahelanthropus tchadensis discovered

chad in 2001

subspecies of genus pan (troglodyte and paniscus)

chimpanzees and bonobos

smaller and more agil than gorillas and show much less sexual dimorphism than gorillas

chimps and bonobos

Ancestral hominids evolved into

chimps, gorillas, and humans

examples of balanced reciprocity

christmas gifts, bartering, cooperative work

there began to be a difference between making a living and foraging for food with the advent of ____ and the new forms of ____ ___ based on farming

domestication/ food production

an individuals siblings and their descendants

collateral kin

the relationship between people who descend from a common ancestor but are not in a direct line

collateral kinship

many species lived together for extended periods of time and ____ with one another for _____

competed/resources

human adaptions became increasingly ___ and ___ after about 35,000 bp

complex and unstable

kin through blood

consanguines/consanguineal

being from the same kinship as another personal/ the quality of being descended from the same ancestor as another person

consanguinity

women seem to be doing more of the work of kinship in the nuclear family in what socities

contemporary western societies

what enabled homo erectus to spread into temperate climates and ultimately leave africa

controlled fire

analogies are produced by

convergent evolution

when unrelated species have adapted to similar environmental pressures over time

convergent evolution

the ability to make and control fire enabled humans to

cook vegetables and meat, feed younger and older members softer foods, and eliminated certain parasites from their diets

what were the traded resources in the vertical economy of ancient middle east

copper, obsidian, and asphalt,

Cohen and adaptive strategies was based on

correlation

brow ridge, sagittal crest, zygomatic arches

cranial morphology

when the sex of your parents sibiling is the opposite of their sex my father's sister my mother's brother their sibilings kids

cross cousins

flakers were used for

cutting

what do bridewealth and dowry create between descent groups? What are they?

debt and durable alliances/ compensatory acts

what were new problems

decline in public health, disease and epidemics, poverty, inequality, and crime, large-scale warfare, and environmental degradation

population increase and the need to expand farming spurred

deforestation

have wisdom tooth and fragment and their teeth are unlike either neantertal or AMH teeth

denisovans

tooth size and type

dentition

permanent social units whose members claim common ancestry

descent groups

between 6,000 and 7,000 Bp, people learned how to bring water into areas that

did not have enough water fro agricultion

the transition from mesolithic to neolithic occured when groups became dependent of ________ ____ for more than 50% of their diet

domesticated foods

by 10,00 BP people in the middle east were subsiting on ____crops and animals and were living in ____ settlements

domesticated/permanent

in contrast with broad spectrum foraging, ____ was more specialized and focused on a smaller number of food sources

domestication

once a population reached carrying capacity it would spill out into new

ecological niches and marginal zones

it is part of the disciple that debates issues of human nature that relate directly to the decisions of daily life and making a living

economic anthropology

the study of economics in comparative perspective

economic anthropology

cohen used the term adaptive strategy to describe a society's main system of

economic production

capitalism is viewed as the only form of

economic rationality

the study of the system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

economics

a system of production, distribution, and consumption of resources

economy

Kinship Symbols: gray square

ego regardless of sex

seeking a mate within one's own group

endogamy

middle eastern food production arose in the context of four distinct but linked

environmental zones

what are the six majpr kinship systems

eskimo, hawaiian, iroquois, crow, omaha, and sudanese

the neandertals lived in

europe

because food production increased economic production and led to new social, scientific, and creatives forms it is often considered an

evolutionary afance

the primate ratio of brain size to body size ____ that of most mammals

exceeds

the principles of exchange are not mutually ___. in fact they all operate within out

exclusive/society

seeking a mate outside one's own group

exogamy

marriage is always a relationship based on exchange or refusal to exchange in cases of

exogamy and endogamy

a household that includes a group of relatives other than, or in addition to, a married couple and their children

expanded family household

in many societies, ___ are the primary unit of social organization

extended families

when an expanded family household included three or more generations

extended family household

neandertals face structure

face pulled forward and long broad noses

exchange with no expectation of immediate return

generalized reciprocity

who were the potential earliest hominins

genus ardipithecus: ardipithecus kadabba and ardipithecus ramidus

the species that are commonly understood to be the first hominins

genus australopithecus

have longer arms than legs, which is adaptive for brachiation and an arboreal lifestyle

gibbons

live in south asia, china, indonesia

gibbons

Major domesticated plants and animals in eastern united states

goosefoot, marsh elder, sunflower, squash

spend essentially all their time on the ground in large social groups (10-20 members)

gorillas

indicates that the australopiths in that category were slighter and less rugged, with smaller teeth and faces

gracile

primates have five digits on our feet and hands that are suited for

grasping

culture became something of an acquired characteristic, passed down directly and indirectly to one's offspring

group selection

shift from darwanian to increasingly lamarckian selection

group selection

lived from 1.9 mya to 400,000 bp

h. erectus

human-like but with very small brains

h. flor

lived from 95,000 to 12,000 BP

h. flor

what are the members of genus homo

h. habilis, h. erectus, h. heidelbergensis, neandertals, h. sapiens, denisovans, and h. floresiensis

the average gorilla adult female weights ____ as much as a male

hald

what are advantages of plant domestication in wild wheat and barley to domesticated ones

hard axis stays on the stalk, makes it easier to cut and transport brittle husks make it easier for people to break into-- makes it easier for people to access the grain

in the view of many scholars the people most likely to adopt a new subsistence strategy, such as cultivation would be those

having the hardest time maintaining their traditional subsistence base

the simplest classificatory system of kinship. In it, differences are distinguished by generation and by gender. There is a parental generation and a generation of children. In this system, a person (called Ego in anthropology) refers to all females of his parents' generation as "Mother" and all of the males as "Father". In the generation of children, all brothers and male cousins are referred to as "Brother", all sisters and female cousins as "Sister".

hawaiian kinship (generational system)

neandertals cranial morphology

heavy brow ridges, slanting foreheads, massive faces, large jaws

Social statification in early cities/states high- middle- low-

high- surplus takers middle- production organizers low- food producers

long ago the archeologist robert J Braidwood assumed that food production began in the -___ where wild grains were so abundant

hilly flanks at Jarmo

split into different ecological niches and their diets became specialized

hogopan

brain size has increased during ____ evolution

hominin

ancestors of humans and only humans

hominins

apes and humans

hominoids

tool use was most widespread and developed amongst the genus ___

homo

what is our genus

homo

by 300,000 bp h. erectus had evolved into _____ followed by neanderthals

homo heidelbergensis

some evolutionary lines were dead ends while other ultimately resulted in ____

homo sapien sapien

what species resulted in the split with chimpanzees and gorillas

homo sapien sapien

female chimps are roughly 88% the size of their male counterparts which is similar to the ratio of sexual dimorphism in

homo sapiens

species associated with upper paleolithic

homo sapiens sapiens

marrying people who are similar to you

homogamy

in forming taxonomies we strive to only use

homologies

the similarities used to assign organisms to the same taxon

homologies

the way we form groups based on kinshop depends on

how and where we live after we marry

the fact that many of our behavioral adaptations are found among other primates helps us make sense of many behaviors that appear to be distinctly

human

______ split off from chimp and gorilla ancestors about 6 mya

human ancestors

the discipline we call economics developed as part of ____ society, as a way of understanding how ___ and ___ are produced, distributed, and consumed in modern, cash-based market economies

industrial/ goods/ services

based on the machines and chemical processes (fuel), which make the development of manufacturing, mass production, and mechanization possible

industrialism

produces large, mobile, skilled, specialized, and educated labor forces

industrialism

we rely on our sense of touch, as conveyed by our tactical organs, to provide us with

information

distinguishes 'same-sex' and 'cross-sex' parental siblings: the brothers of Ego's father, and the sisters of Ego's mother, are referred to by the same parental kinship terms used for Ego's Father and Mother. The sisters of Ego's father, and the brothers of Ego's mother, on the other hand, are referred to by non-parental kinship terms, commonly translated into English as "Aunt" and "Uncle". The children of one's parents' same-sex siblings, i.e. parallel cousins, are referred to by sibling kinship terms. The children of Aunts or Uncles, i.e. cross cousins, are not considered siblings, and are referred to by kinship terms commonly translated into English as "cousin".

iroquois kinship

non- capitalist societies are falsely seen as

irrational

through the lens of classical economic theory potlatching is ___ and ___ because such a mindset is ____ and fails to consider alternative means and social functinos

irrational and wasteful/ ethnocentric

what also allowed for even larger surpluses

irrigation

what made it possible to live in large towns and cities on the alluvial plain, which had rich soils

irrigation

Kinship Symbols: |

is descended from

Kinship Symbols: = with slash in middle

is divorced from

Kinship Symbols: =

is married to

Kinship Symbols: |------|

is the sibiling of

believed labor links humans to the material world around us and is fundamentally social activity capitalism

karl marx

focused on the importance of human labor in transforming raw materials into desired products

karl marx

who identified the three principles of exchange

karl polanyi

bilateral kinship calculation

kin ties calculated equally through men and women

involves distinguishing between different varieties of relatedness, namely blood, marriage, and descent and it accounts for different forms of connection

kinship calculation

the system through which people in a society reckon kin relationships

kinship calculation

primates have relatively ___ brains compared to other mammals

large

once hominins adapted to the savanna it was adaptively advantegous for early homins to have

large back teeth with thicktooth enamal

Denition and diet

large molar size in correlation to diet; coarse gritty vegetation for heavy chewing on fibrous foods

characteristics of robust australopiths

large postcanine teeth incsiors and canines reduced flatter faces large chewing muscles

neandertals anatomy

large torso/short limb configuration

what is a gorillas diet

largely consists of green bulk vegetation

Haplorrhines tend to be ____ and Strepsirrhines tend to be _______ (size)

larger/smaller

middle eastern food production did begin in the

marginal areas

refers to the customs, rules, and obligations that establish a special relationship between sexually cohabiting adults, typically male and female, between them and any children they produce and between the kin of the spouses

marriage

our american nuclear families also tend to be

matrilaterally skewed

membership based on relatedness through female ancestors

matrilineal

Moving to the brides community children grow up in their mothers village

matrilocality

major productive resources, such as land (territory), labor, technology

means of production

what are the seven world areas where food production was invented independently

middle east, nothern china (yellow river), southern china (yangtze river corridor), Sub-Saharan Africa, Mesoamerica, Eastern United States

by 10,000 BP domesticates were an established part of the broad spectrum of resources used by

middle easterners

Major domesticated plants and animals in northern china (yellow river)

millet, dogs, pigs, and chicken

Sahelanthropus tchadensis live in

mixed environment

ways of organizing production, " a set of social relations through which labor is deployed to wrest energy from nature by means of tools, skills, organization, and knowledge"

mode of production

anatomy of h. erectus

modern body and limbs

different ____ are structured in ways that alter the character of what an individuals want, what they consider scarce or valuable, and how they can get the things they want

modes of production

we share a common ancestor with many __ and __ species

monkey and ape

we are more closely related to all species of ____ than we are to dogs, cats, kangaroos, or buffalo

monkeys

more phylogentic research on tarsiers has placed them with

monkeys and apes

even when polygyny is encouraged, most people tend to be

monogamous

the belief that people most likely to adopt a new subsistence strategy are those having the hardest time maintaining their traditional subsistence base suggest that those ancient Middle Easterners who lives in areas where wild foods were scarer would be

more likely to experiment with new subsistence strategies than people living in the favored zone

species associated with middle paleolithic

mousterian and neandertals

food production is believed to have began in

natufians

what has struck a balance betwen the structural demands of upright posture and tendency toward increased brain size

natural selection

the attempt to get something for nothing

negative reciprocity

the widespread transiton of human socieites from lifestyles based on foraging to lifestyles based on food production - farming and herding

neolithic revolution/agricultural revolution

living apart from relatives of the bride and groom

neolocality

all are arboreal and they brachiate through the trees

new world monkeys

live in the forests of central and south america

new world monkeys

nasal morphology/flatter noses

new world monkeys

since many live on the ground they have evolved to be larger, which is advantageous against terrestrial predators

new world monkeys

their size makes them quick and agile which helps them escape from arboreal predators like snakes and eagles

new world monkeys

they have prehensile tails

new world monkeys

they tend to be smaller which helps them reach a wider range of foods in trees and shrubs and allows them to move around on branches and tree limbs

new world monkeys

Did we evolve from monkeys?

no

Do we know for sure if Sahelanthropus tchadensis is a hominin

no

example of silent trade of the mbuti pygmy foragers

no personal contact during exhanges - a mbnuti hunter left game, honey, or another forest product at a customary site - villagers collected it and left crops in exchange often parties bargained silently if one felt the return was insufficient he or she simply left it at the trading site and if the other party wanted to continue trade, it was increased

Strepsirrhines tend to be Haplorrhines tend to be (sight)

nocturnal/diurnal

our nuclear families are marked by their reliance on

non kinship based institutions to survive

descent groups are more common in what economies

nonindustrial: horticultural, agricultural, pastoral

the names platyrrhines and catarrhines comes from latin terms describing

nostril placement

typical members are parents and their biological children ours is small and impermanent

nuclear family

animal domestication in sheeps and goats--> they were bred to be

smaller, more docile, and to be more efficient producers of wool, hair, milk, fat, and meat

Primates are among the ____ of all living things

smartest

as our brains devoted more real estate to our vision, that dedicated to ____ shrank

smell

the kula ring creates

social networks and marriage options

Strepsirrhines are ____ while Haplorrhines are ____

solitary/gregarious

Major domesticated plants and animals in sub-saharan Africa

sorghum, pearl millet, african rice cattle

Widower marries one of his deceased wifes sisters (or another woman from her group if a sister is not available)

sororate

Denisovans are from

southern siberia

by 7500 bp most middle easterners were moving away from broad spectrum foraging towards more

specialized food producing economies

Major domesticated plants and animals in Andean Region

squah, potato, quinoa, beans, camelids, llama, alpaca, guinea pigs

a form of social and political organization that has a formal, central government and a divison of society into social classes

state

the large surpluses and need of greater administration and oversight led to the emergence of the

state

the industrialism labor forces are controlled by ___ and employed by ____

states./firms

the kula ring reinforces

staus and authortity

apes have ____ vision

stereoscopic vision

tha ability to see in depth and see in color

stereoscopic vision

many species were aided in their competition with other species through their use of

stone tools

what is a chimps tool use?

stone tools to break up nuts put nuts on stump or large flat rock and then use a larger rock as an anvil

primates share ____ and ___ homologies that distinguish them from other mammal taxa like carnivores or rodents

structural and biochemical

in most human soceities the nuclear family is present but is

submerged within larger, more permanent groups

what are the alternative ends

subsistence, rent, replacement, social, ceremonial funds

most complicated of all kinship systems. It maintains a separate designation for almost every one of Ego's kin, based on their distance from Ego, their relation, and their gender. Ego's father is distinguished from Ego's father's brother and from Ego's mother's brother. Ego's mother is similarly distinguished from Ego's mother's sister and from Ego's father's sister. For cousins, there are eight possible terms.

sudanese kinship

what attempts to make sense of human origins just as accounts of divine creation do

theories of evolution

how are orangutans exceptional compared to other apes

they are far less social and often live in solitary existence

marriage is often a ____ ___ ___ between families and descent groups

system of alliances

Give examples of new world monkeys

tamarins, marmosets, etc

because strepsirrhines are nocturnal they have a ______which is a reflective film over their eyes that helps their nocturnal vision

tapetum

What is Haplorrhines two infraorders

tarsiers and simians

Examples of redistribution

taxation, pooling, tribute, etc

assign organisms to categories according to their relatedness and resemblance

taxonomies

are gorillas arboreal or terrestrial

terrestial

adavantages of bipedalism

the ability to see over long grass and scrub vegetation to carry items back to home base to reduce the bodys exposture to solar radiation

whats an example of endogamy

the caste system

what is catarrhines two superfamilies

the cercopithecoids and the hominoids

what encompassed the last stages of braod spectrum foraging

the era of seminomadic hunting and gathering

what were the evolutionary trends

the growing brains were accompained by related anatomical changes growing brains, birth canals, and bipedalism immature birth brains as hard drives

"Profit-oriented principle of exchange that dominates in states, particularly industrial states. Goods and services are bought and sold, and values are determined by supply and demand."

the market principle

Where and why did food production begin?

the middle east - the climate became warmer and moister and favored the expansion of wild plants and animals certain areas (the hilly flanks) became so rich in wild plants and animals that foragers could adopt sedentism

anthropoids

the monkeys and apes

related organims share many features inherited from

the same ancestor

What were the four great early river valley states of the old world

the tigris and euphrates rivers in mesopotamia, the nile river in egypt, the indus and ganges rivers in india/pakistan, and the yellow river in china

human children have a long period of childhood dependency becayse

their brains and skulls grow dramatically

How did Australopith's extinct

they were unable to survive under the competitive living circumstances of the time they were believed to have been overtaken by more efficient herbivores such as the gazelle, oryx, and the horse about . 1.4 mya

fire was used as a

tool

_____ displaced other hominin pushing them into drier, less diverse zones, and some ultimately to extinction

tool users

What is Sahelanthropus tchadensis nickname

toumai

in the rift valley who is the outlier

toumai

the vertical econmies allowed for ___ and what for foragers

trade and allowed foragers to follow game from zone to zone

polyandry restricts number of wives and heirs do that land is

transmitted with minimal fragmentation


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