APUSH Civil War & Reconstruction

Proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

As early as December 1863, Lincoln set up at and apparently simple process for political we reconstruction that is reconstructing the state governments in the south so that unionists were in charge rather than secessionists. -Full presidential pardons would be granted go most confederates who (1) took an oath of allegiance to the Union and the U.S Constitution and (2) accepted the emancipation of slaves. -A state government could be reestablished and accepted as legitimate by the US president as soon as at least 10% of the voters in that state took the loyalty oath. Lincoln's proclamation meant that each state would have to write slavery out of their constitution. Designed to shorten war.

Impending crisis of the south

Attacked slavery from another angle. The author, From North Carolina, used statistics to demonstrate to fellow Southerners that slavery week in the South's economy. Southern states acted quickly to ban book, but it was widely distributed in the north by anti-slavery and Freesoil leaders.

Secession of upper south

Before attack on fort Sumter, only 7 states of Deep South seceded. After it became clear that Lincoln would use troops in the crisis, 4 states Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas also seceded and joined the confederacy. The confederates then moved their capital to Richmond, Virginia. The people of Western Virginia remained loyal to the union, and the region became a separate state in 1863.

Foreign Affairs and Diplomacy

Confederate leaders boy expected the Cottonwood and do you proved to be king and induce Britain or France or both to give direct aid to the war effort. Besides depending on convoy there a textile mills, wealthy British industrialist and members of the British aristocracy looks bored with pleasure to the break up of the American democratic experiment. From the unions one of you, it was critically important to prevent the confederacy from gaining the foreign support and recognition that it desperately needed

Reasons for war

1. Slavery was a growing moral issue in north vs its defense and expansion in south. 2. Constitutional disputes over the nature of the feferal union and states' rights. 3. Economic differences between the industrializing north and agricultural issues like tariffs, banking, and internal improvements. 4. Political blunders and extremism: failed to compromise.

Free Soil Movement

1848, Northerners who opposed allowing slavery in the territories organize the _______. Key objective was to prevent the extension of slavery. The new party also advocated free homesteads (public land grants to small farmers) and internal improvements.

Lincoln Douglas Debates

1858, Stephen Douglas running for reelection as senator from Illinois and Abraham Lincoln challenged him. Lincoln wasn't an abolitionist but addressed slavery as a moral issue. Attacked Douglas's seemingly indifferent attitude. In a debate in Freeport, Illinois Lincoln challenged Douglas to reconcile popular sovereignty with the Dred Scott decision. And what became known as the Freeport doctrine, Douglas responded that slavery could not exist in a community if the local citizens did not pass laws maintaining it. His views angered southern Democrats who thought he did not go far enough supporting. Douglas won his campaign for reelection to the U.S. Senate. Long-term, he lost ground in his own party and alienated southern Democrats. Lincoln emerged as a national figure and a leading contender for Republican nomination for president 1860.

Wade-Davis Bill

1864. Many republicans in congress objected to Lincoln's 10% plan argueing that it would allow a supposedly reconstructed state government to fall under the domination of disloyal secessionists. Proposed bill far more demanding terms. Bill required 50% of the voters of a state to take a loyalty oath and permitted only non-Confederates to vote for a new state constitution.

Election of 1876

1876, federal troops had been withdrawn from all but three southern states: Southern Carolina, Florida, Louisiana. The Democrats had returned all ex-confederate but these three states. Republicans look for someone untouched by corruption a grant to ministration and nominated Rutherford B Hayes. Democrats chose Samuel J Tilden who had made a name for himself fighting the corrupt. The Democrats had want to clear majority. However in three southern states, the returns were contested. To win the election, Tilden needed only one electoral vote for the contested returns of South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana. Electoral votes given to Hayes which outraged Democrats.

Southern governments of 1865

8 months after Johnson took office, all 11 ex-confederate stages qualified under president's reconstruction plan to become functioning parts of the Union. The southern states drew up constitutions that repudiated secession, engaged the debts of the confederate government, and ratified 13 the amendment abolishing Alavert. Didn't extend right to vote to blacks m. Former leaders of confederacy won seats in congress.

Underground Railroad

A loose network of northern free blacks and courageous exclaves, with the help of some white abolitionists, who helped escaped slaves to reach freedom in the north or in Canada. Three blocks in the north and abolitionist also organized vigilance committees to protect fugitive slaves from the slave catchers. Once the Civil War broke out, black leaders such as Frederick Douglass, Harriet Tubman, and Sojourner Truth continued to work for the emancipation of slaves into support black soldiers in the union cause.

Johnson and Reconstruction

A self-taught tailor, he rose in Tennessee politics by championing the interests of poor whites in their economic conflict with rich planters. Only senator from confederate state to be loyal to Union troops, appointed that state's war governor. Johnson was a southern democrat but republicans picked him to be Lincoln's running mate.

Carpetbaggers

Democratic opponent called Northern newcomers this. Northerners went south after the war for various reasons. Some were investors interested in setting up new businesses, others were ministers, and teachers with humanitarian goals. Some went simply to plunder.

Scalawags

Democratic opponent called Southern Republicans this. Southern whites are supported the republican governments were usually former wigs who are interested and economic development for their state and peace between sections.

Ku klux klan

During period Republican-controlled state governments in south groups of southern whites organized secret societies two into many blacks and white reformers. They they burnt down black owned buildings and flogged and murder Freemen to keep them from exercising their voting rights. To get federal stories the power to stop them and to protect the civil rights of citizens in the south, Congress passed the force acts of 1870 and 1871

Freedmen in war

After the Emancipation Proclamation January 1860 300,000s of Southern blacks approximately 25% of slave population walked away from slavery to seek the protection of the approaching Union armies. Almost 200,000 Blacks most of whom were freely nude slaves served in the Nguyen Army and Navy. Segregated into all-black units such as the Massachusetts regiment, black trips performed courageously under fire and one the respect of your new white soldiers. More than 37,000 black soldiers died and what became known as the army of freedom.

Johnson's vetoes

Alienated even moderate republicans in early 1866 when he vetoed a bill increasing services and protection offered by the freedmen's bureau and a civil rights bill that nullified the black codes and guaranteed full citizenship and equal rights to blacks.

Spoilsmen

And early 1870s, leadership of the Republican Party past from reformers to political manipulators such as senators Roscoe Conkling of New York and James Blaine of Maine. These politicians were masters of the game of patronage: giving jobs and government favors a.k.a. spoils to their supporters

Bleeding Kansas

Anti-slavery farmers from the Midwest in constitute a majority of the population. But slaveowners from the neighboring state of Missouri also set up homesteads in Kansas cheaply as a means of one in control of the territory for the south. Northern abolitionists and free-soilers responded by organizing the new England emigrant aid company which paid for the transportation of anti-slavery settlers to Kansas. Fighting soon broke out between proslavery and anti-slavery groups, and the territory became known as _________. Proslavery settlers refuse to recognize this government and created their own legislator and will be gone. In 1856, proslavery forces attacked the free soil town of Lawrence, killing to want destroying homes and businesses. In Washington, the Pierce administration kept aloof from the turmoil in Kansas. It did nothing to keep order in the territory and failed to support honest elections there. The Democratic Party became even more divided between it's more than telling factions.

John Calhoun

Argued against 1850 compromise and insisted that the south be given equal rights in the acquired territory.

Daniel webster

Argued for 1850 compromise in order to save the union, and in so doing alienated the Massachusetts abolitionist who formed the base of the support.

The election of 1866

Johnson speeches appealed to the racial prejudices of the whites by arguing that equal rights for blacks would result in an African nice society. Republicans counterattacked by accusing Johnson of being a drunkard and a traitor. Appealed to anti-southern prejudices by employing a campaign tactic known as waving a bloody shirt which inflamed the anger of northern voters by reminding them The hardships of war. Republican propaganda emphasize that Southerners were Democrats and buy a gross German logic, brand of the entire Democratic Party as a party of rebellion and reason.

Report of the Joint Committee

June 1866, a joint committee of the House and the Senate issued a report recommending that the reorganized former states of the confederacy were not entitled to representation in congress. Therefore, those elected from the south as senators and representatives shouldn't be permitted to take their seats. Congress not the preside had the authority to determine the conditions for allowing reconstructed states to rejoin the Union. By this report, Congress officially rejected the presidential plan of Reconstruction and promised to substitute it's own plan, part of which was embodied in 14th amendment.

Extremists and violence

Kansas Nebraska act in effect repealed the Missouri compromise that kept the lid on the regional tensions for more than three decades. After 1854, conflicts between anti-slavery and proslavery forces exploded, both in Kansas and on the floor of the United States Senate

Civil rights act of 1875

Last _____________.This law guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited cords from excluding blacks from juries. Poorly and forth because moderate and conservative Republicans felt frustrated trying to reform and unwilling south and feared losing like both in the north. 1877, Congress abandoned reconstruction completely.

Second battle of bull run

Lee took advantage of the change in Union generals to strike quickly at Pope's army in northern Virginia. He drew Pope into a trap, then struck the enemy's flank, and sent the Union army backward to ______. Pops withdrew FL the defenses of Washington.

Popular sovereignty

Lewis Cass, a Democratic senator from Michigan, proposed a compromise solution that will soon want to considerable support from both moderate Northerners and moderate Southerners. Instead of Congress determining whether to allow slavery in a new Western territory or state, cast to jested that the matter be determined by a vote of people who settled the territory.

Election results

Lincoln carry every one of the free states of the north, which represented a solid majority of 59% of the tour about. He won only 39.8% of the popular vote, and was a minority president. Breckenridge, the Southern Democrat, carry the deep South, leaving Douglas and Bell with just a few electoral votes in the border states. Together, the two Democrats, Douglas and Breckenridge, received many more popular votes than Lincoln. However, populist Freestate had enough elect oral votes to select a president without the need for a single electoral vote for the south.

Civil liberties

Lincoln focus more prosecuting of the war with protecting citizens constitutional rights. Early in the war, Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus. Democrats charged Ellington actino better than a tyrant. Especially in the border states, people had difficulty distinguishing between combatants and noncombatants.

Confiscation acts

Early in the war May 1861, union general Benjamin butler refused to return captured slaves to their computer owners arguing that they were contraband of war. The power to seize any property used to wage war against the United States was the legal basis for the __________passed by Congress in August 1861. Soon after the passage of this act thousands of contrabands were using their feet do scape slavery by finding their way to Union Camps. And July 1862, Congress passed a second that free person since laid by anyone engaged in rebellion against the United States. The law also empower the president to use slaves in the Union Army in any capacity including battle.

Political change

Effects of the war in civilian life. Dora process continue during the war was surprisingly few restrictions. Secession of the southern state to create a Republican majority in both houses of Congress. Within republican ranks, however, there were sharp differences between the radical faction, those who Champion the cause of the media abolition of slavery it and the moderate faction freeze so Oilers fortunately concerned about the economic opportunity for whites. Most Democrats supported the war but criticize Lincoln's conduct of it. Peace Democrats and copperhead supposed to war and wanted a negotiated peace.

Constitutional union party

Fearing the consequences of a Republican victory, a group of former whigs, no nothings and moderate Democrats formed a new party. For president, they nominated John Bella Tennessee. The party platform pledged enforcement of the laws in the Constitution, and above all preserving the union.

Factors not to recognize confederacy

First as mentioned general Lee's setback at Antietam played a role; without seeing a the size of confederate motor victory, the British government would not risk recognition. Second Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation made the end of slavery and objective of the union, position that appealed strongly to Britain's working class. While conservative leaders of Britain or sympathetic good to Confederates, they could not defy the pro northern anti-slavery feelings of the British majority.

Election of 1856

First test of republican strength came and presidential election of ______. The Republican platform called for no expansion of slavery, free Homestead, and a pro-business protective tariff. The know nothings also computed strongly in this election, with their candidate former President Millard Fillmore, winning 20% of the popular vote. As a one major national party, democrats expected to win. As expected, the Democratic ticket want to majority of both the popular and electoral vote. But the Republicans made a remarkably strong showing for sectional party. And the electoral college, Fremont carried 11 out of 16 states. People could predict that the anti-slavery Republicans might sue him win the White House without a single boat from the south. This foreshadowed the emergence of a powerful political party that would win all but four presidential elections between 1860 and 1932.

Permanent effects

First, the field of nursing was not open to woman for the first time. Second, the enormous responsibilities undertaken by woman during the war gave him pito's to the movement to obtain equal voting rights for women

Road to secession

Outside Illinois, the Republicans did well in the congressional elections of 1858 which alarmed many Southerners. They were not only about the anti-slavery but also about the party's economic program, which favor the interest of northern industrialists at the expense of the south. The higher tariffs pledged in the Republican platform could only help northern business and hurt themselves dependence on the export of cotton. Therefore they feared that a Republican victory in 1860 what spell disaster for their economic interest and threaten constitutional right to hold slaves as property.

Reconstruction acts of 1867

Over Johnson's vetoes, Congress passed three ___________. The acts divided the former Confederate states into five military districts in, each under the control of the Union Army. It increased the requirements for gaining readmission to the union. And ex-confederate states had to ratify the 14th amendment and place guarantees in its constitution for granting the franchise to all adult males regardless of race.

Civil rights act of 1866

Override with some modifications, Johnson's vetoes of both Freedmen's Bureau Act and the _________. Pronounced all blacks as us citizens and also attempted to provide a legal shield against the operation of southern states' Black Codes.

Fugitive slave law

Persuaded many Southerners to except the loss of California to the abolitionist and Freesoilers. Yet the enforcement of the new law and the north was bitterly and sometimes forcibly resisted by anti-slavery Northerners. And effect, therefore, ebforcement of the new law drove a wedged between the north and the south.

Panic of 1873

Grant's second term began with an economic disaster the rendered thousands of northern laborers both jobless and homeless. Overspeculation by financers Andover building by industry and rail roads lead to wide spread business failures and depression. 1874, Grant vetoed a bill calling for the release of additional greenback and sided with Hardmoney bankers and creditors.

Stephen a Douglas

Hey politically astute young senator from Illinois, engineer different coalitions to pass each part of the compromise separately.

Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

In 1867, over Johnson's veto, Congress passed the tenure of office act. It may have been in on constitutional violation of executive authority, for heaven and the president from removing a federal official or military commander without the approval of the Senate. It was to protect the radical Republicans in Johnson's cabinet. Johnson challenged at dismissing Stanton on his own authority. The house then charged him and he became the first president to be ________. In 1868, after a three-month trial on the Senate, Johnson's enemies felt one vote short of the necessary two thirds of required to remove a president from office. Seven moderate Republicans joined the Democrats and voting against convection because they thought it was a bad precedent to president for political reasons.

13 amendment

Standing in the way awful emancipation or phrases in the US Constitution that had long legitimate did slavery. To free owns like people in the border states, the country needed to ratify a constitutional amendment. Even the abolitionist gave Lincoln credit for playing an active role in the political struggle to secure enough votes in Congress to pass the 13th amendment. By December 1865 months after Lincoln's death, this amendment abolishing slavery was ratified by their required number states.

Northern democrats/Whigs

Supported the Wilmot proviso oh and the position that all blacks (slave and free) should be excluded from the Mexican Cession. Abolitionists advocated eliminating slavery everywhere, many who opposed the westward expansion of slavery didn't opposed slavery in the south. They sought to keep the west land opportunity for whites only so that the white majority wouldn't have to compete with slave labor or free blacks.

Surrender at Appomattox

The Confederate government try to negotiate for peace but Lincolnwood except nothing short of restoration of the union, and Jefferson Davis still demanded nothing lost in Independence. Lee retreated from Richmond with an army of less than 30,000 men. He tried to skip the mountains only to be cut off and forces surrender to grant at ________ courthouse on April 9, 1865. Do you need general treated his a long time and I meet with respect and allowed Lesemann to return their homes with the horses.

election of 1852

The Whig party nominated another military hero of the Mexican war, general one field Scott. Attempting to ignore the slavery issue, their campaign concentrated on the party's innocuous plans for improving roads and harbors. But Scott quickly discovered that sectional issues couldn't be held in check. The anti-slavery and southern factions of the party felt to Corling, and the party was on the verge of splitting apart. Democrats nominated a safe compromise candidate, Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire. No a northerner, Pierce was acceptable to the southern Democrats because he excepted the fugitive slave law. And the electoral college vote, peers in the Democrats won all but four states in a suite that suggested the days of the wig party were numbered.

Effect of law and literature

The fugitive slave law, combined with anti-slavery and proslavery literature, polarized nation even more. Northerners who had earlier scorned abolition became more concerned about slavery has more issue. At the same time a growing number of Southerners became convinced that the North's goal was to destroy the institution of slavery and the life based upon it.

Reconstruction north

The north this economy continued to be driven by the industrial revolution and pro-business policies of Republicans. As South struggled to reorganize it's labor system, Northerners focused on railroad, steel, labor problems, and money.

Grant in Command

We can finally found a general goodbye and went. Early before, he brought grants east to Virginia and made him commander of all the Union armies. Grant settled on a strategy of war by attrition. He aim to wear down the Confederate armies and systematically destroy their vital lines of supply. Fighting daughter leave for months, grants army of the pito next suffered have your casualty of them these forces in the battles of the wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Coldharbor. Bye-bye never letting up, Grant succeeded in reducing Lee's army in each battle and forcing it into I defense of line around Richmond. Fighting foreshadowed the trench warfare that would later character is World War I.

Draft

When the war began in 1861, those who fought were volunteers. However of the need for replacements became a cute, both the union and the Confederacy resorted to laws for conscripting went into service. The unions first conscription act adopted March 18th St. made all men between ages 20 and 45 liable for military service but allowed a substitute or to pay a fine.

Fort Sumter

Where and when the war began. South cut _______ off from vital supplies. Lincoln announced he was sending provisions of food to the garrison. He gave the choice of permitting them inside or open fire. They open fired and the war began April 12, 1861.

14th amendment

In June 1855. First time, the constitution required states as well as the federal government to uphold rights of citizens. -Declared that all persons born or naturalized in the U.S were citizens. -Obligated the states to respect the rights of U.S. Citizens and provide them with "equal protection of the laws" and "due process of law" -disqualified former Confederate political leaders from holding either state or federal offices -repudiated the debts of the defeated governments of the confederacy -Penalized a state if it kept any eligible person from voting by reducing that states proportional representation in Congress and electoral college.

Know-nothing party

In addition to sectional divisions between North and South, there was also in the mid-1850s growing ethnic tension in the north between nativeborn problems than Americans and immigrants Germans in Irish Catholics. Nativist hostility to these newcomers lead to the formation of this party. They support away from the Whigs I had a time when the party was reeling from us to be in 1852 election. There one court issue was up opposition to Catholics and immigrants who in the 1840s and 1850s were entering northern cities in large numbers. They quickly lost in Florence at sectional issues again became paramount.

Conflict over status of territories

Issue of slavery in _______ gained in the Mexican war became the focus of sectional differences in the late 1840s. The Wilmot proviso, which excluded slavery from the new territories, would have upset the compromise of 1820 and a delicate balance of 15 free and 15 slave states. The proviso's defeat only intensified sectional feelings.

Election of 1872

Scandals of the grant administration drove reform minded Republicans to break with the party in 1872 and select Horace Greeley as their presidential candidate. The Liberal Republicans advocated civil-service reform, and then to railroad subsidies, withdrawal of troops from the south, reduce tariffs, and free trade. Surprisingly, Democrats join them and also nominated Greeley. Regular Republicans countered by merely waving the bloody shirt and won.

Reconstruction in south

Second round of reconstruction dictated by Congress, Republican Party in the south dominated the governments of X confederate states. Beginning in 1867, it's Republican-controlled government was under military production of the US Army until such time as Congress was satisfied that a state had met it's reconstruction requirements. Then the troops were withdrawn. Depending on how long it took conservative Democrats to regain control.

Crittenden Compromise

Senator John Crittenden of Kentucky propose a constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaves and all territory south of 3630. Lincoln, however, said that he could not except this compromise because it violated the Republican position against the extension of slavery into the territories. Southern whites who voted for secession believed they were acting in the tradition of the Revolution of 1776. They argued that they had a right to national independence and to dissolve a constitutional contact them no longer protected them from tyranny.

Kansas Nebraska act

Senator Stephen a Douglas of Illinois devised a plan for building a railroad and promoting western settlement. He needed to win so they needed Southern approval for his plan to build the transcontinental railroad through the central United States, with a major terminus in Chicago. To obtain approval, Douglas introduced a bill to divide the Nebraska territory into two parts, the Kansas territory and the Nebraska territory, and allow settlers in each territory to decide whether to allow slavery or not. Since the territories were located north of the 3630 line, Douglas is Bill gave the Southern slaveowners an opportunity to expand slavery that previously had been close to them by the Missouri compromise of 1820. Northern Democrats condemned the bill as a surrendered to slave power.

Black codes

Southern state legislatures adopted stuff that Restricted the rights and movements of former slaves. 1. Prohibited blacks from either renting land of borrowing money to buy land. 2,. Placed freedmen into a form of semi bondage by forcing them, as "vagrants" and "apprentices" to sign work contracts; and 3. Prohibited blacks from testifying against whites in courts.

Compromise of 1850

-Admit California to the union as a free state -Divide the remainder of the Mexican session into two territories -Utah and New Mexico- and allow the settlers and these territories to decide the slavery issue by majority vote, or popular sovereignty. -Give the land in dispute between Texas and the New Mexico territory to the new territories in return for the federal Government assuming Texas's public debt of 10 million -Ban the slave trade in the District of Columbia but permit whites to hold slaves as before -Adopt A new fugitive slave law and enforce it rigorously

Dred Scott vs Sanford

-He had no right to sue and a federal court because the framers of the constitution didn't attend blacks to be US citizens. -Congress didn't have the power to deprive any person or property without due process of law; if slaves were formed property, then congress could and exclude slavery from any federal territory. -The Missouri compromise unconstitutional because it exclude slavery from Wisconsin and other northern territories. In effect, Supreme Court declared that all parts of the western territories are open to slavery. Republicans denounce the decision and many northerners suspected that the Democratic president and majority on the Supreme Court secretly plan the decision. The decision increased northerner suspicion of a slave power conspiracy and induced thousands of former Democrats to vote Republican.

Union triumphs

1863-1865. By early 1863, the fortunes of war were turning against the Confederates. Although generally started the year with another major victory at Chancellorsville, Virginia, the Confederate economy wasn't desperate shape, as planters and farmers lost control of their labor force, and an increasingly higher number of poorly provisioned soldiers were deserting from the Confederate Army.

Woman at work

Absence of millions of men from the normal occupations and fields in factories added to responsibilities a woman in all regions. They steps into the labor vacuum created by war, operating farms and plantations and taking factory jobs customarily help and then. In addition, woman played a critical role as military nurses it as volunteers and soldier aid societies. When the war ended and the war veterans returned home, most urban woman vacated the jobs in the government industry, while Rural gladly accepted male assistance on the farm.

Maryland

Border states. Pro-secessionists attacked Union troops and threatened the railroad to Washington. The Union army resorted to martial law to keep the state under federal control.

Trent affair

Britain can close the siding with the Confederacy in my 1861 over an incident at C. Confederate diplomats James Mason and John Slidell or traveling to England on a British steamer on a mission to get recognition for the government. A union warships Dr. British ship, removed Mason is without, and brought them to the United States as prisoners of war. Britain Britain war over the incident and with the two diplomats were released this by intense probably criticism, Lincoln gave into British demands. Mason is and Slidell and were duly set free. But after us again sailing for Europe, they feel to obtain full recognition of the confederacy from either Britain or France

Emancipation Proclamation

By July 1862, Lincoln had already decided to use his powers as commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces to free all enslaved persons in the states then at war with the United States. He justified his policy as a military necessity. Lincoln delayed announcement of the policy, however, until you could win the support of conservative northerners. The same time, he encouraged the border states to come out with plans for emancipation compensation to the owners. After the battle of Antietam, phyllis on September 22, 1862, Lincoln issued a warning that enslaved people in all states in rebellion on January 1, 1863 would be then, henceforward and forever free. As promised on the first day of the new year age and 63 the president issued his Emancipation Proclamation. After a listing states from Arkansas to Virginia that one rebellion the proclamation said that.

Congressional reconstruction

By spring of 1866, the angry response of many members of Congress to Johnson's policies led to the second round of Reconstruction. Dominated by congress and featured polices that were harsher in Southern whites and more protective of freed blacks.

Confederation

Constitution model after the US Constitution except a provided a single six-year term for the president and gave the president an item veto. It's denied the Confederate Congress the power to Levi a protective tariffs and to procreate funds for internal improvements, but it did prohibit the foreign slave trade. President Jefferson Davis try to increase his executive powers during the war, but southern governor is resisted attempts centralization, some holding back troops and resources to protect their own states. Chronically short of money. I tried loans, income taxes, and even impressment of private property, but these revenues paid for only a small part of the war costs. The government issued more than 1 billion and paper money, so much that a cost of your inflation. By the end of the war, the value of a confederate dollar was less than two cents. The Confederate Congress nationalized the railroad and encourage industrial development.

Election of 1848

Democrats nominated senator Cass and adopted a platform pledged to popular sovereignty. The wigs nominated Mexican war hero General Zachary Taylor, who had never been involved in politics and took no position on slavery. A third-party, the free soil party, nominated former President Martin Van Buren. It consisted of conscience Whigs who oppose slavery and anti-slavery Democrats; the latter group or ridiculed as barnburners because they're defectionthreatened to destroy the Democratic Party. Taylor narrowly defeated Cass, in part because the vote given the free soil party in such key northern states such as New York and Pennsylvania.

Lincoln executive power

Drew upon powers as both chief executive and commander in chief, often without authorization from congress. Right after Fort Sumter he (1) called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the "insurrection" in the confederacy, (2) authorized spending for a war, and (3) suspended the privilege of the writ of habeas corpus. Congress wasnt in session so on own authority.

Building black communities

Drive for a Tonna me most evident and foundings of hundreds of independent black churches after war. During reconstruction, black ministers emerged as leaders in black community. Cyber education induced large numbers of blocks to use their scarce resources to establish independence girls for their children and to pay educated blacks to become their teachers. Many freedmen made the decision to migrate away from the south and establish new communities in frontier state like Kansas.

End of reconstruction

During Grant second term, reconstruction entered third and final round. Radical Republican on the Wayne, southern conservatives known as redeemers took control of one state government after another. This process was completed by 1877. The redeemers had different social economic backgrounds, but they agreed on the political program: state rights, reduce taxes, reduce spending on social programs, and white supremacy.

Antietam

Following up his victory of bull run, Lee let his army across the Potomak into enemy territory in Maryland. In doing so, he hope that a major Confederate victory in a union state would convince Brian to give official recognition and support the confederacy. By this time and we can have restored McClellan to command to the union army. McClellan have the advantage of knowing lease battle plan because a copy of it have been dropped by a Confederate soldier. Union Army intercepted the invading confederates at ____ Creek in the Maryland town of Sharpsburg. Here the bloodiest single day of combat in the entire war took place. Unable to break through union lines, Lee's army retreated to Virginia. Lincoln removed McClellan for a final time as the union commander. This battle proved to be a decisive battle because the Confederates failed to get open recognition and ate it from a foreign power. On the other side, Lincoln found enough encouragement and the results to claim a union victory.

Republican Party birth

Found it in Wisconsin and 1854 as a direct reaction to the passage of the Kansas Nebraska act. Composed of a coalition the freeze older is an anti-slavery wigs and Democrats it's overwriting purpose was to oppose the spread of slavery in the territories not to and slavery itself. It's first platform of 1854 called for the repeal of both in the Kansas Nebraska act in the fugitive slave law. As violence increased in Kansas more and more people including some abolitionist join the party and it soon became the second largest party in the country. But it remained in the sea is strictly a northern or sectional party, it's success alienated and threatened the south.

Enforcement and opposition

Fugitive slave law's chief purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a northern state, captured him, and return them to their southern owners. The law place fugitive slave cases under the exclusive jurisdiction of the federal government and authorize special US commissioners to issue wants duress fugitives. Captured persons who claim to be free blacks and not a runaway slave were denied the right of trial by jury. Citizens who attempted to hide a runaway or obstruct enforcement of the law were subject to heavy penalties.

Peninsula campaign

General George B McClellan, The new commander of the Union Army in the East, insisted that his troops to be given a long period of training before going to battle. Finally, after many delays that sorely tested Lincoln's patience, McClellan's Army invaded Virginia in March 1862. The union. As a result of brilliant tactical moves by confederate General Robert E. Lee we merged as the commander of the south eastern forces. After five months, McClellan was forced to retreat and was ordered back to Potomak, where he was replaced by General John Pope.

Union strategy

General in chief Winfield Scott, veteran of the 1812 and Mexican wars, devised a three-part strategy for winning a long war: -use the U.S. Navy to blockade southern ports, cutting off the central supplies from reaching the Confederacy (Anaconda plan) -Take control of the Mississippi River, dividing the confederacy in 2 -Raise and train army 500,000 strong to conquer Richmond. The first two parts the strategy approved easier to achieve in the third, but ultimately all three were important and shaving northern victory. After the unions defeat here, federal armies experienced a succession of crushing the feats as they attempted various campaigns in Virginia. Each less successful than the one before.

Failure of cotton diplomacy

In the end, the south hope for European intervention were disappointed. Can cotton did not have the power to dictate another nations foreign-policy, since you're quickly found ways of attaining cotton from other sources. By the time shortages of Southern cotton hit the British textile industry adequate shipments of Cotton began arriving from Egypt and India. Also materials other than cotton could be used for textiles, and the woman in line and industries were not slow to take it manage of their opportunity.

First battle of bull run

In the first major battle of the war July 1861, 30,000 federal troops marched from Washington DC to attack confederate forces positioned near creek at man asses Junction, Virginia. Just as the Union forces seem close to victory, confederate reinforcements under general Thomas Jackson counterattacked and sent the inexperienced Union troops disorderly and panicky flight back to Washington. The battle ended with the illusion of a short war and also promoted the myth that the rebels were invincible in battle.

Vicksburg

In the west, by the spring of 1863, Union forces control New Orleans as well as most the Mississippi River and surrounding valley. Thus, the union objective of securing complete control of the Mississippi river was close to an accomplished back when General Grant began his siege of the heavily fortified city of ______. Union artillery bombarded the place for seven weeks before the Confederates finally surrendered the city and nearly 29,000 soldiers on July 4. Federal warships now controlled the full length of the Mississippi and cut off Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas from the rest the Confederacy.

End of slavery

Lincoln seems hesitant to take action against slavery as advocated by many of his Republican supporters. Lincoln's concerns included keeping the support of the border states, the constitutional protections of slavery, the racial prejudice of many northerners, and the fear that premature action could be overturned in the next election.

Failures

Long after Reconstruction ended, northern historians continue to depict republican role as orderly wasteful and corrupt. Republican politicians took advantage of their power to take kickbacks and brides from contractors who did business with the state. No geographic section was immune.

Radical Republicans

Long been divided by (1) moderates who were chiefly concerned with economic gains for the white middle class and (2) radicals, who championed civil rights for blacks. Although most, several became more radical in 1866 partly out of fear that a reunified Democratic Party might again become dominant. After all, slaves counted all people equally. Many ______ endorsed several liberal causes: women's suffrage, rights for labor unions, and civil rights for northern blacks.

Republican nomination of Lincoln

Made the most of their advantage by drafting a platform that appealed strongly to the economic self interest of Northerners and Westerners. In addition to calling for the exclusion of slavery from the territories, the Republican platform promised to break a protective it terra for industry, Freelan for homesteaders, and internal improvements to encourage western settlement, including a railroad to the Pacific. To ensure victory, republicans turn to the stronger baiter Abraham Lincoln a candidate who could carry the key Midwestern states of Illinois, Indiana, Ohio.

Fredericksburg

McClellan replaced with the more aggressive General Ambrose Burnside. In December 1862, a larger union army under Burnside attacked Lee's army and suffered a men's losses: 12,000 dead or wounded compared to 5000 Confederate casualties. Both Union and Confederate generals were slow to learn that improved weaponry especially the deadly fire from enemy artillery, took the romance out of her old charges against entrenched positions. By the end of 1862, the awful magnitude of the wherewithal to clear with no prospect of military victory for either side.

Gettysburg

Meanwhile, in the East, leave again took the offensive by leading an army into enemy territory Colon the union states of Maryland and Pennsylvania. If you could either destroy the union army or capture a major northern city, we hope to force the union to call for peace or at least to gain foreign intervention I'll be half the confederacy. On July 1, 1863 the abating confederate army surprised union the units at the place in Southern Pennsylvania. Followed was the most crucial and bloodiest battle of the war was more than 50,000 casualties. Lee's assault on the union lines on the second and third days, including a famous but unsuccessful charge would by George Pickett, proved to be futile, destroyed Key part of the Confederate Army. What was left of police forces retreat Virginia, never to regain the offensive.

Black legislators

Most blacks who held elective office and reconstructed state governments were educated property holders who took a moderate positions on most issues. Republicans in the south sent to blacks to the Senate and more than a dozen blocks to the House of Representatives. Seeing blacks and former slaves a position of power cause bitter resentment among disenfranchise ex-confederates.

Southern position

Most whites viewed any attempts to restrict expansion of slavery as a violation of their constitutional right to take and use their property as they wished. They saw the free-soilers and especially abolitionists as intent on the ultimate destruction of slavery. More moderate Southerners favored extending the Missouri compromise line westward to the Pacific ocean and permitting territories north of that line to be nonslave.

Modernizing northern society

Negative: workers which did not keep up with pace of inflation. Positive: many aspects of industrial call me a seller rated by war. Because the war place to a premium on mass production and complex organization, it's been of the consultation of the North's manufacturing businesses. Or profiteers took advantage of government urgent need for the military supplies to sell shoddy goods at high prices. Republican politics also played a major role in stimulating the economic growth of the north and the west. Taking a vantage of their wartime majority in Congress, the Republicans passed an ambitious economic program included not only a national banking system but the following: Morrill tariff act, Homestead act, morill land grant act, and the Pacific Railway act.

Uncle Tom's cabin

Northern writer Harriet Beecher Stowe move the generation of northerners as well as many Europeans to regard all slaveowners as monstrously cruel and inhuman. Southerners condemned the untruths in the novel and looked upon it as one more proof of the Norths incurable prejudice against the southern way of life.

John Brown raid

October 1859, he led a small band of followers and an attack on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry. His impractical plan was to use guns from the arsenal to arm Virginia sleeves whom he expected to rise up in general revolt. Federal troops captured Brown and his band after today siege. All were tried for treason convicted and hangs up by the state of Virginia. Moderates in the north including republican leaders condemn the Browns use of violence but Southerners saw the raid as final proof of the North's true intentions to use slave revolts to destroy the south.

Thaddeus Stevens

Of Pennsylvania hoped to revolutionize Southern society through an extended period of military rule in which blacks would be free to exercise there'd civil rights, would be educated in schools operated by the federal government, and would receive lands confiscated from the planter class.

Assassination of Lincoln

On April 14, John welcome booth, and embittered actor and Confederate sympathizer, shot and killed the president while he was attending a performance and Ford's theater in Washington. On the same night, a co-conspirator talked but only wanted secretary of state William Seward. They shocking events around the fury of Northerners at the very same type of the Confederates most needed a sympathetic hearing. The loss of Lincoln's leadership was widely more, but the extent The lost Napoli appreciate it until two sections of her united country had to cope with a walling problems of post where reconstruction.

Lecompton Constitution

One of Buchanan's first challenges as president in 1857 was to except or reject a proslavery state constitution for Kansas. They did not have support of the majority of the settlers. Even so, he asked Congress to except the document admit Kansas as a slave state. Congress didn't do so because many Democrats including Stephen Douglas joined with the Republicans and rejecting this. The next year, 1858, the proslavery document was overwhelmingly rejected by Kansas settlers, most of whom were anti-slavery Republicans.

Southern reaction

Proslavery southern whites counterattacked northern by arguing slavery was a positive good for slave and master like. That slavery was sanctioned by the Bible and was firmly grounded and philosophy and history. Southern authors contrasted the conditions of the northern wage workers forced to work long hours in factories and mines with the familial bonds that could develop on plantations between slave and master. George Fitzhugh, the bowl best and best known of slavery authors, question principle of equal rights for unequal men and attacked S which system as worse than slavery. Works include sociology for the south and cannibals all.

Amnesty act of 1872

Removed the last of the restrictions on excavator it, except for the top leaders. It allowed southern conservatives to vote for Democrats to retake control of the state governments

Accomplishments

Republican legislators liberalized state constitutions in the south by providing for universal male suffrage, property rights for women, debt relief, and modern penal codes. Promoted the building of roads, bridges, railroads, and other internal improvements. Established needed state institutions as hospitals, asylums, and homes for disabled.established state-supported public-school systems in the south which benefited whites and blacks like. Pay for these improvements by overhauling the tax system and selling bonds.

15th amendment

Republican majority's in Congress act quickly in 1869 to secure the vote for blacks. Prohibited any state from the nine or abridging of citizens right to vote on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Ratified in 1870.

Election of 1868

Republicans turned to general you leasees S Grant even though he had no political experience. Despite popularity in north, he managed to win only 300,000 more popular votes than his democratic opponent. Devote to 500,000 blacks gave the Republican ticket it's margin of victory. Voting rights of Freedmen needed federal protection.

Consequences

Since the presidents proclamation applied only to enslave people residing in the confederate states outside you can control, it it immediately freedom only about 1% of slaves. Slavery in the border states was allowed to continue. Even so, the proclamation was a major important because it it's enlarged the purpose of war. For the first time, Union armies were fighting against slavery, not merely against secession. The proclamation added weight to confiscation act, increasing the number of slaves. Freedom by fling to union lines. Plus with each advance of northern troops into the south, abolition of asked as well. As an added blow to the Confederacy, the proclamation also authorized to use a free slaves as Union soldiers. Suddenly, the Union Army had thousands of dedicated new recruits.

Border states

Slave holding states that didn't secede. Delaware, Maryland, Missouri, and Kentucky didn't join the Confederacy was partly due to Union sentiment in those states and partly the result of shrewd federal policies. Keeping the border states in the union was a primary military and political goal for Lincoln. Their loss would have increased and confederate population by more than 50% and what up severely weakened the North's strategic position for conducting the war. Partly to avoid alienating unionists in the border states, Lincoln rejected initial calls for for the emancipation of slaves.

Confederate Raiders

The Confederates were able to gain enough recognition as a belligerent to purchase warships from British ship yards. Confederate commerce Raiders did serious harm to United States merchant ships. When them the Alabama captured more than 60 vessels before being sunk off the coast of France by union worship. After the war, great Britain eventually agreed to pay the United States $15.5 million for damages caused by the South's ____. Do US Minister to France, Charles Francis Adams, preventative potentially much more serious threat. Let me know the Confederacy had arranged to purchase laird Rams from Britain for use against the unions naval blockade. He persuaded the British government to cancel the sale rather than risk war with the United States.

Democratic Party breakup

The Democrats Helder national meet nominating convention and Charleston, South Carolina. Stephen Douglas was the leading candidate and most capable of winning election, his nomination was blocked by a combination of angry Southerners and supporters a president Buchanan. After deadlocking at Charleston, the Democrats held a second convention in Baltimore. Many delegates from slave states walked out, enabling the remaining delegates to nominate Douglas on platform for a popular sovereignty and enforcement a fugitive slave slave law. Southern Democrats then held their own convention in Baltimore and nominated vice President John C Breckenridge of Kentucky as their candidate. The southern democratic platform called for the unrestricted extension of slavery in the territories in the annexation of Cuba, slave already flourishing.

The election of 1864

The Democrats nominee for president was the popular General George McClellan who's platform calling for peace had wide appeal among millions of war weary voters. The Republicans rename their party the unionist party as a way of attracting votes of "War democrats" (those who disagreed with Democrat platform). A brief ditch- Lincoln movement fizzled out and the Republican Unionist convention again chose Lincoln as it's presidential candidate and a loyal war Democrat from Tennessee, Senator Andrew Jackson as his running mate. The Lincoln Johnson ticket won 212 electoral votes to the Democrats 21. The popular vote, however, was much closer for McQuillan took 45% of total votes cast.

Compromise of 1877

The Democrats would allow Hayes to become president. In return, he would 1 immediately end federal support for the Republicans in the south. 2. Support the building of a southern transcontinental railroad.

Session of the deep South

The Republicans controlled neither Congress nor the Supreme Court. Even so, the election of Lincoln was all that southern secessionist needed to call for immediate this union. December 1860, a special convention in South Carolina voted unanimously to secede. Within the next six weeks, other state conventions in Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas is the same. In February 1861, representatives of the seven States of the deep South met in Montgomery, Alabama and created the confederate states of the US. The constitution would be similar to the US Constitution, except that the confederacy placed limits on the government's power to impose tariffs and restrict slavery.

Grant in West

The battle of the ironclads occurred at the at about the same time as if our bloody encounter and western Tennessee, a Confederate state. The unions campaign for control of Mississippi River was partly under the command of a West Point graduate, you leasees S Grant, who had joined up for the war after an unsuccessful civilian career. Striking south of Illinois and early 1862, Grant used a combination of gunboats and army maneuvers to capture for Henry and Fort Donelson on the Cumberland river. The stunning victories, and which 14,000 Confederates were taken prisoner, "the state of Mississippi to union attack. A few weeks later a confederate army under Albert Johnson surprised grant out Shiloh Tennessee but the union army held it's ground and finally forced the Confederates to retreat after terrible losses on both side 23,000 dead and moregrants drive down the Mississippi was complemented in 1862 by the counter New Orleans by the union maybe under David Farragut.

Freedmen' Bureau

The bureau acted as an early welfare agency, providing food, shelter, and medical aid for those made destitute by the war both blacks and homeless whites. At first, had authority to resettle freed blacks on confiscated farmlands in the south. Greatest success stopped in 1870 estimated 200,000 blacks how to read.

Sherman's March

The chief instrument of grants aggressive tactics for subduing the south was a hardened veteran, General William Tecumseh Sherman. Waiting for the 100,000 men, Sherman set out from Chattanooga Tennessee on a campaign i'll deliberate destruction that went clear across the state of Georgia and then swept north into South Carolina. Sherman was a pioneer of the tactics of total war. Marching relentlessly through Georgia his troops destroyed everything in their path, Burning Confield, Barnes, and houses everything the enemy about uses a ride. Sherman took Atlanta in September 1864 in time to help Lincoln prospects for reelection. He marched in Savannah in December and completed his campaign in February 1865 by setting fire to Columbia, at the capital South Carolina and the cradle of secession. It had its intended effects: helping to break the spirit of the Confederacy and destroying it's will to fight on

Military

The confederacy entered the war with the advantage of having to fight only a defensive war to win, while the union had to Concord area as large as Western Europe. The Confederates had to move troops and supplies shorter distances than the union. It had a long, and dented coastline that was difficult to blockade and, most important, experienced military leaders and high troop more out. The union hope that it's population of 22 million against the Confederates population of only 5.5 million free white would work too it's favor in a war of attrition. The Norths population advantage enhanced during the war by 800,000 immigrants. Emancipation also brought 180,000 blacks into the union army in the critical final years of the war. You can also count on a lawyer U.S. Navy which ultimately gave it command of the rivers and territorial waters.

The end of war

The effects of the Union blockade, combined with Sherman's march a distraction, spread hunger through much of the south in the winter of 1864 through 1865. On the bottom front in Virginia, Grant continued Southpoint leave lines until they collapsed Petersburg, resulting in the fall of Richmond on April 3, 1865.

National parties in crisis

The potency of slavery controversy increased political and Steve ability, as shown in the weakening of two major parties the Democrat and the Whigs and in a disastrous application of popular sovereignty in the territories of Kansas.

Missouri

The presence of U.S. Troops prevented the pro-South elements in the state from gaining control, although guerrilla forces sympathetic to the Confederacy were active throughout the war.

Kentucky

The state legislature voted to remain neutral in the conflict. Lincoln initially respected its neutrality and waited for the South to violate it before moving in federal troops.

Financing war

Union financed or chiefly by borrowing 2.6 billion obtain through sale of government bonds. Not enough, congress raise tariffs, added excise taxes, and instituted the first income tax. Treasury also issued more than 430 million in paper currency. Congress created a national banking system in 1863.

Monitor vs Merrimac

Unions hope for winning the war depended upon its ability to maximize its economic enable advantages by affective blockade of confederate ports. During McClellan's and then do a campaign, the Union blockade strategy was placed in jeopardy by the confederate ironclad ship that attacked and sunk several union wooden ships on March 8, 1862. On March 9, the unions on ironclad engaged there is in a five hour do it. Although the battle ended in a draw, a prevented the Confederates formidable new weapon from challenge in the US naval blockade. More broadly it marked a turning point in naval warfare, with vulnerable wooden ships being replaced by far more formidable ironclad ones.

Johnson's Reconstruction Policy

Very similar to Lincoln's 10% plan. If provided for disfranchisement loss of the right to vote and hold office of (1) all former leaders and office holders of the confederacy and (2$ confederates with more than $20,000 in taxable property. However, the president retained the power to grant individual pardons to "disloyal" southerners. Escape clause for wealthy planters, Johnson made frequent use of it

Caning of Senator Sumner

Violence in Kansas spilled over into the halls of the US Congress. In 1856, Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner verbally attacked the Democratic administration and a vitriolic speech the crime against Kansas. His intemperate remarks included personal charges against south Carolina Senator Andrew Butler. But there's enough you congressman preston Brooks defended his absent uncles on her but walking into the Senate chamber and beating Sumner over the head with a cane. Brooks action outraged north, and the south sent him numerous canes to replace the one he broke. This incident was another sign of growing passions on both sides

Economic

Wartime advantage . Union dominated the nations economy, controlling most of the banking and capital of the country, more than 85% of the factories, more than 70% of the railroads, and even 65% of the farmland. The skills of northern clerks and bookkeepers prove valuable in the logistical support of large military operations. Confederates hope that Europeans demand for its cotton bring recognition of financial aid. Like other rebel movements in history, the Confederates count on outside help to be successful.

Political

Wartime advantage. The two sides had to stand goals. The Confederates were struggling for independence while the unionists fighting to preserve the union. However, the ideology of state rights proved a serious liability for the new Confederate government. The irony was that in order to win the war, the Confederates needed a strong central government with strong public support. Neither while the union had a well-established central government, and in Abraham Lincoln and in the Republican and Democratic parties it had experienced politicians with a strong popular base. The ultimate hope of the Confederates was that the people of the union would turn against Lincoln and the Republicans and quit the work because it was too costly.

Passage

______ of compromise of 1850 bought time for the union. Because California was admitted as a free state, the compromise added to the Norths political power, and the political debate deepened the commitment of many northerners to save in the union from secession. On the other parts, parts of the compromise became source is a controversy, especially the new fugitive slave law and the provision for popular sovereignty.