Ch 18 (ARH II) High Renaissance & Mannerism in Northern Europe and Spain

Jean Goujon, Nymphs- Fountain of the Innocents

Other Northern European countries imitated the double-columned pavilions, tall and wide windows, profuse statuary, and steep roofs mixed with their own local variations.

Jean Clouet, Francis I

A depiction of Francis I as "the merry monarch" (suave and confident). • A contrast of extreme attention to detail with the flattening of features and disproportionate scale. • Mannerism appealed to Francis I the most with its elegance and unorthodox nature.

Jan Gossaert, St. Luke Drawing the Virgin Mary

Also a painter of traditional Christian themes. • A depiction of Saint Luke drawing the Virgin Mary.

Grunewald, Isenheim Altarpiece

Altarpiece in the chapel of a hospital: - depicting suffering but also hope and salvation

Cultural exchanges continued to occur between...

Catholic Italy and Protestant Holy Roman Empire.

Northern Humanists also incorporated knowledge from classical culture, but coupled it with...

Christian philosophies.

*Art of The Holy Roman Empire during the 16th Century*

Collecting art became less and less exclusive to aristocracy as more *wealthy merchants cultivated and collected art as a symbol of status.* • *Hieronymus Bosch* is the leading Netherlandish painter as one of the most fascinating and puzzling artists in history. • Several artists, including *Albrecht Durer*, double as a successful businessman in order to sell their own artwork to the public. • Before the Protestant Reformation the Catholic clergy of Germany still offered commissions.

JOACHIM PATINIR, Landscape with Saint Jerome

Landscapes also grew in popularity. • The term was coined by Durer while describing Patinir's skill. • The subject of the painting is secondary to the exotic and varied landscape.

Portal, Colegio de San Gregorio, Valladolid, Spain, ca. 1498.

Plateresque ("silversmith") style architecture prevailed well into the 16th century. • Defined by elaborate and delicate decorations resembling metalwork. • A mixture of Gothic, Italian Renaissance and Islamic. • Inspired by German altarpieces and retables. • King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella's coat of arms at the center of the design. • Casa de Montejo, 1549 --> Proof the Plateresque style reached into the Western Hemisphere

The religious Reformation and ensuing Counter Reformation movements ultimately split the Western Church into...

Protestants and Catholics.

France and the Holy Roman Empire Absorb....

The Burgundian Territories

Pierre Lescot, The Louvre- France

Update initiated by Francis I and completed by successor, Henry II. • Strong horizontal accent and arcading ground floor reflect the influence of Bramante and his influence of Roman order. • The decrease in height of stories is a Northern European element. • The double columns framing each niche are a strong French motif. • Modified classicism became the model of building projects in France

Even with the increased power, Spain becomes the dominant European state, through....

calculated marriages, military exploits, & ambitions territorial expansion.

The religious conflict accelerated the exchange of artistic ideas as artists...

frequently moved in search of religious freedoms and lucrative commissions.

Humanism spread...

from Italy into the North.

Albrecht Durer: The First Artist to...

*First artist to synthesize Northern European stylistic features:* - Intricate details - Realistic rendering of objects - Symbols hidden as everyday objects * ...and blend them with Italian features:* - Classical body types - Linear perspective • First artist to travel to Italy with the express purpose to study Italian art. • First artist to have a *lawsuit over artistic copyright.* •* First artist to keep a thorough record of his life using:* - Self-portraits - Treatises on his thoughts - Diary

Monarchs across all of Europe increased production of art and architecture to

glorify their reign and promote cultural and political unity

Lucas Cranach the Elder, Judgment of Paris

• An accomplished printmaker, but later known as "The painter of the Reformation" • His work covered a variety of themes. - Often commissioned to paint scenes from mythology *featuring female nudes.* • Set in a German landscape with men in armor. • A *comedic take* on the subject.

Albrecht Durer, Self-Portrait

• An apprentice at Wolgemut's workshop (Designer of the printed Nuremburg Chronicle). • Text includes the date, his mark and note of his name and age (28). • _Intentionally evokes medieval devotional images of Christ._ • Similar, but not exact, gesture of blessing (to avoid blasphemy). • *Conveys "the artist" as a divinely inspired genius.*

Pieter Aertsen, Butcher's Stall, 1551

• Another artist in Antwerp injecting strategically placed religious reminders within a genre painting. • Joseph leads a donkey with Mary and child. • They offer alms to beggars.. • The figures behind them walk to church. • A cross of fish, bread and wine. • Contrasted by a life of gluttony. • Oysters represent LUST.

Levina Teerlincm Elizabeth I as a Princess

• Another successful Netherlandish woman. • Garnered the attention of Henry VIII. • Rivaled Holbein and earned more compensation than her male counterparts. • Portrait of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn's daughter.

El Greco, The Burial of Count Orgaz

• Based on the legend of Count Orgaz's burial.. • Divided into a realistic Earth and a surreal Heaven. • El Greco, his son, the patron and Philip II are represented. • Although he could render mannerism or realism, his *emphasis was the emotion.*

Art in Spain during the 16th Century

• By the 16th century, Spain controlled a territory greater in extent than any ever known. - Eastern Europe - Western Mediterranean - Parts of North Africa - and expanses of the New World • Philip II earned the title of the "Most Catholic King" as Spain promoted the Catholic church. • Spain's dominance allowed them to leave their mark (religion, language, and culture) across both hemispheres.

Baldung, Witches Sabbath

• Chose art over following his father into a law profession. • His reputation reflected the *exploration of nontraditional subjects.* • A *chiaroscuro woodcut* depicting witches gathered around a cauldron. • *Incorporates some of the qualities of painting*

Baldung, Death & the Maiden

• Female nudity and macabre scenes were persistent elements in Baldung's art. • These themes were popular with the public, who avidly purchased his relatively inexpensive prints.

Chateau de Chambord, France

• Francis I commissioned several large chateaux. • A country house for royalty built near forests for *hunting*. • Developed from medieval castles. • Still featured a protective surrounding moat. • Palazzo design: windows align horizontally and vertically. • The jumble of high dormers, chimneys and lanterns create a more *Gothic silhouette*

Hans Holbein the Younger, The French Ambassadors

• Humanists with a collection of objects reflecting their WORLDLINESS. • Objects rendered with as much care as the men. • *Anamorphic skull* as a reminder of death. - Is best viewed by standing off to the right.

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Netherlandish Proverbs

• Influenced by Patinir's landscapes, yet maintained *human activity as the dominant subject.* • Traveled to Italy, yet did not incorporate classic elements. Populated by a wide variety of people from peasants to nobility. • Depictions of several popular proverbs. - "beating his head against a wall." - "the blind leading the blind

Jan Gossaert, Neptune and Amphitrite

• Inspired by Durer and his own travels to Italy. • Brought scenes of nude figures and poetic inventions back to Flanders. • Background probably derivative of his sketches of *Roman architecture* • Poses reminiscent of Durer's, Fall of Man • Jan's is 6' x 4' as opposed to Durer's small engraving. • A mixture of Doric and Ionic columns. • The bucrania (ox skulls) reflect the motif of ancient architectural ornamentation. • Painted for his friend, a Burgundian Admiral.

France during the 16th Century

• King Francis I waged a campaign against Charles V, the Spanish King and Holy Roman Emperor from 1521-1544. • Southern France, the Netherlands, Northern Spain, and Italy were all disputed territories. • Francis I declared Protestantism illegal in 1534. • Francis I invited several esteemed artists from Italy (including Leonardo Da Vinci) to his court to elevate his country's cultural profile.

Albrecht Durer, Knight, Death and the Devil

• Most famous for PRINTMAKING • Sold single sheet prints which ordinary people could afford. • His mother and wife (manager) were also known to sell his prints. • Accessibility of his prints BROADENED his audience and influence

Pieter Bruegel the Elder, Hunters in the Snow

• One in a series of 6 (or maybe 12) pieces illustrating seasonal changes. • Based on the concepts from the Book of Hours. • Reflects the particularly harsh winter of 1565. • Conveys his mastery of perspective and composition.

Albrecht Durer Four Apostles

• One of his major works in the *oil medium.* • Saints John and Peter on the left and Saints Mark and Paul on the right. • Conveys *Durer's support of theologian, Martin Luther* (who sparked the Protestant Reformation). *• Emphasizes the bible as the single authoritative source of religious truth.*

Albrecht Durer, Melencolia

• One of his most famous engravings. • Regarded as a sort of portrait of Durer's artistic psyche. • A brooding winged woman surrounded by the tools of an artist but incapable of using them • A light of hope on the horizon. • Masterful example of his ability to produce a wide range of tonal values and textures.

Grunewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (2)

• Originally built by **Nikolaus Hagenauer** • The hinged wings were added by Grunewald. • Pictures the *suffering of Saint Anthony* • associated with *disease and miraculous cures* • Encouraged increased devotion

Albrecht Durer, The Fall of Man

• Reflects his studies of the Vitruvian theory of human proportions. • Demonstrated his observation skills of _foliage and animals._ • Each animal is symbolic of the four humors: - *Cat:* choleric-Bad-Tempered - *Elk:* melancholic-Sadness - *Rabbit:* sanguine-Optimistic - *Ox:* Phlegmatic - Unemotional/calm

Hans Holbein the Younger, Henry VIII

• Skilled portraitist trained by his father in extreme realism of 15th century Flemish art. • Incorporates the Italian ideals of composition and sculpturesque form. • The first official painter to the English court. • Produced several portraits of Henry VIII.

Albrecht Altdorfer, The Battle of Issus

• Some artists still worked for rulers in order *to boost the political agenda of their patrons* • *depiction of Alexander the Great's victory over the Persians* • Reflected the patron's (duke of Bavaria), own military campaign versus the Turks. • Painted in *CONTEMPORARY armor and military formations*

Caterina van Hemessen, Self-Portrait

• The *popularity of portraits increased* as wealth accumulated in the Netherlands. • The first known self-portrait by a Northern European woman. • Another rare female artist, but she was trained by her father. • Observed in the act with tools. Labeled with her name, the date and age (20). • Impractical clothes for an artist.

Art in the Netherlands during the 16th Century

• The Netherlands was among the most commercially advanced and prosperous European countries due to its extensive network of rivers and easy access to the Atlantic Ocean. • Phillip II of Spain (son of Charles V) sought to *force the population into Catholicism.* • His harsh tactics led to: - The Union of Arras (Catholic) - The Union of Utrecht (Protestant) • These divisions were reflected in the art as various strata of society commissioned representations of their activities, environments and values.

El Greco

• The greatest Spanish painter (Actually born in Crete). • Worked in Venice with Titian's studio. • Influenced by late Byzantine frescoes, Tintoretto's paintings and Mannerism before moving to Toledo, Spain (1577). • His *mastery of color and the intense emotionalism* of his work captured the fervor of Spanish Catholicism. • His *dramatic use of lighting foreshadowed the Baroque style.* • His abstract style will become easier to describe in the future with the advent of Expressionism and Surrealism.

Quinten Massys, Money-Changer and His Wife

• The leading artist of Antwerp after 1510. • Explored a variety of other artists, but his own inventiveness led to his a recognizable style of his own. • A commentary of Netherlandish values: Financial distractions from religious duties. *Symbols of religion:* • Carafe of water • Candlestick • Symbol of idol gossip in the doorway • A symbol to offset the themes of sloth and idol chatter in the mirror's reflection. • The original frame once read "Let the balance be just and the weights equal."

Juan de Herrera and Juan Bautista de Toledo, aerial view (looking southeast) of El Escorial, near Madrid, Spain, ca. 1563-1584.

• Under Philip II, the Italian style eventually overtook Spanish architecture • Honoring his father's (Charles V) will to construct a "dynastic pantheon" to house the remains of past and future Spanish monarchs. • Acts as a royal mausoleum, church, monastery, and palace in one.

Albrecht Durer: "Leonardo of the North" - Great Piece of Turf

•*Important Graphic Artist* •Known for his *Engravings* • Traveled widely through Europe and became the first international celebrity not from Italy. • Admired the work of Leonardo. • *Influenced significantly by Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation.*

Protestant Reformation

•Grew (in the early 16th century) out of the long-term dissatisfaction with the Catholic Church leadership. • The faithful realized the Roman popes concerned themselves more with _temporal power and material wealth over the salvation_ of the Church members. • Many popes in the 15th century came from wealthy families (such as, Leo IX of the Medici family) • Martin Luther openly challenged the papal authority by posting his *Ninety Five Theses.* • Luther facilitated the production and translation of the Bible into a *vernacular (common) language.*

El Greco, View of Toledo

•His only pure landscape. • Strong diagonal. • Building locations are adjusted and aren't meticulously detailed. • Limited his palette to greens and greys. • Seems to vibrate from a lack of sharp contour lines/edges. • Dramatic, almost eerie, lighting similar to Tintoretto

Lucas Cranach the Elder, Allegory of Law and Grace

•Visualizes the contrasting views of how Catholics and Protestants achieve salvation. • The LEFT conveys *judgement day* • The RIGHT conveys the promise of *salvation*