ch 20
Which of the following represent the five basic classes of antibodies?
A, D, E, G, M
Patients that have had a mastectomy due to breast cancer often have their axillary lymph nodes and associated lymphatic vessels removed. What side effects should they expect?
Patients will be at a higher risk of infection due to the lack of lymph nodes and possibly suffer from edema in their arms.
Activated B cells differentiate into:
Plasma cells and memory B cells
Which of the following situations would lead to an autoimmune response?
Self antigens not previously encountered by T cells are released.
A patient has a high level of pyrogens, indicating that she:
a fever
Class I MHC molecules __________.
activate cytotoxic T cells
The clumping of cells that are cross-linked by their attachments to antibodies is known as:
aggulation
Your patient has a high fever. What would you conclude is her diagnosis?
all of the above
Madison wants to give a kidney to her older sister. What type of organ transplant will this be?
allograft
What does a fever usually indicate?
an inflammatory response somewhere in the body
Which of the following can act as opsonins on bacteria, thus enhancing phagocytosis?
antibodies and complement proteins
Which of the following is NOT a surface barrier serving as the first line of defense?
antibody
Class II MHC proteins are found on which of the following cell types?
antigen presenting cells
What cells display portions of the pathogens (antigens) they ingest on their plasma membranes?
antigen presenting cells
Which of the following are not proteins of the immune system?
antigens
Lymph traveling from the right arm will be filtered by:
axillary lymph node
Determine the first phase of the antibody-mediated immune response.
b cell clones recognize its specific antigen
Cell-mediated immunity is to T cells as antibody-mediated immunity is to ___________.
b cells
Clonal selection occurs when:
b cells are activated
Elevated levels of neutrophils indicate:
bacterial infection
Which of the following is a non-phagocytic cell?
basophil
Which of the following is not a phagocytic cell of the immune system?
basophils
B cells develop and mature in the:
bone marrow
What makes lymphatic vessels similar to the venous circuit of the cardiovascular system?
both have valves
Which of the following confers passive immunity?
breast milk
A sinus infection would most likely cause swollen:
cervical lymph nodes
Which of the following are TRUE of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules?
class 1 presents endogenous antigens
Which of the innate defense mechanisms can lyse bacteria and mark cells for phagocytosis?
complement proteins
Cancer cells can suppress T cell activity by releasing:
cytokines
During the second stage of the inflammatory response, what do neutrophils accomplish when they migrate to areas of damaged tissue?
destroy bacteria and other cellular debris
What best describes lymphatic capillaries?
extremely permeable
A lack of memory cells mainly affects the primary immune response true or false
false
B cell proliferation occurs when an antigen binds to a B-cell receptor on the surface of a specific B-cell clone true or false
false
Bacterial infections and viral infections progress through an identical sequence of events during the immune response true or false
false
Lymph capillaries form a two-way system that moves lymph to and from the heart true or false
false
What do lacteals, located in the small intestine, collect?
fat
Surface barriers, such as cutaneous and mucous membranes, serve the immune system as the:
first line of defense
What is a function of reticular connective tissue?
form nets to catch the pathogens
Which of the following is not one of the major cell types of lymphoid tissue?
frioblasts
What is the function of the red pulp of the spleen?
house macrophages that destroy old red blood cells
T cells and natural killer (NK) cells are largely involved in scanning the cells in the body for tumor antigens, a function known as:
immune survelliance
During the second phase of the antibody-mediated immune response, what is formed?
immunoglobulins
Which of the following characteristics of adaptive immunity ensures that vaccination effectively prevents disease?
immunological memory
Patients infected with the hepatitis C virus will most likely receive a treatment based on__________.
interferons
Which of the following innate internal defenses work by interfering with viral replication?
interferons
The lymph ducts in the thoracic cavity drain into the:
junction of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
which of the following is not a type of vaccine
live, virulent vaccine
Fluid found in lymphatic vessels is known as:
lmyph
What are the primary cells of adaptive (specific) immunity?
lymohocytes
Where are pathogens filtered from lymph?
lymph nodes
What vessels pick up excess extracellular fluid in the interstitial space and return it to circulation?
lymphatic
What region of the lymph node contains many mature B cells?
medulla
How do phagocytes recognize foreign cells or bacteria?
molecules on pathogens not normally found on body cells
Cells that help regulate the immune response are:
Helper T cells
What is occurring when an antibody renders bacterial toxins, viral proteins, or animal venom inactive?
neutralization
The primary immune response:
occurs when it is first exposed to an antigen
A patient has been potentially exposed to hepatitis A and is receiving human serum antibodies to prevent infection. This is an example of __________.
passive immunity
What protein, released by cytotoxic T (TC) cells, perforates a target cell's plasma membrane so that enzymes can enter and fragment the target cell's DNA?
perforins
What is the main role of macrophages present in the lymphatic tissues?
phagocytosis
Which of the following is NOT a function of antibodies?
phagocytosis
Which of the following secrete antibodies?
plasma cells
The last step of B cell activation is__________.
plasma cells secrete antibodies
Vaccinations involve exposure to an antigen to elicit:
primary immune response
A patient who has hypogammaglobulinemia, a disorder exhibiting a decrease in the secretion of IgG, would experience
prolonged duration and increased the severity of the infections from many different types of pathogens.
Fever is initiated by chemicals called__________.
pyrogens
Which of the following characteristics is associated with innate immunity?
rapid response
Which of the following is not one of the ways antibodies work?
release cytotoxic granules
Which immune response has a shorter lag phase in which more antibody levels peak more rapidly?
secondary immune response
This graph represents __________.
secondary response
Which lymph trunks receive lymph from the upper limbs?
subclavian trunks
A paper cut can allow bacteria to enter your tissue because it disrupts __________.
surface barrier
If the thymus shrank and stopped making hormones in a child, we would expect to see a decrease in the number of:
t cells
The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.
t helper cells
All of the following are true statements EXCEPT:
that the cells of lymphatic capillaries are tightly joined
Which of the following is NOT a function of macrophages?
that they trigger the release of interferons
Which of the following is NOT a basic function of the lymphatic system?
the regulation of calcium ion concentration in the blood
The major lymphatic vessel that drains the right inferior side of the body is the __________.
thoracic duct
Where do T cells become immunocompetent?
thymus
Which lymphoid organ is required for the selection of a functional population of T lymphocytes (T cells) for the immune system?
thymus
Which organ generates a population of T cells capable of protecting the body from pathogens?
thymus
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Natural Killer (NK) cells?
to recognize abnormal or cancer cells by a specific antigen on their cell membrane
Which of the following functions is not associated with the lymphatic system?
transport of gases
IgM is the first antibody secreted by plasma cells when the body is invaded by a pathogen true or false
true
The framework of the spleen is created by a network of reticular fibers made by reticular cells true or false
true
Vaccinations elicit a primary immune response so that secondary immune responses are rapid and symptoms are mild true or false
true
What part of an antibody is responsible for antigen recognition and binding?
variable regions
Found in secretions such as breast milk and saliva.
IGA
The only antibody not secreted in significant amounts by B cells.
IGD
Binds mast cells and basophils, facilitating inflammation.
IGE
The only antibody that can cross the placenta from mother to fetus.
IGG
Which antibody is the only one capable of crossing the placenta from a pregnant woman to her developing fetus?
IGG
The first antibody secreted upon exposure to an antigen.
IGM
Mrs. Sanchez had a great deal of inflammation after her recent surgery. The inflammation was triggered by the antibody known as:
IgE
Which antibody is NOT secreted by B cells in significant amounts?
ImD
what antibody can cross the placenta
ImG
Lisa was taken to the emergency room with symptoms of a heart attack, but she also has a fever. Does her husband need to be concerned she has an infection instead?
It is possible she has an infection, but the fever may be caused by inflammation of the tissue damaged by the heart attack.
How many antigen-binding sites for antigens does each IgG antibody possess on its V regions?
2
How long after initial tissue damage does leukocytosis occur?
3-4 days
Mae was diagnosed with neutropenia, an insufficient level of neutrophils in the blood. How will her body respond to fighting certain pathogens?
The deficiency of neutrophils will decrease her ability to fight off bacterial infection. Submit
While working construction you are injured and are taken to the emergency room. While there you receive injections of both tetanus antitoxin, which contains antibodies to the tetanus toxin, and tetanus antigens. Which injection provides you with active immunity?
The tetanus antigen stimulates your immune system to produce its own antibodies, and in turn, provides active immunity.