English.S2
A True Relation is a semi-historical account by _____.
John Smith
Bradford
Lee, the American
The word essai, or essay, was first used by a French man named _____.
Montaigne
*
Paraphrase still requires citation.
simile
a statement that one thing is like another
Which are major writing patterns of exposition? Select all that apply.
analytical, argumentative, illustrative
Reader's Digest and Science Digest are examples of the _____ type of magazine.
anthology
Thoreau's essay, Civil Disobedience, represents which type of writing?
argumentative
To critique a new science book, a writer should use the ______ pattern of exposition.
argumentative
To persuade the citizen to vote for a new reform bill, the writer would use the ________ pattern.
argumentative
An author's story about himself is _____.
autobiography
One major characteristic of nonfiction is that it deals with _____.
fact
Two styles of essays are: _____.
formal & informal
personification
gives human qualities to inanimate objects or ideas
The most common metrical pattern in English poetry is _____.
iambic pentameter
Jesse Stuart
teaching in Kentucky hill country
The word essay originally meant _____.
try
hyperbole
uses exaggeration for a particular effect
relative pronoun
who, whose, whom, which, that, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, or whatever
aphorism
witty, concise sayings, like proverbs
Plays
- 3 of Middle Ages: morality, mystery (bible stories), miracle (based on saints) - accepted > Renaissance - origin: religious rituals - written origin: Greece - Rome: secular - 16th and 17th centuries
T.WILDER: OUR TOWN: ACT II
- George remains in Grover's Corners, changing his mind about attending college. - 3 years from act 1 - talks during service: Mrs. Soames - Mrs. Gibbs serves French Toast - George/Emily discover feelings @ Morgan's drugstore - s.m. describes gibbs/webb breakfast, howie deliver milk - George/Emily fear growing up, making mistakes/never being perfect
EVALUATION/INTERPRETATION ESSAY
- Greek view of criticism diff. - objective: facts - subjective: feelings - deals w author's style and technique > analysis - deals w author's message significant? > evaluation - deals w content & meaning of text > interpretation - whether or not novel liked irrevelant - thesis > reasonable - steps: 1. know text 2. select topic 3. find evidence 4. outline 5. write essay (then revision) - should analyze all parts of book - "separating the whole into its parts so as to create a serious analysis"
NOTE CARD
- HEADING, NOTES, SOURCE - summary - direct quote - paraphrase = - quote+own words - critical > judgement
NONFICTION COMPOSITION
- What is it? What are some examples of it? What is it like? What is it not like? What caused it? What did it affect? How can it be classified or divided? - block outline > shorter ; opposite > point-by-point - Three ways to arrange details are : order of place/outstanding feature/relative importance - Classification is a helpful method for showing relationships between parts
DEFINITIONS
- argumentative pattern: used to convince the reader that a certain fact is correct - editorial: gives one's opinions about a current problem or issue - article: writing in newspapers and magazines - formal essay: gives author's thoughts or ideas, or presents information in a serious tone - biography: factual account of the lives of famous people - diary: a personal record of daily events and feelings - exposition: a type of writing which explains something - autobiography: the life story of a person written by himself - informal essay: witty, familiar, chatty writing on a topic of general interest - description: tries to paint a picture with words and graphic details
Hemingway's dialogue could be described as: _____.
- brief,realistic - sn: courage > problem
Art of Drama
- comedy: amuses, protagonist success, lighter subjects - tragedy: serious, protag. defeated - reflection, criticism, interp of life - purpose of drama: mirror reality, examine moral/social values, extend play so no direct consequences - setting / last concern - plot / FIRST - successful reading: imagination/attention to hints & details ; steps: 1. read list of characters 2. identify relationships 3. note setting/scene 4. dialogue clues to personalities, etc.
Mark Twain
- developed art of storytelling, social and political criticism, romantic revival - historical: Prince & Pauper, Connecticut Yankee
Drama in America
- early styles: romantic, vernacular - trends 1865 to 1914 (following revo): serious subjects, realism, symbolism - slow start b/c prejudice (monarchy relation), no audience/funds, Puritans outlawed drama - expressionism: distorts external appearances > deeper meanings - 1st major: Eugene O'Neill - modern playwrights: Inge, Albee, Williams, Miller (psychological, not social), Wilder - Odets & Hellman > social criticism - "new drama" > 20th century / pw's of this time: O'Neill, Anderson, Rice - STAGE YANKEE - scrim: thin curtain - little theater, university theater, legitimate theater, regional theater, Broadway, motion pictures, repertory theater, television
T.WILDER: OUR TOWN: ACT I
- grover's corners: 6 churches, combo town hall/post office/jail - 86% republicans/85% protestants - NOT SET: grover's c, new hampshire, may 7, 1938 - exposition through mono by stage manager - GIBBS no BLANKET - tombstones date 1670 & 1680 - rebecca concerned w looks - population: 2,642 - s.m. preserve play in cornerstone of new bank - actors throughout theater
Figurative Language in the Novel
- prose fiction ~ literal images
T.WILDER: OUR TOWN: ACT III
- rainy day - s.m. says emily being buried - ends w george @ cemetery & dead (inclu. emily) pointing out lack of understanding from living - george gave emily post-card album 12th b-day - e&g had farm w new barn - dead aware of earth life but lost interest - warning about visiting life: might not want to return to death
Edith Wharton
- realistic dramatic fiction of the soul - Sinclair Lewis
The Old Man and the Sea
- simple language - sensitivity to impressions to words - war > tragic - style > spare - obsession w death - ATMOSPHERE directs reader's attitude & expectations - Jesse Owens - old man lived in shack - Santiago ~ alone - boy: polite, caring - old man: tanned, calm, think, gaunt, wrinkled - 84 since fish - CUBA
The American Novel
- the emigrants by gilbert imlay - algerine captives ~ satire - Charkes Brown ~ gothic - modern chivalry ~ picaresque - the female review/maria kittle/Memoirs of the Bloomergrove Family ~ historical - power of sympathy 1st american novel - crime ~ William Simms - Herrick ~ idealist - Glasglow ~ social history - Dreiser ~ naturalist school
THORNTON WILDER
- theme: man has dignity/destiny - childhood in China - 1st Pulitzer for Bridge of San Luis Rey; 2nd for Our Town - innovator - born 1897 in Madison, WIS - teacher
Desert Storm
- war against iraq
True/False
1. Satirical writing was first developed by twentieth-century journalists. F 2.
METAPHORS
1. boy:old man - old man's youth 2. fish:man's life - be in life 3. life:sea - find one's life 4. poverty:riches - find one's own resources
functions as 1. adjective / 2. noun / 3. noun, adj, adverb
1. participial 2. gerund 3. infinitive
The ephemera's lifespan was so (1) that it measured its life by (2).
1. short 2. hours
The first book to be written in America was Smith's _____.
A True Relation
Carl Sandburg
Abraham Lincoln
The Tatler and Spectator papers were produced by: ______. Select all that apply.
Addison & Steele
The Tatler and the Spectator papers were essays written by _____.
Addison and Steele
An Englishman who wrote essays about travel, truth, riches, and other serious subjects was ______.
Bacon
One of the earliest American autobiographies was written by _____.
Benjamin Franklin
Which of the following men wrote an autobiography?
Benjamin Franklin
Hawthorne Influences:
Bunyan, Spenser, Sir Walter Scott
A very famous six-volume biography is ______.
Carl Sandburg's biography of Abraham Lincoln
The two English poets who wrote literary essays about poetry were: ______.
Coleridge & Wordsworth
What two methods of cataloging books are the most common?
Dewey Decimal System, Library of Congress
Argumentative writing uses comparison and contrast.
False
Byrd explains the problems he encountered with Powhatan.
False
Coherence literally means analytical.
False
Figurative language is a precise explanation of a situation or process.
False
For the remainder of his moments, he would enjoy his few remaining pleasures, the company and conversation of female ephemera and the knowledge that he had meant well in life.
False
Nonfiction writing can be trusted to be true.
False
Persuasive writers try to broaden the reader's outlook so that he will accept all viewpoints about a subject.
False
Propaganda is an unacceptable type of writing that promotes only problems and encourages a narrow viewpoint about things.
False
Since an editor is giving his opinion, facts are not important.
False
The Diary of Anne Frank is a record kept by an early Dutch settler.
False
The elderly ephemera felt that his struggles in life were worth it because he gained a name for himself.
False
Truth can never be "stranger than fiction" because fiction involves the fantastic and unusual.
False
Writing that distorts the truth for evil purposes is referred to as fictional.
False
Who composed the first writing in English called essays?
Francis Bacon
The first American picaresque novel was _____.
H.H. Brackenridge's Modern Chivalry
The Declaration of Independence was written by _____.
Jefferson
The selection illustrating the idea that "the pen is mightier than the sword" is ______.
Jefferson's letter to Paine
Essays about literature were written by _____.
Jonathan Swift
"Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" is the name of a speech by ______.
Patrick Henry
Freeman
R.E. Lee
Which of the following people is not an American essayist?
Richard Steele
Douglas S. Freeman wrote an account of the life of ______.
Robert E. Lee
*
The forms of nonfiction include formal and informal essays, speeches, letters, diaries, journals, biographies, magazine articles, and newspaper stories.
An early American diarist or historian was Captain John Smith.
True
An essay should always be serious and formal in tone because it is dealing with informational material that must be accurate and precise.
True
Analytical writing breaks down a process, an idea, or a literary composition into its parts.
True
Captain John Smith may have exaggerated or even invented parts of his account, A True Relation.
True
Editorials are a type of essay found in newspapers.
True
Formal writing is usually more serious in tone, exact in form, and concrete in style than informal writing.
True
Illustrative writing makes use of definitions, details, examples, or comparisons to present a clear, logical explanation.
True
The Diary of Anne Frank describes the life of a Jewish girl during World War I I.
True
The analytical pattern is used in literary criticism.
True
The use of details is commonly used in illustrative writing.
True
Thomas Jefferson's letter applauds Thomas Paine's efforts.
True
William Byrd II wrote an informal, yet informative, account of a trip to Virginia and the Carolinas.
True
Which is an example of the analytical method?
Walden
The first American novel was written by _____.
William Hill Brown - The Power of Sympathy
ramification
a consequence or result
metrical foot
a device for measuring the sounds of poetry
metaphor
a direct comparison between two different things
What attitude does Crevecoeur seem to express about America?
a land of opportunity
vernacular
a language used by a people of a certain country or people; informal speech
Select all that apply. Addison and Steele's periodical the Tatler eventually included _____.
a single essay, satire, educational material, entertainment
Which of the following examples is not an example of nonfiction?
a sitcom on television
universal symbol
a universal suggestion of meaning
An informal writing style in nonfiction would contain _____.
a witty, chatty approach
transition
a word, phrase, or paragraph joining one idea to another
corroborative
able to be proved or demonstrated
subordinating conjunction
although, as, as if, so that, because, since, though, when, where, while, or in order that
The process of dividing into parts to study the whole is called the _____.
analytical pattern
Poe states that the province of a poem is _____.
beauty
What are the four major methods of analyzing a character?
by what the other characters say about the character by what the character says by what the character does by what the author says about the character
In an effort to be published, Franklin the boy _____.
changed his handwriting on an anonymous paper
Effective incidents spring naturally from ____.
character
Which of the following are desirable characteristics of exposition? Select all that apply.
clarity cohesion completeness concern conciseness
Which of the following are characteristics of exposition? Select all that apply.
clarity, coherence, completeness, conciseness
The peak high point of the plot in fiction is called the _____.
climax
The quality of logic in writing is called _____.
coherence
The quality of making writing short and unified is called _____.
coherence
Which are methods used in illustrative exposition? Select all that apply.
comparison, definition, example, supporting detail
What should descriptive writing aim to do?
create a dominant mood
Bradford's biography of Robert E. Lee reveals him as a general who felt that war was _____.
cruel
A type of writing that paints with words is known as ______.
descriptive
STRUCTURE
design or pattern of play
CONTEXT CLUES
direct explanation, syns
Cheerfulness, sadness, or nostalgia in descriptive writing is known as _____.
dominant mood
The types of issues commonly dealt with by editorialists are: _____. Select all that apply.
economic, political, social
An essay type of writing stating the opinions of the publisher is called a(n) ______.
editorial
What are three things humorous writing provides?
entertainment, a method of criticism, emotional release
Something which is short-lived or passing is called _____.
ephemeral
A serious or witty composition meant to briefly express ideas, views, feelings, or reactions to situations in life is an _____.
essay
The line "give me liberty or give me death" is an example of ______.
ethos and pathos
Exposition is a kind of nonfiction writing which _____.
explains a subject by illustration
A type of nonfiction which explains a particular subject is called _____.
exposition
A major characteristic of nonfiction writing is that it is _____.
factual
The account of Pocahontas's rescue of John Smith is believed to have been _____.
fictional
Language which describes ideas, people, or things by stated or implied comparison is called _____.
figurative
When a writer describes one thing by comparing it to something else, he is using _____.
figurative language
allegory
finds its meaning in the structure in which it is used
Coherence in a nonfiction writing means that it _____.
follows a logical pattern
To define a subject by use of comparison and contrast, the ______ method should be used.
illustrative
Specific types of exposition are: _____. Select all that apply.
illustrative analytical argumentative
Identity the three major patterns for exposition.
illustrative persuasive analytical
A kind of writing in which the writer paints a word picture is called _____.
illustrative writing
What is the definition of propaganda?
information designed to mislead or promote a particular opinion
Franklin claimed to have heard and understood the conversation of ephemera, a type of ______.
insect
The houses built by Byrd were constructed of _____.
logs, with pine and cypress shingles
Two of the most popular forms of nonfiction are: _____.
magazines & newspapers
exposition
nonfiction that explains or describes a given subject
gothic novel
novel containing elements of magic, mystery, horror, ghosts, strange houses, and other strange occurrences
picaresque novel
novel that presents a chronicle or life of a person of low degree who lives by his wits; usually contains satirical comments on society
At the time that Franklin's brother started his newspaper, how many newspapers were already in circulation?
one
The Declaration of Independence states that _____.
people tend to endure hardships, rather than rebel
The central thesis of biography is the _____.
personality of the subject
The kind of writing which gives human qualities to inanimate objects or ideas is called _____.
personification
free verse
poetry with no recognizable form or meter
A subject complement is also known as a(n) _____.
predicate noun
Argumentative or persuasive types of writing are also called _____.
propaganda
Using the argumentative pattern to persuade a person to a particular point of view is a form of _____.
propaganda
The blending of humor with criticism to attain social or political reform is called _____.
satire
burlesqued
satirized; treated a serious subject ridiculously or a trivial subject as important
Setting and historical events play a ____ in good biography.
secondary role
analysis
separating or breaking up of any whole into its parts to find their nature, function, or relationship
vignette
short descriptive literary sketch
Nonfiction writing employs which type of figurative language? Select all that apply.
simile, metaphor, hyperbole
Which of the following descriptions best defines a formal essay?
structured
Poe says that the sole arbiter of poetry is _____.
taste
Jesse Stuart wrote an autobiography about his life as a _____.
teacher in rural Kentucky
topic sentence
the controlling idea of a paragraph
thesis
the controlling or central idea of a paper
etymology
the history of a word's development and changes in meaning
Emerson's essay tells of: ______. Select all that apply.
the importance of natural resources to man & all of nature works together for man's benefit
standard English
the level of English used in business letters, essays, and most other expository writing
Melville's most famous work is _____.
the story of Captain Ahab and the white whale, Moby Dick
figurative language
the use of comparisons to enhance writing; descriptions not to be taken literally
satire
the use of sarcasm or irony to attack or ridicule an idea considered to be foolish.
prose
the vast majority of writing ever done; not verse or poetry
French writings similar to essays were called pensees, or ______.
thoughts
expository prose
title page, outline, text
evaluate
to determine the worth of something; to appraise
Argumentative writing is a type of expository prose that _____.
tries to convince the reader
blank verse
unrhymed iambic pentameter
A character sketch is also known as a(n) _____.
vignette
Short character sketches are called _____.
vignettes
An author combines words, phrases, and clauses to create a _____.
visual image
What is induction logic?
when evidence is gathered in support of a hypothesis.
The questions a newspaper article should answer are _____.
who, what, when, where, how
eye rhyme
words that appear to rhyme because of similar spellings but really do not
perfect rhyme
words whose sounds correspond exactly
imperfect rhyme
words with very similar but not exact corresponding sounds
What features of a research paper or critical analysis will not be found in an essay?
works cited, outline
Which of the following statements is a hyperbole?
I am so hungry; I could eat a horse.
