G PROGRESS CHECK QUESTIONS
5.1 A teenager would most probably draw on which of the following to recall her tenth birthday party? A) episodic memory B) semantic memory C) echoic memory D) eidetic memory E) state-dependent learning
A
5.8-5.9 Martine needs a hammer but cannot find one. As she looks around her apartment, her gaze passes over a metal paperweight and some other objects that could potentially serve as a makeshift hammer. However, she is so focused on these objects' typical uses that she does not think to use any of them as a hammer. Martine is experiencing which of the following? A) the fundamental attribution error B) functional fixedness C) blindsight D) the Hawthorne effect E) repression
B
5.1 When participants in dichotic listening experiments are repeating aloud message presented in one ear, they are most likely to notice information on the unattended channel of that channel A) switched from one language to another B) switched to a non language C) mentions the participant's name D) presents information similar to that on the attended channel E) presents information in a foreign language
C
5.2-5.4 To help himself remember the name of his new colleague, Hope, Jose thinks about the meaning of her name- the feeling of hopelessness. Which of the following concepts best corresponds to Jose's strategy? A) chunking B) long-term potentiation C) semantic encoding D) self-reference E) imagery
C
5.8-5.9 Martin has been heavily influenced by the work of Lewis Terman. Which of the following perspectives on intelligence would Martin most likely have? A) intelligence is not fixed but rather is a dynamic and changing capacity B) intelligence is not fixed and can be cultivated through education C) intelligence is primarily a biologically based capacity D) creativity is the most predictive sign or intelligence E) memory is the most predictive sign of intelligence
C
5.1 Memory for automatic activities, such as bike riding and handwriting, is known as A) declarative B) semantic C) sensory D) procedural E) repressed
D
5.1 Wolfgang Kohler considered a chimpanzee's sudden solving of a problem evidence of A) instinct B) modeling C) learning set D) insight E) spontaneous recovery
D
5.1 An individual's ability to remember the day he or she first swam the length of a swimming pool is most clearly an example of which of the following kinds or memory? A) semantic B) flashbulb C) procedural D) priming E) episodic
E
5.1 Metacognition refers to A) amnesia B) mental retardation C) Artificial intelligence D) thinking without theory E) thinking about thinking
E
5.2-5.4 A person assembling a tool once a week after reading the instructions can remember the first and last steps of the procedure but not the middle ones. This best illustrates which of the following? A) encoding failure B) social facilitation C) retrograde amnesia D) repression E) the serial position effect
E
5.5-5.6 The cerebellum is most directly involved in A) forming emotional memories B) forming explicit and spatial memories C) judgement, higher-order cognition, and personality D) sensory processing and relaying E) motor learning
E
5.1 The difference between divided attention and selective attention is that divided attention A) requires more automatic processing than selective attention does B) is used primarily in simple tasks, whereas selective attention is used primarily in complex tasks C) is related to the development of reading skills in children, whereas selective attention is not D) is more high correlated with intelligence than selective attention is E) is related only to auditory processing, whereas selective attention is related only to visual processing
A
5.1 Which of the following best describes the primary effect? A) when people have better recall of things that occur at the beginning of a sequence B) when people have better recall of things that occur at the end of a sequence C) when people who know very little about a subject tend to be overly confident about how much they know about that subject, while people who know a great deal about the subject tend to downplay their knowledge about that subject D) when people state that things have happened to them recently occur more frequently than they actually do E) when people tend to rely too heavily on the first piece of information they get when making decisions
A
5.1 Which of the following psychologists is most strongly associated with research on false memories? A) Elizabeth Loftus B) Noam Chomsky C) Ernest Heinrich Weber D) Jean Piaget E) Mary Ainsworth
A
5.5-5.6 John suffered a head injury in an accident five years ago. He now has clear memories of events that occurred before the accident, but he has great difficulty remembering any of the experiences he has had since the accident. John's symptoms describe A) anterograde amnesia B) Broca's aphasia C) cue-dependent forgetting D) selective amnesia E) retroactive interference
A
5.7 Matthew's parents are physicists, and so are the parents of several of his best friends. Therefore, Matthew believes that many people are employed as physicists. Matthew's reasoning is based on A) the availability heuristic B) the conjunction fallacy C) the representativeness heuristic D) risky decision making E) a mental set
A
5.7 Mental shortcuts or rules of thumb that help solve problems and reduce mental effort are called A) heuristics B) algorithms C) syllogisms D) propositions E) concepts
A
5.7 Processing every possible combination of the letters DBRI to arrive at the word BIRD is an example of the use of A) an algorithm B) an expert system C) an inference rule D) a hypothesis E) a heuristic
A
5.7 To score high on a test of creativity, a person's answers should be A) original and valuable B) normative and divergent C) normative and convergent D) unconscious and illogical E) simple and contextual
A
5.8-5.9 Average IQ scores have increased steadily over the past 100 years. It has been argued that this effect is most likely due to A) an increase in the average number of years in school B) a decrease in access to medical care, clean water, and nutritious food C) an increase in population D) a decrease in genetic mutations E) an increase in genetic diversity
A
5.2-5.4 After visiting her professor's office, Rachel writes down everything she remembers seeing there. She correctly remembers many details, but she falsely remembers seeing books even though there were no books in the office. Additionally, she did not remember seeing a skull that was in the office. Which memory concept best explains why Rachel falsely encoded the books and failed to encode the skull? A) the method of loci B) schemas C) associations networks D) sensory memory E) context effects
B
5.1 In a memory study, the experimenter reads the same list of words to two groups. She asks group A to count the letters in each word, and she asks group B to focus on the meaning of each word for a later memory quiz. During a recall test, participants in group B recall significantly more words than participants in group A. Memory researchers attribute this effect to differences in A) priming B) levels of processing C) proactive interference D) procedural memory E) episodic memory
B
5.2-5.4 Professor Belvedere wants to help her anatomy students memorize the names of different parts of the body. Which of the following techniques will best help her students? A) teaching them a rhyme for each word B) asking them questions about the meaning of each word C) writing the words in different fonts and having the students think about the font that each word is printed in D) writing the words in different colors and having students think about the color that each word is printed in E) having them write sentences where each word of the sentence starts with the same letter as one of the parts of the body
B
5.2-5.4 When studying for a vocabulary test, Catherine read one of her vocabulary words and its definition aloud several times. About twenty seconds later, she still remembered the word's meaning, but then she moved on to the next word in the list without engaging in any further strategies to enhance her memory. The next day, she tested herself on the same vocabulary word at the same time, in the same mood, and in the same location as when she had first studied the word, but she could not remember its definition. It is most likely that Catherine could not remember the word because she failed to engage which of the following memory functions? A) sensory memory, because Catherine did not pair the word with one of her senses to remember it the next day B) long term-memory, because Catherine failed to encode the word; therefore, the word did not become a part of her long-term memory C) retrieval, because though Catherine probably stored the memory, it was difficult for her to retrieve it D) state-dependent memory, because Catherine was too anxious to preform well E) context-dependent memory, because Catherine did not study the word in a variety of locations
B
5.2-5.4 Which of the following scenarios best demonstrates the role of contact effects in memory? A) Jonah tutored his classmate on a difficult concept, and now he understands the concept better than he did before tutoring his classmates B) Amy studied for a vocabulary test in the same classroom and at the same time of day as the normal class, and she preformed better on the test than students who studied in different classrooms under different conditions C) Mateo studied for an anatomy exam while taking pain medication, which he did not take before the exam. He forgot many of the concepts that he learned when he was studying D) Dina could not remember the name of her secondary-grade teacher, but after she thought about the names of her classmates, the teacher's name suddenly came to her E) Glenn vividly remembered the details of a car crash he was involved in, but he remembered very little about the rest of the day
B
5.2-5.4 Which of the following scenarios involves using cued recall? A) Letitia uses a mnemonic device to help her remember the names of all the lobes of the brain B) Steven studies a list of word pairs and is later given the first word of each pair and asked to recall the second word in the pair C) Evelyn studies a list of words and is later asked to list all of her words that were on the list D) to help her remember what he needs from the grocery store, Marjorie imagines walking through her kitchen and visualizing what is missing E) Kumail scores well on a multiple-choice quiz because he recognizes all of the correct answers when he sees them
B
5.5-5.6 After Doug witnessed two cars involved in a car accident, a police officer asked Doug how fast the cars were going when the accident happened. According to research by Elizabeth Loftus, which of the following questions could the officer ask that would make Doug most susceptible to the misinformation effect? A) how fast were the cars going when the accident occurred? B) how fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? C) what can you tell me about what you saw? D) what did the cars look like? E) were there other people around who witnessed the accident?
B
5.5-5.6 Elena is presented with a list of 20 numbers. When asked to recall this list, she remembers more numbers from the beginning than from the end of the list. This phenomenon demonstrates which of the following types of effect? A) mnemonic B) primary C) recency D) secondary E) clustering
B
5.5-5.6 Which of the following activities most directly relies on the hippocampus? A) remembering events specific to one's life B) memorizing the layout of a neighborhood C) using short-term memory to recreate a picture when drawing a copy of the picture D) rehearsing a fact to remember it for a short period of time E) becoming classically conditioned
B
5.5-5.6 Which of the following best illustrates Ebbinghaus' forgetting curve? A) Laurence studied for his first Spanish test by sitting down and cramming for two hours, and he studied for his second Spanish test by spacing out his studying for 30 minutes over the course of a week. He did better on the second test than the first. B) Erik studied Italian in college. After he graduated, he went backpacking in Europe, where he realized he had forgotten a lot of Italian. Years later, he went on another trip to Italy and was surprised to discover that he remembered about the same amount of Italian as during his first trip. C) When Ruth first moves to a new country, she keeps trying to use customs from her old country. Over time, she adjusts to her new country's ways. D) Marsha remembers only information that agrees with her current understanding and ignores everything else. E) Beatriz tells a story that she heard from a friend, but she cannot remember who told her the story
B
5.7 Creativity is most closely associated with which of the following? A) convergent thinking B) divergent thinking C) spatial awareness D) interpersonal intelligence E) interpersonal intelligence
B
5.7 Which of the following is true of analogies in supporting problem solving? A) relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies B) relevant analogies usually help people solve problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies C) relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, and people do spontaneously think of relevant analogies D) relevant analogies usually hinder people when solving problems, but people often do not spontaneously think of relevant analogies E) relevant analogies neither help nor hinder people when solving problems
B
5.7 Which of the following represent, respectively, superordinate and subordinate categories for the basic-level category of "automobile"? A) vehicle, transportation B) vehicle, convertible C) station wagon, minivan D) sedan, compact car E) foreign car, domestic car
B
5.8-5.9 Failure to recognize then an object typically not used for a particular purpose can, in fact, serve that purpose illustrated which of the following? A) schema B) functional fixedness C) availability D) insight E) confirmation bias
B
5.8-5.9 Ms. Reagan, who is a teacher, agrees more with Howard Gardner's theory of intelligence than Charles Spearman's theory of intelligence. Which of the following scenarios would she most agree with? A) Ms. Reagan's student Shuri is excellent at math, so she concludes that Shuri must also have high verbal ability. B) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit more than one type of intelligence. For example, she notices her student Noel plays well with others as well as alone. C) Ms. Reagan thinks that her students exhibit three specific types of intelligence. D) Ms. Reagan observes that her student Lenny is practical, creative, and analytical, so she concludes that Lenny must be the most intelligent person in her class. E) Because Jenny can memorize every book she reads, Ms. Reagan concludes that she must have a high IQ.
B
5.2-5.4 Dr. Rudolph's class has a big test coming up next week. Which of the following students is using a studying strategy that is most likely to lead to memory consolidation? A) Gabriel is anxious about the test, so he distracts himself by playing video games B) Marcus does not study until the night before the test, when he studies for eight hours straight C) Elizabeth studies for a half hour before she goes to bed each night the week before the exam D) Sharon does not study for the test, but she pays close attention, asks lots of questions, and takes good notes during class E) Mario studies by repeating his class notes to himself multiple times
C
5.2-5.4 When Gustavo goes through lists of inventory items and thinks about whether each one is a fruit or not, he remembers more of the items on those lists later than when he goes through lists of inventory items and does not think about what each item is. Which of the following concepts best explains Gustavo's performance? A) sensory memory, because he is activating information about his sensory experiences of fruit B) the spacing effect, because he is going through the list multiple times C) elaborative encoding, because engaging in deeper processing improves memory D) single-trial learning, because he goes through the lists only one time E) Flashbulb memories, because Gustavo has vivid memories of fruit and that helps him remeber
C
5.5-5.6 When a list of words is learned in order, the words most likely to be forgotten are those that are A) at the beginning of the list B) at the end of the list C) in the middle of the list D) hardest the pronounce E) easiest to spell
C
5.5-5.6 Which of the following scenarios is an example of retroactive interference? A) after a car accident, Serena can no longer form new memories, though she can still remember things that happened before the accident B) Alexis believes that because she has played the lottery may times without winning, she is more likely to win than someone who has never played before C) Carl tries to remember the name of his first boss, but he cannot because he keeps thinking of the name of his current boss D) Raj bought a new phone and keeps trying to turn it on by pushing the wrong button because the button is in the place where the button was on his old phone E) Lina is trying to find a solution to a problem but it unable to see how to available tools could be used in a different way
C
5.8-5.9 Alfred Binet's efforts to measure intelligence were directed at A) testing the worth of various theoretical definitions B) operationally defining one theory of intelligence C) predicting children's success in school D) selecting workers for successful job performance E) establishing the learning potential of French military recruits
C
5.8-5.9 Piper reads about someone described as adventurous and extroverted. She then judges that this person is more likely to be a lawyer who enjoys hiking than a lawyer who does not. The best explanation for Piper's error is that she is basing her judgment on A) the availability heuristic B) the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic C) the representativeness heuristic D) confirmation bias E) predictable-world bias
C
5.2-5.4 According to the information-processing view of memory, the first stage in memory processing involves A) retrieval B) storage C) rehearsal D) encoding E) transfer
D
5.7 A prototype is best defined as A) an example of habituation B) an example of bottom-up processing C) the equivalent of feature abstraction D) the hypothetical "most typical" instance of a category E) an essential element of category membership
D
5.7 A teacher asks students to think of as many uses for a brick as possible. By listening 50 uses, most of which the class finds new and unusual, Susan is displaying A) computational learning B) paired-associate learning C) hypothetical thinking D) divergent thinking E) convergent thinking
D
5.7 Which of the following statements is true of insight problem solving? A) it involves trying every possible solution until finding the one that words B) it is only used to solve verbal problems and not spatial ones C) it can occur in situations where problems space is very large D) it requires an incubation period in which the problem solver can start fresh on the problem E) it occurs most frequently with well-defined problems
D
5.8-5.9 Maeve wants to change her college major but has decided not to because she is close to finishing. She believes that the time she has spent in her current program will be wasted if she changes now. Maeve is experiencing A) hindsight bias B) availability bias C) social desirability bias D) the sunk-cost fallacy E) the self-serving bias
D
5.8-5.9 On a fishing trip, Ed realizes that he has mistakenly packed the sewing box instead of the tackle box. He wants to fish but returns home because he does not have any line or hooks. Ed's failure to realize that sewing thread can be used as fishing line and that a bent needle can be used as a hook is an example of A) poor problem representation B) cognitive accommodation C) backward masking D) functional fixedness E) proactive interference
D
5.5-5.6 Which of the following describes one of the functions of the temporal lobe of the brain? A) it is where motor control occurs B) it is where decision making happens C) it is where low-level visual feature are processed D) it is where the sense of touch is processed E) it is where declarative memories are stored
E
5.8-5.9 Which of the following results of correlational studies implied that environment contributes to the determination of IQ? A) correlation are higher for identical twins than fraternal twins B) correlation are higher for children and they biological parents than for children and their adoptive parents C) correlations are higher for parents and their children than for husbands and wives D) correlations for two children in the same family are lower when one of the children is adopted than when both are the biological offspring of the parents E) correlations for children and their adoptive parents are statistically significant and positive
E