Hypothalamus

What does the post lobe of the pituitary gland do?

*It releases hormones directly into the blood. Hormones include vasopressin (ADH) and Oxytocin (ejaculation & too much causes enlarged prostate gland)

Tell me 5 things about the lateral zone of the hypothalamus:

1) Contains fibers and neurons which belong to the medial forebrain bundle 2) Interconnects the septal region, hypothalamus, and brain stem 3) Influences autonomic nervous system 4)Associated with reward mechanisms and behavior 5) causes ncrease in appetite

Name the four functions of the mamillary (post) regions?

1) Heat Conservation- detects decreases in temperature 2) Walking Arousal (Cortical Activation) 3) Recent Memory (Short-term) 4) Fight or Flight (Sympathomimetic)

What are the functions of the hypothalamus? (6)

1) Maintain homeostatsis and preservation 2) Controls visceral activity 3) Chief Effector of limbic systems 4) Has Neural and endocrine components so influences body through neurvous and circulatory system. 5) Important in self-preservation and preservation of other species 6) Influences water balance, food intake, endocrine system, reproduction, sleep, behavior, and the entire autonomic system.

Name the two lobes of the pituitary gland:

1) Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) 2) Anterior Lobe (Adenohypophysis)

Components of hippocampal formation?

1. Dentate gyrus 2. Hippocampus Proper 3. subiculum: Transitional zone between hippocampus proper & the entorhinal area 4. entorhinal cortex area (may or may not be included as part of formation).

Name the four functions of the tuberal (middle) region:

1. Endocrine Activity (adenohypophysis) 2. Satiety (Fullness) 3. Decrease in appetite 4. Emotions

Name the seven functions of the supraoptic region:

1. Heat Loss 2. Thirst 3. Sleep 4. Neurohypophysis (Water balance, milk ejection, & uterine contraction) 5. Circadian Rhythm- biologic clock (24 hours) 6. Parasympathomimetric (rest & digest) 7. Reproduction and Sexual function

Name the three regions of the hypothalamus and their position:

1. Medial Region [MEDIAL: supraoptic (ant.), tuberal (med.), and mamillary (post.)] 2. Periventricular Region (middle) 3. Lateral zone (lateral)

Name the three regions of the medial division of the hypothalamus:

1. Supraobtic (ant) region 2.Tuberal (middle) region 3. Mammilary (post) region

limbic system components

1.Limbic lobe -cingulate gyrus (highway info) -septal region (septal nucleus and nucleus accumbens) PLEASURE & REWARD/ ADDICTION - parahippocampal gyrus 2. Hippocampal formation (memory) 3.Amygdala (Emotion & behavior) 4. Hypothalamus (autonomics) 5. Fornix (highway) 6. Stria terminalis (highway)

How many grams of tissue are in hypothalamus?

4 grams

Name the structure that acts as a neural output of the hypothalamus and modulates emotional and behavioral responses:

Amygdaloid

Name the structure that acts as a neural output of the hypothalamus ans modulates autonomic activity and visceral responses:

Brainstem and spinal cord

What is responsible for the INDIRECT vascular input the hypothalamus?

Circumventricular organs

What is the function of the circumventricular organs?

Detects chemical changes in CSF and blood and relays to hypothalamus

What happens if there is too much oxytocin released in the bloodstream?

Enlarged prostate gland

Describe pathway for short-term memory:

Hippocampus proper -> fornix -> post comissural fibers (anterior to anterior commissure) -> septal area)prefrontal area --> processed)

What is responsible for the DIRECT vascular input to the hypothalamus?

Hypothalamic Neurons. Hypothalamic neurons are stimulated chemically by substances (hormones & glucose)

Tell me about the endocrine activity of the the tuberal region (4 type of hormones & functions)

Hypothalamus releases releasing and inhibiting factors which regulate hormone production. 1) Follicle Stimulating Hormone-stimulates growth of follicle in ovary and induces formation of sperm. 2) Lutenizing Hormone- stimulates ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. 3) Growth Hormone- influences growth of body 4)Adrenocorticotrophic: stimulates adrenal gland

Function of hippocampal formation?

Key in memory and learning

1. Name the neural Input to the hyothalamus in regards to memory, behavior, and emotion responses:

Limbic System a) Hippocampus via fornix (memory) b)Amygadala via ventral amygdala path and stria terminalis (behavior and emotion response)

Where are the circumventricular organs located?

Located in wall of third ventricle

What is the neural input responsible for autonomics?

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) and Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculous (DLF) **BRAINSTEM

Name the neural input in regards to level of attention:

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) and Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculous (DLF) **RETICULAR FORMATION

What is the neural input responsible for pleasure & reward?

Medial Forebrain Bundle (MFB) and Dorsal Longitudinal Fasciculous (DLF) **SEPTAL REGION

2. Name the neural input to the hypothalamus in regards to judgement & decision making:

Orbitofrontal cortex

which two hormones are released by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Oxytocin & Vasopressin (ADH)

In regards to the neurohypophysis function of the supraoptic region, what is responsible for water balance?

Pituitary Gland. It produces vasopressin (ADH) to absorb water. Low ADH equals less absorption of water, which increases urine production.

In regards to the neurohypophysis function of the supraoptic region, what is responsible for milk ejection and uterine production?

Pituitary gland as well by producing the hormone, oxytocin.

Name the structure that acts as a neural output of the hypothalamus and modulates level of attention:

Reticular Formation

4. What is the neural input responsible for circadian rhythm?

Retina

What are the two types of hippocampal output?

Short term memory and long term memory

How are the hypothalamic neurons stimulated?

Stimulated chemically by substances including HORMONES and GLUCOSE.

3. What is the neural input to the hypothalamus responsible for sensory?

Thalamus

Name the structure responsible for the neural output out to the cortex:

Thalamus

Explain the vascular output of the hypothalamus

hypothalamus influences endocrine system by secretion into the general circulation and indirectly into the hypophysial portal system.

What does the ant lobe of the pituitary gland do?

hypothalamus releases releasing and inhibiting factors into the hypophysial portal system which enter the pituitary and regulate the production of hormones *LH *FSH *GH *Adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulates adrenal gland

Limbic system plays an important role in ___________

memory and behavior

Describe pathway for long-term memory (PAPEZ CIRCUIT):

subiculum -> hippocampus -> fornix -> postcommisural fibers (posterior to anterior) -> mammilary body->thalamus->association areas ->some return to entorhinal cortex and pass to parahippocampal formation completing the Papez Circuit

How does the reticular formation, amygdaloid, brainstem, and spinal cord act as neural output of the hypothalamus?

via Medial Forebrain bundle (MFB) and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus (DLF)

Hippocampal Input:

widespread areas of cortex (frontal, parietal, & temporal)-> cingulum ->entorhonial cortex ->hippocampus More on widespread areas of cortex: FRONTAL: olfactory, judgement, & problem-solving PARIETAL: tactile & self-awareness TEMPORAL: Auditory Cortex