longitudinal research

attachment theory

Attachment theory is an evolutionary based theory that suggests that infants are biologically predisposed to form attachments with primary caregivers in early life as a means to increase their likelihood of survival

cross sectional design

Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at a defined time. They are often used to assess the prevalence of acute or chronic conditions, or to answer questions about the causes of disease or the results of intervention.

gender identity

Gender identity is one's own perception or sense of being male or female.

preoperational stage

Infants between the ages of 18 and 24 months acquire the ability to visualize objects and events mentally

scaffolding

Scaffolding is an instructional method in which teachers demonstrate the process of problem solving for their students and explain the steps as they go along. After a few initial explanations the instructor will then remove themselves from the students and only offer help when needed.

assimilation

The process by which a person or persons acquire the social and psychological characteristics of a group

adaption

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment.

resilience

an individual's ability to properly adapt to stress and adversity.

neuroplasticity

an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, emotions, as well as changes resulting from bodily injury.

identity vs role confusion

exploring who a persont is as an individual

concrete operational stage

from about 7 to 12 years of age children gain the abilities and mental operations that allow them to think logically about concrete events such as mathematical operations and principles, and conservation.

egocentrism

inability to differentiate between self and other.

social role theory

most behavioral differences we know about between males and females is the result of cultural stereotypes about gender

cohort study

people who are approximately the same age

zone of proximal development

range of tasks that are too difficult for a person to learn alone, but can be learned with guidance from someone with experience in the task.

accommodation

the process of adapting or adjusting to someone or something.

object permanence

the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed

constructionist approach

theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world

formal operational stage

when a person gets to be approximately age 12, they acquire the ability to think logically about abstract concepts.

nature vs nurture

whether heredity or the environment most impacts human psychological development

longitudinal research

A longitudinal survey is a correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same variables over long periods of time — often many decades. It is a type of observational study

sensorimotor stage

birth to approximately age 2 learn to coordinate all their sensory experiences (sights, sounds, etc.) with their motor behaviors.

conservation

child understands that changing the form of a substance or object does not change its amount

protective factors

conditions or attributes (skills, strengths, resources, supports or coping strategies) in individuals, families, communities or the larger society that help people deal more effectively with stressful events and mitigate or eliminate risk in families and communities.