Ap Euro Chapter 5

Test Act

(1673) Law prohibiting Catholics and dissenters to hold political office.

Frederick William I

(1713-1740) Calvinist; his reforms were intended to subordinate both aristocracy and peasantry to the needs of the state + subordinate needs of the states to the demands of the military; integrated economic +military structures of state; appointed only German officers to command troops, eliminating mercenaries who sold their services to the highest bidder; placed noblemen at head of locally recruited regiments; every adult male required to register for service in regiment of local landlord; by end of reign, almost 70% of state expenditures went to army, pacific foreign policy. Prussian king responsible for Prussian absolutism and continuing militarization

Founding of St. Petersburg

-new capital city of Russia -peter constructed it -he buillt structures for government affairs and encouraged the boyars to construct townhouses -symbolized a new western orientation for Russia and Peter's determination to hold his possession of the Baltic coast

Why where efforts to establish absolute monarchy successful in France but unsuccessful in England?

...

Edict of Nantes

1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship.

Political Absolutism

A model of political development embodied by France in the seventeenth century. The French monarchy was able to build a secure financial base that was not deeply dependent on the support of noble estates, diets, or assemblies, and so it achieved absolute rule.

Glorious Revolution

A reference to the political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

Fronde

A series of rebellions against royal authority in France between 1649 and 1652

Jansenism

A seventeenth-century movement within the Catholic Church that taught that human beings were so corrupted by original sin that they could do nothing good nor secure their own salvation without divine grace. (It was opposed to the Jesuits.)

Revolution of 1688

After the ________________ in England, anti-Catholicism began to take hold until Catholics throughout the colonies regained much of their freedom by wholeheartedly supporting the American Revolution

Table of Ranks

An official hierarchy established by Peter the Great in imperial Russia that equated a person's social position and privileges with his rank in the state bureaucracy or army.

Three strong dynasties

Austria-Hungary, Hohenzollern dynasty, and Romanov dynasty

In Western Europe...

Britain and France emerged as the dominant powers and this showed a shift of influence away from Spain and the United Netherlands

Great Nothern War

Charles XII of Sweden and Peter of russia fought over swedish territory in the baltic. war against sweden; between sweden and russia, sweden lost its baltic power and russia replaced it

in the secret treaty...

Charles pledged to announce his conversion to Catholicism as soon as conditions in England permitted it

Long Parliament

Charles the first invades the Parliament. THen civil year breaks out in England with king's supporters known as Cavaliers and parliament opposition known as Roundheads.

Dutch fisherman dominated the market for herring and supplied much of the continents...

Dried fish and they also supplied textiles to many parts of Europe

Puritans

English Protestants who wanted to "purify" the Church of England of any vestiges of Catholicism

Between the early 17th and the mid-twentieth centuries, no region had dominated other parts of the world politically, militarily and economically as...

Europe

What factors led to different political paths taken by England and France in the 17th-century?

Factors that led their different political paths was the military concerns. Changes in military organization, weapons, and tactics that sharply increased the cost of warfare. Monarch had sought new revenues with the growing expenses.

Parlements

French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobles. The Parlement of Paris claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law.

Charles I

He resorted to extra-parliamentary measures such as levying new tariffs and duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes, subjecting english property owners to forced loan and then imprisoning those who don't pay.Parliament said Charles should recognize Petition of Rights( no forced loans or taxation without the consent of the parliament. Made peace with France and Spain. Imposes religious confrimity within England and spain. He was against the opposition of the both the English Puritans and the Presbyterian Scots. Tried to impose Scotland the English episcocpal system and a prayer book. Scots rebelled and James the I was forced to call Parliament.( Short Parliament). Parliament refused.

Duke of Orleans

Louis XV's regent during his minority, reinstituted power of Parlements and let John Law in charge of finances which led to the Mississippi Bubble.

treaty of aix-la-chapelle

Louis gained control of some towns bordering the spanish netherlands

Peace of Nijmwegen

Louis launched a methodical campaign against the Huguenots in effort to unify France religiously

How did Peter the great transform Russia into a powerful, centralized nation?

Military and Foreign policies 1. Developed a navy 2. Great Northern War a. Prevented russina possesion of a port b. Charles XII i. Led a brilliant campaign ii. Peace of nystad 3. Russian Expansion

Toleration Act

Permitted worship by all protestants and outlawed only Roman Catholics and those who deny the Christian doctrine of the Trinity

Aleksei

Peter the Great's son who is believed to have been killed through his own father's orders. He was a brilliant and ambitious leader whom Peter found jealous. Died in 1718. His death questioned the reliability of Peter the Great.

What were the main characteristics that defined the polish, Austrian, and the Prussian States in the 17th and 18th century?

Poland 1. Absence of a strong central authority 2. Failure to maintain a competitive political position 3. Polish army rescues Vienna from a Turkish siege a. King John 111 Sobieski b. Byword for the dangers of aristocratic independence Austria 1. Habsburg empire a. Treaty of Rastatt i. Extended their domains 2. Pragmatic Sanction a. Provided the legal basis for single line of inheritance 3. Habsburgs werent unified 4. Weak female ruler Prussia 1. Reigns of Frederick william, frederick william I, frederick william I a. Most effective ruler 2. "Junkers" domintaed the army officer corps 3. Hohenzollern Family a. Expansion

Junkers

Prussian nobles

How did conflict over taxation and religion lead to civil war in Stuart England?

Religious: Puritans within the Church of England had sought to eliminate elaborate religious ceremonies and replace the hierarchical episcopopal system of church governance under of the Calvinist chruches of Scotland and on the Constinent. James I rebuffed Puritans and declared his intention to maintain and enhance the Anglican episcopacy. Taxation: Charles I resorted to extra-parliamentary measures such as levying new tariffs and duties, attempting to collect discontinued taxes etc. Petition of Rights> no force loans or taxation without the consent of Parliament.( Charles agreed to the petition) Many oppositions were formed that cause the outbreak of the civil war in 1642.

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Ruled from 1533-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands, including his own son; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded mostly south. Russian tsar that went crazy and became a tyrant, caused Michael Romanov to be elected

Hohenzollern dynasty

Ruling family of Prussia

John law

Scottish mathematician and fellow gambler who managed the financial welfare of France under the regency of the Duke of Orleans for Louis X. Set up the Mississippi Company, an official trading company for North America and a state bank that issued paper money and stock (both crashed and burned)

Gallican liberties

The ecclesiastical independence of the French crown and the French Roman Catholic church from papal authority in Rome.

Sir Robert Walpole

The first Prime Minister of England, his election led to the rise of the House of Commons.

After the death of William III of Britain

The fishing industry decline and the Dutch loss there technological superiority in shipbuilding

Parliamentary Monarchy

The form of limited or constitutional monarchy set up in Britain after the Glorious Revolution of 1689 in which the monarch was subject to the law and ruled by the consent of parliament.

Glorious Revolution

The largely peaceful replacement of James II by William and Mary as English monarchs in 1688. It marked the beginning of constitutional monarchy in Britain.

sejm

The legislative assembly of the Polish nobility.

Divine right of kings

The theory that monarchs are appointed by and answerable only to God.

By the mid 18th century five major states had come to dominate Europe come to dominate European politics and would continue to do so until at least World War I

They were Great Britain, france, Austria, Prussia, and Russia

Austria-Hungary

This Central Power empire during WWI, started the war with their invasion of Serbia after the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand on June 28, 1914 . It was made up of Austria, Hungary and several other nations and territories. After World War I it split up into several nations.

league of augsburg

This was a military alliance that was created in 1689 by all of the major European nations except for France. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe.

Frederick William the Great Elector

This was the man who starting absolutism in Prussia by uniting the three provinces of Prussia under one ruler. hohenzollern that united all the territories by breaking local noble estates, organizing a royal bureaucracy, and building a strong army

War of Spanish Succession

This was the war between France and Spain in order to unite the two states under one ruler, Phillip V

Europe organized themselves politically...

To dominate Europe and later to influence and even got and later to influence and even govern other large areas of the world through military might and economic strength

During the 17th century the Dutch drained and reclaimed land from the sea

Which they used for highly profitable farming

Oliver Cromwell

a country squire of iron descipline and strong independent religous sentiment

Treaty of Dover

alliance between England and France by which Charles II promised to convert to Catholicism in return for funds from France

Leopold I

allowed habsburgs to develop Mediterranean trade b/c of his resistance towards the Ottomans

James II

became king, he immediately demanded the repeal of the Test Act

In the Netherlands more people lived in _______ than in any other area of Europe

cities

Mississippi Bubble

created by John Law, it failed so the ecomoy went bankrupt and the government didn't by the investors back the money they lost, no trust in the French economy

table of ranks

created by Peter, it creates opportunities for nonnobles to serve the state and join the nobility ... nobility based on merit

The seven provinces that became the united provinces of the Netherlands...

emerged as a nation after revolting against Spain in 1572

peace of nystad

ended the great northern war, granting russia large amounts of land along the baltic sea

streltsy

guards of Moscow garrison, rebelled against Peter

Treaty of Rastatt

habsburgs extended domains outside germany

boyars

old Russian nobility

Charles II

returned England to normal; parliament that met when summoned, anglican church. Had secret catholic sympathies.

Romanov dynasty

ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917.

Peter the Great

russian tsar, had two beliefs; power of tsar should be secure from boyars and streltsy, russian military should be increased. made a visit to western europe disguised and inspected other countries military

Frederick I

son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)

Decloration of Indulgences

suspended all laws against Roman Catholics and non-anglican Protestants

Pragmatic Sanction

the legal basis negotiated by the Emperor Charles VI for the Habsburg succession through his daughter Maria Theresa

liberum veto or "exploding the diet"

the sejm could be disbanded by any member

what was the Dutch Golden Age and what led to its decline?

was a period in the history of the Netherlands, roughly spanning the 17th century, in which Dutch trade, science, military, and art were among the most acclaimed in the world.