Sociology 101 Chapter 3

What was the result of research on mother-child bonding based on hours per week children spent in day care?

As the number of hours in day care increased, the bond was weaker between mother and child.

The process by which we develop a sense of self, referred to as the "looking-glass self," was developed by ________.

Charles Horton Cooley

Professor Zale bases herself-concept as a professor on the interactions she has with students and the reactions she receives from them during class. In view of this, which process is Professor Zale utilizing?

Cooley's looking-glass self

The case study of Jack and Oskar provides support for which of the following explanations of behavior?

Environment has a significant influence on behavior, regardless of gene complement.

The symbolic interactionist who taught at the University of Chicago and stressed that play was crucial to the development of the concept of self was ________.

George Herbert Mead

Mead describes the active, creative, and spontaneous part of the self as the ________.

I

How does the mass media influence gender roles in contemporary American society?

It reinforces gender roles considered appropriate for one's sex.

What are the starting and stopping points of the development of the self during the life course?

The self-concept begins at birth and continues as a life-long process until death.

Based on the research of Melvin Kohn and his associates, how would working-class parents encourage their children to accept guidance when they have deviated from acting properly?

They would probably use physical punishment.

Fred has just joined a fraternity. As part of his initiation, he has been forced to cook for the fraternity brothers, clean the frat house, and address the fraternity members as "sir." This is an example of what Sociologiststermed ________.

a degradation ceremony

Although formal education is intended to transmit knowledge and skills, it unintentionally teaches students that the same rules apply to everyone. Thisuniversality reflects what sociologists describe as ________.

a latent function

As a third grader, Henry is reading stories about the American Revolution and how the early Americans were willing to fight to gain their freedom. According to sociologists, Henry is not only learning to read, but is also absorbing concepts aboutpatriotism and democracy. These conceptswould be referred to by sociologistsas ________.

a part of the hidden curriculum in U.S. schools

Another term used for the stage of development called transitional adulthood, which is between the ages of 18 and 29, is ________.

adultolescence

People and groups that influence our orientation to life -our self-concept, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors -are called ________.

agents of socialization

According to Sigmund Freud, when the id gets out of hand, individuals follow their desires for pleasure and ________.

break society's norms

Frankie and Johnnie are both above-average students, but they feel that they learn much more about life, success, and relationships with others from other students outside of the classroom. In this sense, Frankie and Johnnie are relying on the ________ for their education.

corridor curriculum

What term is used to describe children who are assumed to have been raised by animals in the wilderness and isolated from other children, such as the "wild boy of Aveyron"?

feral

The Smiths are going Christmas shopping for their two children, Dick and Jane. They plan to buy Dick a Tonka truck and Jane a Barbie doll. Their selection of toys for their children is an example of ________ by parents.

gender socialization

What term would Mead use to refer to the norms, values, attitudes, and expectations of the public?

generalized others

George Herbert Mead theorized that learning to take the role of theother entails three stages -the ________ stage, ________stage, and ________ stage.

imitation; play; team games

Based on studies of isolated and institutionalized children, what is the key variable in acquiring the basic "human" traits we take for granted?

intimate early social interaction

Individuals who are approximately the same age and are linked by common interests, including friends, classmates, and the "kids in the neighborhood,"are most appropriately referred to as ________.

peers

Tory is 5 years of age. He loves to dress up like Batman and pretend to save Gotham City from the Penguin. According to Mead's theory, he is in the ________ stage.

play

When young people enter college as resident students, they must learn new norms, values, attitudes, and behaviors. This is an example of ________.

resocialization

Our image of how others see us is called the ________.

self

According to Mead's theory of development, individuals who have a profound influence on the lives of another person, such as parents or siblings, are referred to as ________.

significant others

Bob's football coach is a very important influence in his life. Many of Bob's actions are attempts to win the approval of hiscoach. Mead would suggest that the coach is one of Bob's ________.

significant others

What concept do sociologists referto when they say that "society makes us human"?

socialization

In psychoanalytic theory, the "culture within us" is represented by the ________.

superego

Of the following traits and abilities, which one would George Herbert Mead consider most essential for an individual to be afull-fledged member of society?

the ability to take the role of another

In Freud's theory, what part of the personality represents the pleasure-seeking aspect, demanding immediate fulfillment of basic needs such as attention, food, safety, and sex?

the id

What term applies to the stages that people pass through from birth to death, beginning with "childhood" and concluding with "the older years"?

the life course

In the "nature versus nurture" argument regarding socialization, the "nurture" component refers to ________.

the social environment

John joined the military this year. When he arrived at boot camp he was immediately greeted with a degradation ceremony and came under total control of the officials. The military is an example of a(n) ________.

total institution

The period following high school when young adults have not yet taken on the responsibilities ordinarily associated with adulthood is called ________.

transitional adulthood