Sociology Exam 1-3 Qs

If we are to have a truly egalitarian society, citizens must recognize the racist history of the United States and the social conditions that perpetuate contemporary inequalities. To do this, one must develop: a) race consciousness b) ethnic cleansing c) colorblindness d) white privilege

a)

___ refers the belief in superiority of heterosexuality and heterosexuals. a) Heterosexism b) Sexism c) Transphobia d) Cisgenderism

a)

___ refers to an objective measure of poverty such as the inability to meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care; whereas ____ is a measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society. a) absolute poverty; relative poverty b) relative poverty; absolute poverty c) structural poverty; individual poverty d) individual poverty; structural poverty

a)

___ status is a status into which one is born; whereas ___ status is a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others. a) Ascribed status; achieved status b) achieved status; master status c) achieved status; ascribed status d) role status; ascribed status

a) Ascribed status; achieved status

What is a group of medical treatments and products called that includes practices like acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnosis, and meditation, as well as traditional healers like shamans and movement therapies like Pilates? a) Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) b) ObamaCare c) the Medical Care Act of 2010 d) naturopathy

a) Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)

Which sociological theorist looked at solidarity including mechanical and organic solidarity and wrote a famous study titled Suicide? a) Emile Durkheim b) Karl Marx c) W.E.B. DuBois d) Auguste Comte e) Max Weber

a) Emile Durkheim

What research design would be used for the analysis of documents—such as medical records, photographs, diaries, letters, newspapers, and song lyrics? a) Existing sources b) ethnography c) experiment d) interviews

a) Existing sources

Which of the following was NOT presented as a characteristic of bureaucracies? a) Generalization b) formal written communication c) impersonality d) hierarchy e) all of the above

a) Generalization

____ authority is based in laws, rules, and procedures. a) Legal-Rational Authority b) Traditional Authority c) Dominant Authority d) Charismatic Authority

a) Legal-Rational Authority

____ is research that works with non-numerical data and more often tries to understand how people make sense of their world. a) Qualitative research b) feminist methods c) research methods d) quantitative research

a) Qualitative research

Which theoretical paradigm is critiqued for having circular reasoning since it tends to argue that any social structure that exists must be necessary? a) Structural Functionalism b) Feminist theory c) conflict theory d) symbolic interactionism

a) Structural Functionalism

___ is an institution in which individuals are cut off from the rest of society so they can be controlled and regulated with the purpose of systematically striping away previous roles and identities. a) Total institution b) rational institution c) adult institution d) symbolic institution

a) Total institution

TRUE or FALSE: According to the reading "Rethinking Crime and Immigration," immigration is a protective factor against violence and 1st generation immigrants are less likely to commit violence than 3rd generation immigrants.

a) True

TRUE or FALSE: According to the reading, "Revisiting the Rationing of Medical Degrees in the United States," there are more residency programs than U.S. medical school graduates (USMDs) to fill them.

a) True

TRUE or FALSE: Leisure is a relatively new concept since many activities now considered recreation were necessities in the past.

a) True

TRUE or FALSE: What counts as deviance can vary across cultures or over time.

a) True

Which sociological theorist was a pioneer in the study of race relations, researched black American society, and was a founding member of the NAACP? a) W.E.B. DuBois b) Max Weber c) Emile Durkheim d) Karl Marx e) Auguste Comte

a) W.E.B. DuBois

In the reading "Normal Unpredictability and the Chaos in Our Lives," ___ refers to the way in which one unpredictable event cascades and creates another. a) Web of Time b) Unpredictability c) New Normal d) Alienation

a) Web of Time

Ori went to eat at his favorite restaurant and unfortunately got food poisoning. His illness was treated right away. This type of illness would be classified as: a) acute b) lifestyle based c) palliative d) chronic

a) acute

What are the tastes, habits, and expectations called that children "inherit" (or learn) from their parents and that help to achieve material success in life? a) cultural capital b) socioeconomic status (SES) c) social welfare d) ideology

a) cultural capital

___ refers to a type of health care that treats a disease or condition once it has manifested; whereas ___ refers to a type of health care that aims to avoid or forestall the onset of disease by taking preventative measures. a) curative treatment; preventative medicine b) preventative medicine; curative treatment c) chronic disease; acute disease d) palliative care; crisis medicine

a) curative treatment; preventative medicine

___ refers to an approach to punishment that relies on the threat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes. a) deterrence b) crime rate c) strain theory d) labeling theory

a) deterrence

Which theory, developed by Erving Goffman, views social life similar to a theatrical performance and focuses on impression management. a) dramaturgical theory b) Shakespearian theory c) ethnomethodology d) postmodernism

a) dramaturgical theory

A neighborhood where there is no grocery store but there are more liquor stores, convenience and drug stores, and fast food outlets than most other locations is referred to as a: a) food desert b) locavore problem c) total institution d) chain food center

a) food desert

How do sociologists define ethnicity? a) group w/ shared ancestry or cultural heritage b) ppl who share a common physical characteristic c) ppl w/ the same skin colors d) same way they define race

a) group w/ shared ancestry or cultural heritage

What term, developed by Antonio Gramsci, describes when the dominant culture, without the use of force, persuades the rest of society that its beliefs and values are the only or best values. a) hegemony b) counterculture c) impersonality d) hierarchy e) all of the above

a) hegemony

The economic system based on collective ownership of the means of production and collective distribution of goods and services is called: a) socialism b) classical liberalism c) capitalism d) communism

a) socialism

What do functionalists generally believe to be true about gender? a) some social roles are better suited 1 gender than other b) current system of gender stratification is based on conflict c) gender is constructed & maintained through everyday actions d) men maintain control of most valuable social roles

a) some social roles are better suited 1 gender than other

___ refers to a group within society that is differentiated by its distinctive values, norms, and lifestyle. a) subculture b) material culture c) ideology d) cultural relativism

a) subculture

What school of social thought insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions? a) symbolic interactionism b) weberianism c) conflict theory d) functionalism

a) symbolic interactionism

___ refers to the degree to which a researcher is measuring what they think they are measuring; the accuracy of a measurement tool. a) validity b) causality c) reliability c) correlation

a) validity

Which theoretical paradigm sees social conflict as the basis of society and social change, provides a dynamic model of change, and focuses on social inequality? a) Feminist Theory b) Conflict Theory c) Functionalism d) Symbolic Interactionism

b) Conflict Theory

Which of the following describes how deviance can be explained from the functionalist perspective? a) Deviance breaks down social cohesion and leads to revolution. b) Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms. c) Deviance helps the upper class maintain its power and influence in society. d) Deviance makes it easier for the upper class to control the poor.

b) Deviance clarifies moral boundaries and affirms norms.

Which of the following best describes a key point presented in the video Race: The Power of an Illusion, Episode 3-The House We Live In? a) Residential segregation and racial inequality are practically nonexistent because people no longer "see" color. b) Due to various historical and current practices and policies, whites on average have more wealth than blacks. c) In the early 20th century, Japanese immigrants were able to become citizens since they were classified as white. d)Post World War II, real estate and housing policies allowed all racial groups to buy affordable homes in the suburbs.

b) Due to various historical and current practices and policies, whites on average have more wealth than blacks.

-------- refers to the principle of using one's own culture as the standard by which to evaluate another group, leading to a view that cultures other than out own are abnormal or inferior. a) ideology b) Ethnocentrism c) Cultural Relativism d) culture

b) Ethnocentrism

TRUE or FALSE: According to the reading "Beyond Crime and Punishment: Prisons and Inequality," incarceration rates have been declining but crime rates have remained high since the mid-1970s.

b) False

TRUE or FALSE: According to the reading "Sense and Nonsense about Surveys," the size of a sample will depend on the population size, so you need a much larger sample when studying the population of the U.S. compared to studying the population of CSU.

b) False

TRUE or FALSE: According to the reading "What's So Cultural about Hookup Culture?" the vast majority of college students enthusiastically embrace casual sex and there are no mixed feelings about hookup culture.

b) False

TRUE or FALSE: All societies develop some form of culture, so culture is exactly the same from group to group.

b) False

TRUE or FALSE: In the United States, the top causes of death are often acute diseases.

b) False

TRUE or FALSE: Race is not a social construction because it is natural or biological.

b) False

TRUE or FALSE: Since the 1950s, unionization in the U.S. has been increasing.

b) False

True or False: Socialization only occurs in childhood, meaning that adult socialization does not exist.

b) False

According to reading "The Promise & Pitfalls of Going into the Field", how does data analysis usually occur when using ethnography? a) All after left b) Initial data alongside the field c) before going into field d) does not use data

b) Initial data alongside the field

___ refers to the ways different categories of inequality (such as race, gender, class) intersect to shape the lives of individuals and groups. a) Cisgenderism b) Intersectionality c) Heteronormativity d) Stratification

b) Intersectionality

Which of the following is a main criticism of the way the U.S. federal government defines poverty? a) It justifies a welfare system that supports a great number of people who simply do not want to work. b) It does not take into account regional differences in the cost of living. c) It overestimates the number of people who cannot afford basic necessities. d) It is too complicated because it takes into account too many factors, especially the cost of housing in each major metropolitan area.

b) It does not take into account regional differences in the cost of living.

Which socio theorist focused on bureaucracy and rationalization & wrote a famous study titles "The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism"? a) W.E.B. DuBois b) Max Weber c) Karl Marx d) Emile Durkheim e) Auguste Comte

b) Max Weber

___ refers to the process by which some behaviors or conditions that were once seen as personal problems are redefined as medical issues. a) Socialization b) Medicalization c) Mental Health d) Sick Role

b) Medicalization

From the video shown in class, which of the following is the best definition of what Jackson Katz means by the concept "tough guise"? a) Metaphor for homosexuality as a performance b) Metaphor for masculinity as a mass or performance that includes violence c) Metaphor for felinity as a mask or performance that includes violence d) Metaphor for frontstage behavior regarding class location

b) Metaphor for masculinity as a mass or performance that includes violence

__ refers to ideas about what is right and wrong; whereas __ refers to rules or guidelines regarding what kinds of behaviors are acceptable and appropriate. a) Laws; values b) Values; norms c) mores; folkways d) norms; values

b) Values; norms

How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's? a) Weber believed that wealth was the only factor that mattered, regardless of how that wealth was acquired. b) Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's social class. c) Weber did not believe that owning the means of production mattered in any way. d) Weber believed that class status was inherited and was an extension of the old feudal system.

b) Weber believed that wealth, power, and prestige could all affect a person's social class.

What do we call norm violations that are codified into law? a) mores b) crimes c) taboos d) violent crimes

b) crimes

Which theory of deviance claims that individuals learn to be deviant by interacting with others who are already deviant? a) labeling theory b) differential association theory c) conflict theory d) structural functionalism

b) differential association theory

According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter most in a capitalist system? a) family & kin b) economic relations c) nationality d) religion

b) economic relations

Social movements that are organized around a belief in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes are called: a) sexism b) feminism c) queer theory d) interactionism

b) feminism

___ refers to forms of cultural expression usually associated with elite or dominant classes. a) Popular culture b) high culture c) low culture d) deviant culture

b) high culture

The ___ variable (also known as the cause) is the factor that is predicted to cause change; whereas the ___ variable (also known as the effect) is the factor that is changed. a) Dependent variable; independent variable b) independent variable; dependent variable c) independent variable; mediating variable d) mediating variable; independent variable

b) independent variable; dependent variable

Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called ________ mobility. a) life-cycle b) intragenerational c) intergenerational d) structural

b) intragenerational

___ refers to ideas about characteristics of a group applied to all members of the group and unlikely to change regardless of evidence, whereas ____ refers to unequal treatment of individuals based on membership in a social group. a) Racism; prejudice b) prejudice; discrimination c) discrimination; racism d) discrimination; prejudice

b) prejudice; discrimination

Which of the following is one of the primary principles of capitalism? a) gov regulation of industry b) privatization of the means of production c) a focus on meeting the basic needs of all citizens d) collective distribution of goods & services

b) privatization of the means of production

Sally is a college student and employee at Starbucks. The night before an exam, Sally's boss asks her to work late. Sally is likely to experience ____ due to contradictions of her different roles associated with being a student and an employee. a) Master status b) role conflict c) impression management d) role strain

b) role conflict

___ is a concept developed by Talcott Parsons to refer to the actions and attitudes that a society expects from someone who is ill. a) chronic illness b) sick role c) doctor's note d) acute illness

b) sick role

___ refers to a web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to other people. a) Economic capital b) social networks c) cultural capital d) narratives

b) social networks

____ refers to the process by a society teaches individuals to become functioning members and the process by which individuals learn and internalize the values and norms of the group. a) culture b) socialization c) formal sociology d) ethnomethodology

b) socialization

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is the most accurate? a) involve intimate fact-to-face interactions b) they tend to be based on specific roles or activities c) usually small and long-lasting d) their values become fused into a person's identity

b) they tend to be based on specific roles or activities

How do sociologists define a minority group? a) group smaller than dominant group b) group makes up less than 20% of total pop c) group whose members are systematically denied access to power & resources d) group makes up less than 50% of total pop

c)

How do sociologists define race? a) the difference btw Mongoloid, Negroid, & Caucasoid ppl b) group w/ a shared cultural heritage c) social category based on real or perceived biological differences d) the same way we define ethnicity

c)

Societies that encourage racial and ethnic diversity have embraced the value of: a) globalization b) racial assimilation c) pluralism d) cultural assimilation

c)

Which perspective claims that notion of gender are socially determined so that the meaning of masculinity and femininity may vary across societies or history? a) essentialism b) Macro sociology c) social constructionism d) Biological determinism

c)

According to Karl Mark, which of the following is NOT a type of alienation that workers experience? a) Alienation from other workers b) Alienation from production process c) Alienation from employers d) Alienation from product e) all of the above

c) Alienation from employers (should be from self)

Which social theorist developed the concept of the looking glass self? a) George Simmel b) Karl Marx c) Charles Cooley d) George Herbert Mead

c) Charles Cooley

___ refers to an ideology that removes race as an explanation for any form of unequal treatment and is often a less overt and more subtle form of racism. a) race consciousness b) Jim Crow Racism c) Color-Blind Racism d) Slavery

c) Color-Blind Racism

According to George Herbert Mead, which of the following is NOT one of the stages of socialization? a) Play Stage b) Preparatory Stage c) Conventional Stage d) Game Stage e) All of the above

c) Conventional Stage

Which social theorist translated Auguste Comte's work into English, was a social activist, and provided a critique of American leadership and culture? a) W.E.B. DuBois b) Patricia Hill Collins c) Harriet Martineu d) Jane Addams

c) Harriet Martineu

How is institutional discrimination different from individual discrimination? a) Institutional discrimination involves attitudes or opinions b) Institutional discrimination is less harmful c) Institutional discrimination is more systematic & widespread d) Institutional discrimination can either be pos or neg.

c) Institutional discrimination is more systematic & widespread

Which sociological theorist focused on conflict and class struggle due to the relationship to the means of production? a) Max Weber b) Emile Durkheim c) Karl Marx d) W.E.B. DuBois e) Auguste Comte

c) Karl Marx

Patriarchy can be defined as: a) a society that privileges women's experiences over those of men b) a society that seeks to equalize men's and women's access in the workplace c) a society in which women are dominated by men d) a society in which women and men share equal access to positions of prestige, power, and control over the means of production

c) a society in which women are dominated by men

Which theory of gender inequality claims men historically had access to more material resources and that gender inequality comes from class inequality? a) psychoanalytic theories b) symbolic interactionism c) conflict theory d) structural functionalism

c) conflict theory

In the United States, ___ refers to the collection of social institutions that create and enforce laws such as legislatures, police, courts, and prisons. a) deviance system b) state system c) criminal justice system d) mass incarceration

c) criminal justice system

Which of the following group of workers are classified as part of the contingent workforce? a) doctors b) teachers c) independent contractors d) service workers

c) independent contractors

___ culture includes any physical object to which we give social meaning, whereas ___ culture includes ideas associated with a cultural group including ways of thinking and ways of behaving. a) Symbolic culture; material culture b) subculture; material culture c) material culture; symbolic culture d) counterculture; subculture

c) material culture; symbolic culture

When we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life, we are practicing ________ care. a) preventative b) chronic c) palliative d) crisis

c) palliative

Tactics that let workers take back some degree of control over the conditions in which they work are called: a) service work b) collective bargaining c) resistance strategies d) knowledge work

c) resistance strategies

___ refers to the set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status. a) status set b) impression management c) role d) master status

c) role

According to labeling theory, ____ deviance refers to subsequent deviant identity or career that develops as a result of being labeled deviant. a) primary deviance b) tertiary deviance c) secondary deviance d) strain deviance

c) secondary deviance

___ refers to the formal and informal mechanisms used to elicit conformity to values and norms and thus promote social cohesion. a) rehabilitative sanction b) social deviance c) social control d) restitutive sanction

c) social control

___ refers to the tendency of social classes to remain relatively stable as class status is passed down from one generation to the next. a) racism b) intergeneration mobility c) social reproduction d) stratification

c) social reproduction

___ refers to division of society into groups arranged in a social hierarchy and is present in all societies. a) caste system b) social reproduction c) social stratification d) slavery

c) social stratification

___ is a term coined by C.Wright Mills and refers the quality of mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our individual circumstances and larger social forces or connections between biography and history? a) sociology b) social identity c) sociological imagination d) social institution

c) sociological imagination

In trying to establish causation, researchers should be careful of ___, which refers to the appearance of causation produced by an intervening variable such as concluding that ice cream sales cause crime but failing to account for temperature. a) Representativeness b) independent variable c) spurious correlation d) dependent variable

c) spurious correlation

___ refers to an attribute that devalues a person or group's identity and that may exclude those who are devalued from normal social interaction. a) formal sanction b) social deviance c) stigma d) social control

c) stigma

____ refers to changes in the social status of large numbers of people as a result of structural changes in society. a) Intergenerational Mobility b) Horizontal mobility c) structural mobility d) vertical mobility

c) structural mobility

___ refers to an informal public place where people come together regularly for conversation and camaraderie when not at work or at home. a) formal recreation b) tourist trap c) third place d) library

c) third place

In the reading "Friends with Academic Benefits" which type of network consisted of densely woven friendship groups where nearly all of an individual's friends are friends with each other? a) Facebook networks b) compartmentalizers c) tight knitters d) samplers

c) tight knitters

What is it called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group? a) internal colonialism b) segregation c) population transfer d) assimilation

d)

Which theory of gender inequality claims that gender is learned through socialization and gender inequality is reproduced through interactions? a) Structural Functionalism b) Essentialism c) Conflict Theory d) Symbolic Interactionism

d)

Which organization was highlighted in your textbook and in lecture as an example of how medicine is a social institution that governs medicine in the U.S.? a) National Institutes of Health b) Colorado Medical Board c) World Health Organization d) American Medical Association

d) American Medical Association

What is the difference between basic and applied research? a) Applied is usually quantitative b) applied is the search for knowledge for its own sake c) basic is almost always done by marxists d) applied is gathering knowledge that can be used for social change

d) applied is gathering knowledge that can be used for social change

___ refers to the legitimate right to wield power. a) deviance b) coercion c) crime d) authority

d) authority

___ refers to a system of government that eliminates private property with no class distinctions where all citizens work for the government. a) Feudalism b) capitalism c) fordism d) communism

d) communism

What theory argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom? a) Labeling theory b) structural functionalism c) differential association theory d) conflict theory

d) conflict theory

___ refers to the principle of understanding other cultures on their own terms; not judging or evaluating according to our own culture. a) ideology b) ethnocentrism c) culture d) cultural relativism

d) cultural relativism

___ refers to the study of disease patterns to understand the cause of illnesses, how they spread, and what interventions to take. a) pharmacology b) entomology c) demography d) epidemiology

d) epidemiology

___ refers to the belief that gender roles have a genetic or biological origin and therefore cannot be changed. a) social constructionism b) feminist theory c) transsexuality d) essentialism

d) essentialism

Women are more likely than men to live in poverty, a situation often referred to as: a) rape culture b) third-wave feminism c) patriarchy d) feminization of poverty

d) feminization of poverty

The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called: a) runaway shops b) commodity stops c) shallow integration d) globalization

d) globalization

___ refers to the part of the economy composed of nonprofit organizations where workers are mission driven, rather than profit driven. a) technology firms b) transnational corporations c) ecotourism d) independent sector (or third sector)

d) independent sector (or third sector)

According to Robert Merton's strain theory, which type of person accepts the cultural goals of society but rejects the institutional means (for example a drug dealer)? a) ritualist b) conformist c) retreatist d) innovator

d) innovator

What is referred to as the "Fourth Estate?" a) leisure b) high culture c) recreation d) media

d) media

___ studies face-to-face and small group interactions; whereas ___ studies large-scale social structures. a) macrosociology; microsociology b) Midrange theory; micro sociology c) macrosociology; midrange theory d) micro sociology; macrosociology

d) micro sociology; macrosociology

Which term describes a policy of honoring diverse racial, ethnic, religious, linguistic, and national backgrounds and encouraging cultural differences within a society? a) cultural imperialism b) high culture c) cultural relativism d) multiculturalism

d) multiculturalism

___ groups are characterized by face-to-face interaction, high levels of cooperation, feelings of belonging where group members associate in order to spend time together. a) Large groups b) secondary groups c) out-groups d) primary groups

d) primary groups

___ is research that translates the social world into numbers that can be treated mathematically a) Qualitative research b) feminist methods c) research methods d) quantitative research

d) quantitative research

___ refers to norms, values, and patterns of behavior that actually exist within a society even though they may not correspond what people believe should be observed in principle. a) Ideal culture b) symbolic culture c) applied culture d) real culture

d) real culture

___ refers to the work that involves providing a service; whereas ___ refers to work that primarily deals with information and producing value in the economy through ideas and analysis. a) manufacturing; service work b) knowledge work; service work c) knowledge work; agriculture d) service work; knowledge work

d) service work; knowledge work

How do most sociologists differentiate between sex and gender? a) gender is biological; not sexual b) both relate to genetics, but hormones have a greater influence on gender c) sex is genetic; gender is about primarily & secondary sex characteristics d) sex is biological; gender is social

d) sex is biological; gender is social

When a large group is asked to complete a task, individual members often neglect their responsibilities, because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called: a) Group polarization b) groupthink c) social ties d) social loafing

d) social loafing

___ refers to a measure of an individual's place within a social class system and might be measured by indicators of income, education, or occupational prestige. a) poverty b) race c) gender d) socioeconomic status (SES)

d) socioeconomic status (SES)

Which theoretical paradigm is based on the assumption that society is a unified whole that functions because of the contributions of its separate structures? a) conflict theory b) symbolic interactionism c) feminist theory d) structural functionalism

d) structural functionalism

Which paradigm is critiqued as having limited scope b/c it is restricted to the study of face-to-face interaction? a) Structural Functionalism c) conflict theory b) Feminist theory d) symbolic interactionism

d) symbolic interactionism

Which theoretical paradigm sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but are created through interaction? a) feminist theory b) functionalism c) conflict theory d) symbolic interactionism

d) symbolic interactionism

____ crime is committed by a high-status individual in the course of their occupation. a) informal deviance b) street crime c) violent crime d) white-collar crime

d) white-collar crime

Which of following was NOT presented as a basic pattern of intergroup relationships? a) assimilation b) genocide c) segregation d) pluralism e) all of the above

e)

Which of the following was NOT presented as an agent of socialization? a) Peers b) Family c) School d) Media e) All of the above were presented

e) all of the above

Prior to collecting data, researchers who use a sample must also identify that target population. What is this target group?

the larger group of people about whom we wish to generalize.