SOCY-1003 Chapter 12

10. For every dollar a man makes in the United States, how much does a woman make?

77 cents

6. The term sexuality is defined by the text as:

A person's capacity for sexual feelings

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? A. Functionalism B. Conflict theory C. Symbolic interactionalism D. Queer theory

A. Functionalism

In which country is sex education required in public schools? A. The United States B. Sweden C. England D. Nigeria

B. Sweden

The terms "masculine" and "feminine" refer to a person's _________. A. sex B. gender C. both sex and gender D. none of the above

B. gender

11. When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. This exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fit Jeff's views?

Conflict theory

Sociologists associate sexuality with _______. A.. heterosexuality B. homosexuality C. biological factors D. a person's capacity for sexual feelings

D. a person's capacity for sexual feelings

DOMA

Defense of Marriage Act, a 1996 U.S. law explicitly limiting the definition of "marriage" to a union between one man and one woman and allowing each individual state to recognize or deny same-sex marriages performed in other states

8. What is the first agent of socialization?

Family

14. When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. A handful of the sisters vote "no." This is an example of:

Homophobia

Patrilineal

Kings Father > Son

Matrilineal

Mother > Daughter

1. What is the difference between sex and gender?

Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.*

7. Jenny is given a doll for 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender:

Socialization

18. In which country is sex education required in public schools?

Sweden

Biological determinism is:

The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology

16. What is the purpose of queer theory?

To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality.

2. True or false: A person's sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender.

True

13. The term doing gender can be defined as:

When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.

Global stratification

a comparison of the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries as a whole

intergenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different generations of a family

Davis-Moore thesis

a thesis that argues some social stratification is a social necessity

_______ is/are an individual's self-conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles. a. Gender identity b. Sexual attitudes c. Sexual orientation d. Gender bias

a. Gender identity

Compared to most Western societies, American sexual attitudes are considered _______. a. conservative b. liberal c. permissive d. free

a. conservative

Homophobia

an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

Minority group

any group of people who are singled out from the others for differential and unequal treatment

gender identity

being masculine/feminine

Prejudice

biased thought based on flawed assumptions about a group of people

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? a. Feminism b. Symbolic Interactionism c. Functionalism d. Conflict theory

c. Functionalism

free range parenting movement

children need to go out and make mistakes so they can learn from them

double standard

concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

Which of the following is the best example of the role peers play as an agent of socialization for school-aged children? a. Peers serve as a support system for children who wish to act outside of their assigned gender roles. b. Children can act however they wish around their peers because children are unaware of gender roles. c. None of the above d. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

d. Peers tend to reinforce gender roles by criticizing and marginalizing those who behave outside of their assigned roles.

In 1973, the American Psychological Associate (APA) declassified homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Which sociological perspective would e most interested in the statement the (APA) made to society? A. Structural Functionalism B. Exchange Theory C. Cyberfeminism D. Symbolic Interactionism

d. Symbolic Interactionism

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": a. during half of our activities b. only when they apply to our biological sex c. only if we are actively following gender roles d. all of the time, in everything we do

d. all of the time, in everything we do

Gender Role

gender role: society's concept of how men and women should behave

polygamy

multiple husbands/wives

cohabitation

relationship and you're living together

Gender role

society's concept of how men and women should behave

Wealth

the value of money and assets a person has from, for example, inheritance

Endogamous marriages

unions of people within the same social category

3. The term sexual orientation can be defined as:

A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex

19. What is the Kinsey Scale?

A six-point rating system that ranges from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation.

What is the first agent of socialization? A. The Law B. Family C. School D. Friends

B. Family

Jenny is given a doll for her 2nd birthday, while her brother, Tyrone, is given a fire truck. This is an example of gender _______. A. Bending B. Socialization C. Indifference D. Stratification

B. Socialization

What Western country is thought to be the most liberal in its attitudes toward sex? A. United States B. Sweden C. Mexico D. Ireland

B. Sweden

When Wendy's sorority sisters discover that Wendy is a lesbian, they hold a secret meeting to decide if Wendy should still be allowed to pledge. A handful of the sisters vote "no." This is an example of: A. Doing gender B. Bisexuality C. Homophobia D. Social imperialism

C. Homophobia

Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? A. Women are typically shorter than men. B. Men do not live as long as women. C. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded. D. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women.

C. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.

hich of the following is NOT a product of gender stereotyping? A. Keisha's mom encouraging her to take home economics over shop class so she can please her future husband. B. A music store employee encouraging a young woman to study the piano or flute instead of the drums or guitar. C. A teacher discouraging a female student from entering the military, suggesting nursing school instead. D. A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday.

D. A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday.

The term sexuality is defined by the text as: A. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine. B. The repressed sexual inclinations of society as a whole. C. An individual's biological gender. D. A person's capacity for sexual feelings.

D. A person's capacity for sexual feelings.

4. Peggy accepts a job offer as an advertising copywriter. Her boss immediately assigns her campaigns for products such as makeup and cleaning products. Peggy asks for different clients, but her boss tells her she should stick to what she and "her kind" know best. Peggy is experiencing :

Sexism

Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure allowed women to become breadwinners also, altering the roles of the family. From what sociological perspective do Tasha's thoughts come?

Social functionalism

17. In 1973, the American Psychological Association (APA) declassified homosexuality as an abnormal or deviant disorder. Which sociological perspective would be most interested in the statement the (APA) made to society?

Symbolic Interactionism

Gender Dysphoria

a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

Subordinate group

a group of people who have less power than the dominant group

Sex

a term that denotes the presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

graph

as women's paid work went up, housework went down

Ethnicity

shared culture, which may include heritage, language, religion, and more

Amalgamation

the process by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group

Racial profiling

the use by law enforcement of race alone to determine whether to stop and detain someone

intersection theory

theory that suggests we cannot separate the effects of race, class, gender, sexual orientation, and other attributes

transgender

to individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex

doing gender

when people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves

polyandry

woman takes two or more husbands at the same time

9. When Jeanette's parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for a month. This is an example of:

A double standard

15. Which of the following is NOT a product of gender stereotyping?

A father buying a basketball hoop for his daughter's eighth birthday.

When Jeanette's parents find out her twin brother, Rex, has been sexually active, they tell him to use protection. When they found out Jeanette has been sexually active, they ground her for a month. This is an example of: A. A double Standard B. A misunderstanding C. Gender Identity D. Homophobia

A. A double Standard

When thinking about gender, Jeff sees men as the dominant social group and women the subordinate group. This exploitation of the subordinate group has created social problems, such as high rates of poverty among single mothers. Which sociological perspective best fit Jeff's views? Select one: A. Conflict Theory B. Structural Functionalism C. Cyberfeminism D. Symbolic Interactionism

A. Conflict Theory

_______ is/are an individual's self-conception of being male or female based on his or her association with masculine or feminine gender roles. A. Gender identity B. Gender bias C. Sexual orientation D. Sexual attitudes

A. Gender identity

What is the purpose of the queer theory? A. To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality. B. To purpose a series of federal laws that will put an end to many social inequalities. C. To determine whether sexual orientation is a product of nature or nurture. D. To examine the genetic differences between the heterosexual population and homosexual population.

A. To question the ways society perceives and experiences sex, gender, and sexuality.

Chase grew up wanting to wear his sister's dresses over his brother's pants and button up shirts. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. He decides he doesn't want to undergo surgery. Chase is: A. Transgender B. Bisexual C. Transsexual D. Homophobic

A. Transgender

True or false: A person's sex, as determined by his or her biology, does not always correspond with his or her gender. A. True B. False

A. True

20. Which of the following contributes to the myths surrounding male and female learning abilities in the classroom? a. Praising males for right answers more often than praising females. b. Giving males more opportunity to expand on their ideas. c. Placing males and females in competition with each other. d. All of the above.

All of the above

Gender Dysphoria is: A. A condition where transgender people choose to alter their bodies. B. A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with C. A form of sexual dysfunction and paraphila. D. A form of homophobia

B. A condition of people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with

According to national surveys, most American parents support which type of sex education program in school? A. Abstinence only B. Abstinence plus sexual safety C. Sexual safety without promoting abstinence D. No sex education

B. Abstinence plus sexual safety

To which theoretical perspective does the following statement most likely apply: Women continue to assume the responsibility in the household along with a paid occupation because it keeps the household running smoothly, i.e., at a state of balance? A. Conflict theory B. Functionalism C. Feminist theory D. Symbolic interactionism

B. Functionalism

Peggy accepts a job offer as an advertising copywriter. Her boss immediately assigns her campaigns for products such as makeup and cleaning products. Peggy asks for different clients, but her boss tells her she should stick to what she and "her kind" know best. Peggy is experiencing : A. Sexual orientation B. Sexism C. Masochism D. Homophobia

B. Sexism

Tasha believes that gender is about the division of labor in the family. In the pre-industrial era, men were the hunter-gatherers and bread-winners, and women were keepers of the home. After World War II, changes in the family structure allowed women to become breadwinners also, altering the roles of the family. From what sociological perspective do Tasha's thoughts come? A. Cyberfeminism B. Structural Functionalism C. Symbolic Interactionism D. Conflict Theory

B. Structural Functionalism

The term doing gender can be defined as: A. The refusal to participate in any tasks with gender-specific requirements. B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves. C. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. D. Dating a member of the same sex to make a political statement.

B. When people perform tasks based upon the gender assigned to them by society and, in turn, themselves.

Research indicates that individuals are aware of their sexual orientation _______. A. at infancy B. in early adolescence C. in early adulthood D. in late adulthood

B. in early adolescence

A person who is biologically female but identifies with the male gender and has undergone surgery to alter her body is considered _______. A. transgendered B. transsexual C. a cross-dresser D. homosexual

B. transsexual

The term sexual orientation can be defined as: A. a phase which a person outgrows before entering heterosexuality. B. A term that refers to individuals who identity with the behaviors and characteristics that are opposite of their biological sex. C. A person's biological gender D. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex.

D. A person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex.

What is the Kinsey Scale? A. An in-depth guide to measure whether a loved one is homosexual or heterosexual. B. A religious text which classifies a person's ability to live as a heterosexual. C. An instructional manual explaining acceptable homosexual, heterosexual, and bisexual behavior. D. A six-point rating system that ranges fro, exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation.

D. A six-point rating system that ranges fro, exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual orientation.

Which of following is correct regarding the explanation for transgenderism? A. It is strictly biological and associated with chemical imbalances in the brain. B. It is a behavior that is learned through socializing with other transgendered individuals. C. It is genetic and usually skips one generation. D. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.

D. Currently, there is no definitive explanation for transgenderism.

What is the difference between sex and gender? A. Sex refers to who a person is sexually attracted to, and gender refers to whom a person chooses to partner with. B. Sex is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine, gender is biological characterization of anatomy. C. Sex refers to sexual orientation, and gender refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females. D. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

D. Sex refers to physical or physiological differences between males and females, while gender is the extent to which one identifies as being either masculine or feminine.

Biological determinism is: A. The prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another. B. An extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals. C. An individual's sense of being either masculine or feminine. D. The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology.

D. The belief that men and women behave differently due to differences in their biology.

5. Chase grew up wanting to wear his sister's dresses over his brother's pants and button up shirts. When Chase turns 18, he decides to begin living as woman, though he's still only sexually attracted to women. He decides he doesn't want to undergo surgery. Chase is:

Transgender

Gender dysphoria

a condition listed in the DSM-5 in which people whose gender at birth is contrary to the one they identify with. This condition replaces "gender identity disorder"

Intragenerational mobility

a difference in social class between different members of the same generation

Dominant group

a group of people who have more power in a society than any of the subordinate groups

Class

a group who shares a common social status based on factors like wealth, income, education, and occupation

Primogeniture

a law stating that all property passes to the firstborn son

Downward mobility

a lowering of one's social class

Sexuality

a person's capacity for sexual feelings

Gender Identity

a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender

Gender identity

a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender

sexual orientation

a person's emotional and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

Sexual Orientation

a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

Sexual orientation

a person's physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex (male or female)

sexuality

a persons capacity for sexual feelings

queer theory

a scholarly discipline that questions fixed (normative) definitions of gender and sexuality

Racism

a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that are used to justify the belief that one racial category is somehow superior or inferior to others

Structural mobility

a societal change that enables a whole group of people to move up or down the class ladder

Social stratification

a socioeconomic system that divides society's members into categories ranking from high to low, based on things like wealth, power, and prestige

Caste system

a system in which people are born into a social standing that they will retain their entire lives

Gender

a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female

gender

a term that refers to social or cultural distinctions of behaviors that are considered male or female

Scapegoat theory

a theory that suggests that the dominant group will displace its unfocused aggression onto a subordinate group

According to the symbolic interactionist perspective, we "do gender": a. all of the time, in everything we do b. only if we are actively following gender roles c. during half of our activities d. only when they apply to our biological sex

a. all of the time, in everything we do ~

Transgender

an adjective that describes individuals who identify with the behaviors and characteristics that are other than their biological sex

homophobia

an extreme or irrational aversion to homosexuals

Meritocracy

an ideal system in which personal effort-or merit-determines social standing

Heterosexism

an ideology and a set of institutional practices that privilege heterosexuals and heterosexuality over other sexual orientations

Upward mobility

an increase--or upward shift--in social class

Queer Theory

an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness

Queer theory

an interdisciplinary approach to sexuality studies that identifies Western society's rigid splitting of gender into male and female roles and questions its appropriateness

Only women are affected by gender stratification. a. True b. False

b. False

Which theoretical perspective stresses the importance of regulating sexual behavior to ensure marital cohesion and family stability? a. Symbolic Interactionism b. Structural Functionalism c. Queer Theory d. Conflict Theory

b. Structural Functionalism

Which of the following is the best example of a gender stereotype? a. Women are typically shorter than men. b. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded. c. Men do not live as long as women. d. Men hold more high-earning, leadership jobs than women.

b. Women tend to be overly emotional, while men tend to be levelheaded.

bigamy

going through a marriage ceremony while already married to another person.

Anette Lareau

noticed class differences in how a family raised their kids

monogamy

one man married to one woman

sexism

one sex should be valued over another

Stereotypes

oversimplified ideas about groups of people

polygny

plural marriage

Discrimination

prejudiced action against a group of people

sex

presence of physical or physiological differences between males and females

dowry

property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage

Institutional racism

racism embedded in social institutions

Class system

social standing based on social factors and individual accomplishments

Social Construction of Sexuality

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

Social construction of sexuality

socially created definitions about the cultural appropriateness of sex-linked behavior which shape how people see and experience sexuality

gender role

society's concept of how men and women should behave

Patriarchy

society/gov. in which the father is head of the family and descendants are traced through the male line

Matriarchy

society/gov. ruled by a woman

Social mobility

the ability to change positions within a social stratification system

Expulsion

the act of a dominant group forcing a subordinate group to leave a certain area or even the country

Conspicuous consumption

the act of buying and using products to make a statement about social standing

Racial steering

the act of real estate agents directing prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

Biological Determinism

the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology

Biological determinism

the belief that men and women behave differently due to inherent sex differences related to their biology

Colorism

the belief that one type of skin tone is superior or inferior to another within a racial group

White privilege

the benefits people receive simply by being part of the dominant group

Double Standard

the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

Double standard

the concept that prohibits premarital sexual intercourse for women but allows it for men

Status consistency

the consistency, or lack thereof, of an individual's rank across social categories like income, education, and occupation

Genocide

the deliberate annihilation of a targeted (usually subordinate) group

Pluralism

the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl:" a mixture of different cultures where each culture retains its own identity and yet adds to the "flavor" of the whole

Sedimentation of racial inequality

the intergenerational impact of de facto and de jure racism that limits the abilities of black people to accumulate wealth

Standard of living

the level of wealth available to acquire material goods and comforts to maintain a particular socioeconomic lifestyle

Income

the money a person earns from work or investments

Doing Gender

the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves

Doing gender

the performance of tasks based upon the gender assigned to us by society and, in turn, ourselves

Segregation

the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions

Redlining

the practice of routinely refusing mortgages for households and business located in predominately minority communities

Sexism

the prejudiced belief that one sex should be valued over another

Assimilation

the process by which a minority individual or group takes on the characteristics of the dominant culture

Social construction of race

the school of thought that race is not biologically identifiable

Model minority

the stereotype applied to a minority group that is seen as reaching higher educational, professional, and socioeconomic levels without protest against the majority establishment

Culture of prejudice

the theory that prejudice is embedded in our culture

Class traits

the typical behaviors, customs, and norms that define each class (also called class markers)

Transsexuals

transgender individuals who attempt to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy

transsexuals

transgendered individuals who wish to alter their bodies through medical interventions such as surgery and hormonal therapy

Exogamous unions

unions of spouses from different social categories