US Chapter 3

If a state cuts assistance to the poor and neighboring states respond by making similar or deeper cuts in order to discourage poor people from moving to their states, it would be called a

"race to the bottom."

Why was United States v. Lopez (1995) important?

It was the first time since the New Deal that the Supreme Court limited the power of Congress as outlined under the commerce clause.

Which of the following statements about the relationship between state and local governments is NOT accurate?

Local governments can legally dissolve the government of the state in which they reside if every local government votes to do so.

State laws banning interracial marriage were struck down as unconstitutional in which Supreme Court case?

Loving v. Virginia

Using block grants to return power to the states was part of ________ during the Nixon (1969-1974) and Reagan (1981-1989) administrations

New Federalism

What happened in 1937 that decisively ended the era of dual federalism?

The Supreme Court issued a series of decisions throwing out the old distinction between interstate and intrastate commerce.

Which of the following Supreme Court cases limited federal power?

United States v. Lopez and Printz v. United States

Programs through which Congress provides money to state and local governments on the condition that the funds be employed for purposes defined by the federal government are called

grants-in-aid.

Since 1960, the value of categorical grants provided by the federal government to state and local governments

has increased from $54 billion in 1960 to $667 billion in 2019.

What is it called when a state grants a city the ability to govern its own local affairs?

home rule

Federalism is best defined as a system of government

in which power is divided between a national government and lower-level governments.

The processes by which local, state, and federal governments negotiate and compromise over policy responsibilities is called

intergovernmental relations.

The purpose of the Tenth Amendment is to

limit the powers of the federal government by reserving certain powers to the states and to the people.

Cities, counties and states that declare themselves "sanctuaries" with respect to immigration

limit their cooperation with the federal government's attempts to enforce immigration law.

In the United States, zoning laws, the provision of parks and recreational facilities, and basic services such as trash collection are typically the responsibility of

local governments

Which clause is the source of implied powers under the U.S. Constitution?

necessary and proper

Which of the following is a good example of how state governments use their "police power"?

providing professional licenses to barbers and hair stylists

Economic policies that attempt to benefit the poor through taxing and spending are referred to as

redistributive programs.

The best example of a concurrent power under the U.S. Constitution is the power to

regulate commercial activity.

In a federal system, governmental responsibilities are

shared by both state and federal governments.

The "traditional system" of American federalism refers to a period when

the national government was quite small and carried out only a narrow and very specialized set of responsibilities.

If the federal government passed a law that did not provide money to state and local governments but required them to construct wheelchair lifts at all train stations, it would be an example of a(n)

unfunded mandate.

In Printz v. United States, the Supreme Court struck down a law that required state and local law enforcement officials to conduct background checks on handgun purchasers because the law

violated the Tenth Amendment's guarantee of state sovereignty.

The number of categorical grants in the United States increased dramatically during the

1960s

Which statement best describes American federalism since the 1930s?

Although the federal government has grown significantly more powerful since the 1930s, the basic framework of American federalism has not been altered and state governments remain important.

________ compels state governments to obey costly federal regulations but does not reimburse those costs.

An unfunded mandate

The power of Congress to regulate commerce with foreign nations, among the several states, and with Native American tribes is found in ________ of the U.S. Constitution.

Article I

________ powers exist when both the state and national governments share authority in certain domains.

Concurrent

________ is evidenced when national officials fund a project that is actually implemented by state governments.

Cooperative federalism

Unfunded mandates were primarily the result of tension between a

Democratic Congress that wanted to achieve liberal social objectives and Republican presidents who opposed increased social spending.

The era of dual federalism was from the ________ until ________.

Founding; the New Deal

Which president introduced and presided over the New Deal?

Franklin Roosevelt

"Commerce among the several states" was first defined in which Supreme Court case?

Gibbons v. Ogden

Which amendment preserves a strong role for the states in the American federal republic?

Tenth

The Supreme Court used which constitutional amendment as the basis for striking down the 1875 Civil Rights Act?

Tenth Amendment

What was the overall importance of McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?

The Court allowed Congress to use the necessary and proper clause to broadly interpret its delegated powers.

Which statement best describes the Supreme Court's decisions about federalism during the 1990s?

The Court limited the power of the national government over the state governments.

Which of the following scenarios would be most likely in of a unitary system of government?

The federal government provides all funding for and sets detailed educational guidelines that local governments must implement.

Suppose the government wanted to develop a national high-speed rail network. The federal government supplies states with the money to do so, but imposes very strict laws on how it will be spent. This type of funding is most likely to come from

a categorical grant

A federal grant to states specifically to assist in the building of new public schools is an example of a ________ grant.

categorical

The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV is also referred to as the ________ clause.

comity

Which of the following parts of the U.S. Constitution has been most important in allowing the growth of national power?

commerce clause

The ability to charter banks is an example of a ________ power.

concurrent

The Southern Manifesto

declared that states were not bound by Supreme Court decisions outlawing racial segregation.

The 2001 No Child Left Behind Act

expanded the federal government's authority over public education.

The specific powers granted to Congress in Article I, Section 8, of the U.S. Constitution are called the ________ powers.

expressed

During the first 150 years under the Constitution, the federal government was

focused narrowly on taking actions to assist commerce and encourage economic development.

The fact that state governments are required to enforce restraining orders placed on stalkers and batterers in other states is a result of the

full faith and credit clause of the Constitution.

The ________ and the ________ clauses of the U.S. Constitution involve the relationships between and among the various states.

full faith and credit; privileges and immunities

The form of federal assistance called ________ provides money to state governments with no strings attached.

general revenue sharing

Which of the following is the best definition of an expressed power?

powers given to Congress as spelled out in Article I of the Constitution

An example of ________ is when federal officials force state officials to implement more stringent national water pollution regulations.

preemption

The principle of ________ gives the federal government the power to override any state or local law in one particular area of policy.

preemption

The main function of the privileges and immunities clause of Article IV is that it

prevents states from discriminating against nonresidents.

The "fugitive slave" clause of the Constitution

required "free states" without slavery to return freedom-seeking enslaved people to the states from which they escaped.

The Secure Communities program

required state and local authorities to check the fingerprints of people being booked into jail against a Homeland Security database.

Which powers, derived from the Tenth Amendment, are neither delegated to the national government nor denied to the states?

reserved

In the American version of federalism

state and local governments have far more policymaking responsibility than in most federal systems.

The Supreme Court's decision in Printz v. United States was important because it declared that

state and local officials could not be required to administer a federal regulatory program.

Under the traditional system of American federalism, most of the fundamental governing in the United States was done by

state governments

Which level of government writes the majority of criminal laws?

state governments

The full faith and credit clause of the Constitution requires the

states to honor each other's public acts and legal decisions.

The ________ clause in the U.S. Constitution affirms that national laws and treaties are "the supreme Law of the Land."

supremacy

Which of the following events was most influential in triggering the rise of a more active national government?

the Great Depression

If you advocated limiting the powers of the national government, which part of the Constitution would justify your position?

the Tenth Amendment

The 1996 Defense of Marriage Act was most closely related to which of the following constitutional clauses?

the full faith and credit clause