Chapter 5: Key Terminiology

What posture encourages cervical retraction?

upright posture

Sacral/ Coccygeal Vertebrae (p. 126)

Sacrum is fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae; posterior to pelvis; S1-S5 fuse together in triangular shape; fit between two hip bones. L5 of lumbar vertebrae articulates with sacrum at lumbosacral joint; last vertebra in sacrum articulates with coccyx or tail bone. The coccyx or tail bone is formed of 4 vertebrae; no movement occur; most common injury is falling on hard surface

Concave curve

curve that extends inward or anteriorly example: bowl or cup

Thoracic Vertebral Curve (p. 117 Table 5-2)

Projects posteriorly or is concave and is located in the middle section of your back; 12 vertebral segments (T1-T12); movable/ flexible

The lumbar spine has more available ________ than the thoracic spine but less than the _________ spine.

Rom; cervical

Pelvic obliquity

characterized by one side of the hip being higher than the other; deviation of the pelvis in the frontal plane; may be caused by or accompany scoliosis; spine will curve

Rib cage

composed of the sternum; 12 thoracic vertebrae; 12 ribs; all articulate with vertebrae

Sacral Vertebral Curve (p. 117 Table 5-2)

contains 5 vertebral segments and the coccyx; concave curve; fixed

Convex curve

curve that extends outward or in relation to the body posteriorly example: ball

Vertebral column

triaxial; allows movement in 3 planes

Intercostal muscles between ribs (p. 126)

aid in respiration; along with thoracic vertebrae, provide bony, stable protection for heart and lungs; provides support for upper extremities

L5

articulated with sacrum; has greatest amount of ROM

Facet joints

articulation of the spine to the ribs; facet joints and intercostal muscles allow for the ribs to expand during respiration

C1 is also called the _________ and supports your _________

atlas; cranium

Pubic Symphysis (p. 128)

binds hip bones together in the back by the sacroiliac joint (SI joint)

Frontal plane movement for vertebral column allows ____________ _____________.

lateral flexion

Lumbosacral joint

most important in pelvic girdle to form trunk motions; connects the pelvis to the vertebral column; every pelvic motion involves the vertebral column

Lumbar Vertebrae ( p. 126)

numbered L1-L5; support the weight of the body; largest moveable vertebrae; ROM is limited because of the articular processes except L5 ; lumbar facets allow for flexion and extension but limit rotation; most frequently injured due to weight-bearing responsibility

Axis (p. 125)

or C2, pivot joint of cervical spine and head; characterized by short protrusion known as the odontoid process or the dens. The dens extends into the vertebral foramen of the first vertebra (C1) and is the pivot point of the cervical spine and head. This joint (atlantoaxial) allows for rotation of the head.

Cervical retraction

or axial extension is the combined movement of neck flexion at C1 and neck extension at C2-C7

Anterior Pelvic tilt (p.117-119)

pelvis dips forward; creates greater lordosis (anterior curve) in lumbar spine causes center of gravity to shift forward may be caused by pregnancy, excessive abdominal weight, or muscular imbalance

What is the most significant difference between the thoracic vertebrae and cervical?

presence of facet joint

Pelvic Rotation abnormality

refers to the position of one ASIS in relationship to another ASIS. Refers to a deviation in the frontal plane. If one ASIS is situated further back from or posterior t the other ASIS, the pelvis is rotated

Floating Ribs

remaining two pairs of ribs do not articulate anteriorly

Horizontal or transverse plane movement for vertebral column allows ________________ EXCEPT no ________________ at C1.

rotation; no rotation

Vertebral column moves in __________, __________, and _________________ or transverse plane

sagittal , frontal

Except for C1 and C2, the movable vertebra have similar structures such as:

shaped like ring; composed of: body, facet, foramen, intervertebral foramen, lamina, neural arch, pedicle, spinuous process, transverse process, and vertebral foramen

Cervical vertebrae are the ___________ vertebrae in your spine

smallest

Vertebral curves: Kyphosis (p. 123)

spinal deformity; excessive curvature in the thoracic spine also known as posterior "hump"; sitting in posterior pelvic tilt will create kyphosis; trunk flexes where rib cage ends and thoracic spine forms a C-shaped bend; often seen in women or children with spina bifida

Scoliosis may be _____________ or ________________. (p. 121, 121)

structural or irreversible: lateral curve of the spine with fixed rotation of the vertebrae non-structural or reversible: reversible lateral curve of the spine

Posterior Pelvic tilt (p.119)

tail bone tucks beneath body or posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) shifts backward; movement causes lumbar spine to flatten and thoracic spine to flex or become kyphotic; could result in hyperextension if individual is in seated posture, such as wheelchair

Proprioception

the ability to detect stimuli from within one's own body, such as from muscles, tendons, and other internal issues

Ischial tuberosity

(sit bones) prominent protuberances of the hip bones; support the weight of the body in a seated position; vulnerable to pressure ulcers; covered by fluid-filled bursa to help reduce friction as the gluteus maximus crosses over the IT in seated position

Atlas (p. 125)

0r C1, supports the cranium; does not have a body; flexion and extension occur in the atlanto-occipital joint. Rotation does not occur.

Intervertebral disc

23; absorb and transmit shock; allows flexibility; annulus-external portion of disk nucleus pulposus-inner portion of disk common damage: slipped disk, herniated disk, prolapsed disk; may cause compression of a spinal nerve root

False Ribs

3 pairs of ribs; attach to sternum via cartilage

True Ribs

7 pairs of ribs attach to sternum

Vertebral Structures (see table 5-4 on p. 125)

Body: cylindrical mass of cancellous bone; the anterior and weight-bearing portion of the vertebrae; Not palpable on the back; C1 does not have a body Facet: small, flat, smooth surface on a bone; the articulation between the superior articular process of the vertebrae below and the corresponding inferior articular process of the vertebrae above. A facet also refers to the articulate of the the thoracic vertebrae and the rib bone. Foramen: an opening Lamina: portion of the vertebrae that connects the spinuous process to the transverse process Neural arch: the posterior portion of the vertebrae Pedicle: the portion of the vertebral arch; lies posteriorly to the body and anterior to the lamina. Spinuous process: posterior projection found on the neural arch. Is also an attachment point for muscles and ligaments. The 7th cervical vertebra, or vertebrae prominens, has an unusually long spinuous process; this is where the cervical and thoracic area conjoin. Transverse process: the union of the lamina and pedicle, where the ligaments and muscle attach to the spine.

Most of the head movements occur at

C1 and C2

Lumbar Vertebral curve (p. 117 Table 5-2)

In the lower back in convex in anterior orientation; 5 vertebral segments (L1-L5); movable/ flexible

Cervical Vertebrae (p. 124-126)

Includes neck region of your spine.

Thoracic Vertebrae (p. 126)

Inferior to cervical spine; (T1-T12) 12 vertebrae make up most stable aspect; includes ribs which limits flexion and lateral flexion; provides stability; ribs protect internal organs; differs from other vertebrae due to the spinuous processes point inferiorly; this limits the thoracic spine from hyperextension

Cervical Vertebral curve (p.117 Table 5-2)

The cervical curve is considered convex as it projects anteriorly at your neck; 7 vertebral segments (C1-C7); movable/ flexible

Scoliosis

a spinal deformity in the frontal plane characterized by a lateral curvature of the vertebra; may result from congenital abnormalities, neuromuscular disorders, etc may be structural or irreversible

C1

does not have a body; shortened spinuous processes and a long transverse process. Articulation between head and C1 is the atlanto-occipital joint, which allows for flexion and extension.

Together the axis and atlas can (p. 125)

enable the head to turn right and left

Lumbar lordosis

exacerberated curvature of lumbar spine; often due to excessive anterior pelvic tilt

Sagittal plane movement for vertebral column allows __________________ ,__________________, and ___________________.

flexion, extension, and hyperextension

C2

has short protrusion known as the odontoid process of the dens, which extends into the vertebral foreamen of the first vertebral (C1) and is the pivot point of the cervical spine and head. The atlanto-axial joint allows for rotation of the head.