cumulative exam

Participants are shown a visual stimulus for just 30 ms and are then asked, "Was there a K in the stimulus?" We would expect the best performance if the stimulus is

BARK

A mutilated lemon will still be categorized as a lemon, while a $20 bill that is known to be counterfeit will not be categorized as money. What does this say about categorization?

Category membership cannot be based on resemblance alone

__________ are located primarily in the fovea, while __________ are located primarily in the periphery.

Cones; rods

Jose is walking toward Dan, who is standing still. As Dan watches Jose move toward him, a series of physical and perceptual events will occur. Which of the following is one of those events?

Dan's perception of Jose's height will be influenced by Dan's perception of how far away Jose is.

Deep processing may lead to improved memory performance because it facilitates retrieval. How exactly does this happen?

Deep processing forms many connections between the current item and previous knowledge.

Essam completed a name pronunciation task that included famous and non-famous names. His ability to identify famous names was tested one day after he completed the name pronunciation task. Dane completed the same pronunciation task, and his ability to identify famous names was tested immediately after completing the task. Which finding would be anticipated?

Essam is more likely to describe non-famous names as being famous

__________ intelligence refers to an ability to think about novel problems, while __________ intelligence refers to acquired knowledge and skills.

Fluid; crystallized

In each trial of an experiment, participants see a warning signal and then a pair of letters. The participants press one button if the letters in the pair are the same (e.g., W W) and a different button if the letters are different (e.g., P X). In 80% of the trials, the warning signal is identical to the letters that will be shown on that trial. Group 1: warning signal = L; test pair = L L Group 2: warning signal = U; test pair = L L Group 3: warning signal = +; test pair = L L In this setup we should expect the fastest responses from

Group 1 and the slowest responses from Group 2.

Which of the following groups is most likely to remember the material it is studying?

Group 4 has no intention of memorizing the words and attempts to determine how the words are related to one another.

Which of the following hypotheses are consistent with a hierarchical model of intelligence?

If we choose mental tasks from similar categories (e.g., two verbal tasks), the correlation in performance will be higher than the correlation for tasks from different categories.

Which of the following is true of savant syndrome?

Individuals with savant syndrome often have extreme talent despite being intellectually disabled.

Modern conceptualization of the modal model asserts that information processing involves both working memory and long-term memory (LTM). Which of the following statements about working memory is true?

It differs from LTM in how easily one can access the stored items.

Repeated exposure to a person or situation will cause memory for specific instances to fade, making it difficult to recall details of any one episode. This can be problematic, but it can also be seen as a good thing. In what way does this process benefit us?

It leads to the creation of general knowledge

Which of the following is the BEST example of the influence of implicit memory?

Markus was taking a multiple-choice test. He was having a hard time with Question 17, but Option D for that question seemed familiar, so he decided that D must be the correct answer.

Bartlett asked British participants to read stories from Native American folklore, and he later asked them to recall details of the stories. His findings reveal which important idea about memory?

Memory errors are often the result of attempts to understand what one is learning

Which of the following statements is NOT likely to be an influence of implicit memory?

Participants remember the circumstances in which they first encountered a stimulus.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the results of experiments on context-dependent learning?

People remember information more accurately if they are located either in the same environment in which they learned the information or in a different location if they can reinstate the mental context in which they learned the information.

You recently had to change your email password, but now you can only recall your old password. What is the primary cause of this forgetting?

Proactive Interference

In which of the following ways are exemplars and prototypes different?

Prototypes, but not exemplars, rely on averaged, or combined memories to create the standard for a category.

Which of the following statements is true about the recognition of inverted faces?

Recognition of inverted faces is harder than for upright faces.

Which letter string is most likely to be quickly and correctly read (by an English speaker) because of its well-formedness?

SPIME

Which of the following claims regarding schema-based knowledge is FALSE?

Schema-based knowledge relies on recall of specific information within a memory.

Participants are slower to detect a target if they were led to expect a different one, compared to a setting in which they had no specific expectations. What does this finding reveal about selective attention?

Selective attention draws on a limited-capacity system

Allie recently scored in the top 10% of scores on an IQ test. Which of the following is a valid expectation or assumption based on this performance?

She also has an above-average working memory capacity.

Which of the following is true regarding spatial imagery and its relationship to visual imagery?

Spatial imagery does not rely on the same areas of the brain as visual imagery, so damage to visual areas will not interfere with spatial imagery.

Weston is initially unsure how to answer the question "What is the capital of Wisconsin?" When provided with the hint "It's a girl's name," Weston quickly recalls that the capital is Madison. Which of the following best explains this?

The Madison node was activated once it received activation from both the Wisconsin and the girls' names nodes.

The idea of a "cognitive budget" or limited-capacity system is used several times in this chapter. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the "cognitive budget"?

The budget can increase markedly through practice

In the past, working memory (WM) was likened to a storage container that would hold current information for a short period of time. This analogy is problematic in what way?

The container analogy is too static: WM is capable of more than simply short-term storage.

Often extraneous noise interferes with our ability to hear all the sounds in a stream of speech. If a brief burst of noise prevents a phoneme from being heard (e.g., "His *ame is Barry"), what is most likely to occur?

The listener will be able to understand the sentence, and will realize that a burst of noise occurred, but probably will not know where the burst occurred.

Which of the following statements is true about the performance of a patient with anterograde amnesia on the mirror-drawing task (tracing a figure using only a mirror to see the target and the stylus)?

The patient would perform similarly to a neurologically healthy patient, improving the more they practice, because the task relies on implicit memory.

In one study, male and female participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups, both of which completed a math test. Group 1 was told that women usually perform less well on this test than men. Group 2 was told that the test does not produce gender differences. Indeed, women in Group 1 performed more poorly than men, but there were no gender differences in Group 2's performance. Which of the following is a plausible explanation for these results?

The women in Group 1 were aware of the stereotype that women are worse at math than men and this awareness negatively affected their performance.

Matt is shown pictures of a pair of three-dimensional shapes and asked to determine if the shapes are identical, and simply viewed from different angles. Answering this question requires Matt to imagine one of the shapes rotating into (possible) alignment with the other. Which of the following statements about Matt's task is true?

There is a systematic correlation between the required rotation and reaction time.

Which of the following is true of highly creative people?

They tend to be more willing to ignore criticism.

Which of the following is correct regarding dual-process models?

Type 2 thinking is more likely to be used if people are given training or cued by the situation.

Which of the following statements provides the most serious obstacle to the use of introspection as a source of scientific evidence?

When data is collected through introspection, researchers have no way to independently assess the data.

A behaviorist such as John Watson is LEAST likely to believe which of the following statements?

When it comes to collecting data, reports via introspection are as valuable as observable behavior.

You are flipping through channels on TV when you come upon a French-language station. You do not speak French, and you are amazed at how quickly it is spoken. Which of the following factors is most relevant for explaining this reaction?

You are not able to segment the speech sounds into phonemes, making it sound faster.

Maria is 75 years old, and her granddaughter is 25 years old. On which of the following tasks will Maria likely perform better than her granddaughter?

a crossword puzzle

In the word "cats" the "s" is

a morpheme and a phoneme

H.M. had much of his hippocampus removed to alleviate seizures. An unfortunate side effect was impaired explicit memory, even though later testing revealed that his implicit memory was spared. This result provides one half of a double dissociation. In order to complete the double dissociation, which of the following patients would need to be found?

a patient with intact explicit memory and impaired implicit memory

Theories of spreading activation assume that activating one node will lead to

activation of all nodes connected to the one that was activated at first

A "late selection" view of attention suggests that

all inputs are processed to a reasonable degree; however, only the attended input reaches consciousness.

By using leading questions and misinformation, researchers have been able to

alter virtually any aspect of participants' memories and have even been able to create memories for entire events that never took place.

The fact that many people will incorrectly assert that Montreal is north of Seattle suggests that

at least some of our spatial knowledge relies on symbolic or propositional code

Hank seems to have eidetic imagery. This means that after viewing a picture for a short amount of time, he will

be able to describe many tiny details in the picture, as if he were still viewing the picture.

The term "categorical perception" refers to the fact that we are

better at hearing the difference between sounds from different categories than we are at distinguishing sounds from the same category.

Human brains have a distinct division-of-labor strategy. Each task is achieved as a result of multiple brain areas working together. But the work of the various parts of the brain must be compiled into a finished whole. The issue of how this reassembly works is referred to as the

binding problem

Modern psychology turned away from behaviorism in its classic form for many reasons, including the fact that

classical behaviorism failed to consider the mental processes underlying cognition

Which of the following is NOT one of the Gestalt principles governing perception?

complexity

Melissa is a 35-year-old woman. Over the next few decades, her __________ intelligence will likely increase, while her __________ intelligence will likely decrease.

crystallized; fluid

All things being equal, data indicate that recall performance will be best if materials are encoded with __________ processing.

deep

An information processing approach to understanding cognition

describes cognition as processing information in stages

The extent to which a participant can come up with novel uses for familiar objects (e.g., using a brick as a stepladder) is an indication of

divergent thinking.

Which of the following scenarios would likely result in the lowest level of hazard for a driver?

driving while talking to a friend in the passenger seat

In general, a training procedure will promote subsequent analogy use if the procedure

encourages participants to pay attention to the deep structures of the training problems.

Because of the influence of implicit memory, participants judge

familiar sentences to be more believable

Compared to detectors that have not fired recently, a detector that has fired recently is likely to

have a higher activation level

Dual-process models state that people

have two ways of thinking: one is a fast and automatic process, whereas the other is slower but more accurate.

Participants are asked which birds they think are "particularly birdy" and which birds are "not very birdy." We should expect that the birds judged as "birdiest" are birds

identified quickly in a picture-identification task

Research on very-long-term remembering indicates that

if you learn material well enough to retain it for 3 or 4 years, the odds are good that you will continue to remember the material for many more years.

Training in statistics

improves participants' abilities to make judgments so that judgment errors will be less likely.

Ada recently joined a running club and completed her first 5-mile run. During the last mile of her run, she fails to notice balloons that are lining the street for an upcoming parade because she is thinking about how much her legs hurt. This is a real-world example of

inattentional blindness

One effect of chunking is to

increase the amount of material that can be held in working memory

The existence of task-general resources is illustrated by the demonstration that

interference between two tasks can sometimes be observed even if the two tasks have few elements in common.

The fact that your view of one object is blocked by another object can provide information about depth. This depth cue is termed

interposition

Garden-path sentences illustrate that

interpreting a sentence as each word arrives may lead to errors.

Which technique was commonly used in Wilhelm Wundt's laboratory?

introspection

Cells A and B receive the same high levels of stimulation, but Cell A shows a lower level of activity relative to Cell B. A likely explanation for this fact is that Cell A

is being laterally inhibited by other nearby cells

Executive control is likely engaged in all of the following situations EXCEPT when a person

is working on "autopilot."

It is unlikely that mental definitions represent our conceptual knowledge because

it is easy to find exceptions to any proposed definition

Ira is asked to remember the order of a previously presented list of words; the experimenter asks him to recall the words immediately after hearing them. Devon is asked to remember the same list, but his recall is delayed by 20 seconds after the list presentation; during that time, Devon is given no other task to perform. We would expect

little or no difference between Devon's performance and Ira's

What a feature net "knows" about spelling patterns is NOT __________; rather, this "knowledge" is __________.

locally represented in any particular place in the brain; distributed across the entire network

The primacy effect is associated with __________, and the recency effect is associated with __________.

long-term memory; working memory

In one study, participants were asked to judge which was a "better" even number, 4 or 18. The participants

made the judgment in a fashion that implied a graded-membership pattern for the category "even number."

An important theme emerging from memory research is that memory connections

make memories easier to locate but can lead to intrusion errors

Which problem-solving heuristic is most likely to involve a question such as "What do I have available to get from my current state to my goal state?"

means-end analysis

"Bottom-up" (or "data-driven") mechanisms are

mechanisms for which activity is primarily triggered and shaped by the incoming stimulus information.

It is sometimes difficult to predict memory performance outside of the lab because

memory acquisition depends on previous knowledge, and everyone has different knowledge.

An eyewitness to a crime is quite confident that his memory of the crime is correct. In evaluating the eyewitness's testimony, the jury should note that

memory confidence is sometimes a poor indicator of memory accuracy

In a new version of the Wason four-card task, participants are given the rule, "If you read the textbook, then you will get an A on the exam." Each card has a YES or NO on one side, indicating whether or not the student has read the textbook, and an exam grade on the other side. Compared with the original version of the task with just numbers and letters, participants should make

more accurate decisions about which cards to flip over in the new version because the new content makes the problem more concrete and relatable to everyday life.

In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually

not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver

Consider the sequence "Betsy wanted to bring Jacob a present. She shook her piggy bank." Most people, after hearing this sequence, believe Betsy was checking her piggy bank to see if she had money to spend on the gift. This inference about Betsy's goals depends on the fact that

our previous knowledge fills in background information whenever we're understanding an event or conversation.

It was starting to rain, and Marcus did not have an umbrella or a hat. To keep dry, he held his psychology textbook over his head. In this case, Marcus has solved the problem by

overcoming functional fixedness.

One study found that if participants were told a new fact about robins, they would also believe that the new fact was true of ducks. However, if told a new fact about ducks, participants would not extrapolate this information to robins. This suggests that

participants are willing to apply inferences from a typical case within a category to the whole category but will not apply inferences from an atypical case to the whole category.

In a memory experiment, participants were shown a form that could be interpreted in more than one way. Half the participants were told, "Here is a picture of the sun." The other participants were told, "Here is a picture of a ship's steering wheel." Sometime later, participants were asked to draw the exact visual form they had seen earlier. The data indicate that

participants' drawings were biased in a fashion that reflected the labels they had been given earlier.

Single-cell recordings measure the __________ of individual neurons.

pattern of firing

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

people base their estimates of frequency on how easily they can think of examples of the relevant category.

Jenna sees a picture of a dog standing in front of a tree and blocking the view of a portion of the tree trunk. Despite this, Jenna perceives the tree to have an intact, continuous trunk. Jenna's perception reminds us that

people generally "fill in" missing perceptual information, guided by the Gestalt principles.

The philosopher Immanuel Kant based many of his arguments on transcendental inferences. A common example of such an inference is a

physicist inferring what the attributes of the electron must be on the basis of visible effects that the electron causes.

Participants' use of hill climbing is evident in that

problem solving often gets stalled if a problem requires participants to move briefly away from the goal state in order to (ultimately) reach the goal.

If Tabitha believes that detective television shows are more dramatic than hospital television shows, confirmation bias would make her more likely to do all of the following EXCEPT

remember more examples of dramatic hospital television shows than dramatic detective television shows.

An individual suffering from unilateral neglect typically experiences an impaired ability to do which of the following?

report the details on the left side of space when describing both what they see in the real world and what they visualize

When solving insight problems, warmth judgments __________ prior to reaching the correct solution and __________ prior to reaching an incorrect solution.

rise suddenly; rise suddenly

Linguistic rules seem to be the source of children's overregularization errors. This sort of error is visible, for example, whenever a child

says "I goed," or "He runned."

When making judgments using the representativeness heuristic, participants

seem to assume that all instances of the category resemble the prototype for that category.

Compared to long-term storage of other types of information, long-term storage of visual information

seems to follow the same set of rules

Graded membership means that

some cats are better members of the category "cat" than others.

Patients with unilateral neglect syndrome ignore one side of their visual field. This problem illustrates the importance of

space-based attention.

Visual agnosia is associated with damage to which of the following?

the "what" system, which carries information from the occipital cortex to the temporal cortex

We sometimes encounter ambiguous letters when reading handwritten words, but we can still interpret the words. For example, the same shape can be interpreted as an A in CAT but an H in THE. At what level of analysis does the feature net resolve this issue?

the bigram level

An important difference between categorization via exemplars and categorization via prototypes is that when using exemplars

the standard used in a particular category can vary from one occasion to the next.

If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, performance will be improved if

the two activities are plainly different from each other, drawing on different task-specific resources.

Bob suffered brain damage and now has difficulty recognizing objects. He was shown a clock and was asked to draw it, but he drew only a square. However, when asked to draw a clock from memory, he was able to do it. Bob is likely experiencing

visual agnosia.

Flashbulb memories are extremely detailed, vivid memories usually associated with highly emotional events. The accuracy of these memories seems

vulnerable to error, especially if the memory is discussed frequently in the media.

We can often recognize an object even if some of the object's parts are hidden from view. Evidence indicates that this recognition from partial viewing will be easiest if

we can see enough of the object to identify some of its geons.