Families Final Exam

Know the differences between positive, negative, hostile, ambivalent and superficial dyadic coping is.

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Deterioration in the quality of marital communication occurs when folks under stress show more negative and less positive exchange and less self-disclosure. Reduction of time spent together because of stress (loss of intimacy and feelings of we-ness). Increase in health problems because of chronic stress> burden placed upon relationship. Outside stress can influence marital relationship: superficial kinds of interactions, leads to lack of awareness of other and diminished involvement in life, leads to mutual alienation> become strangers> more marital conflict. (bored of each other, need to be present and pay attention)

According to Bodenmann and colleagues, when does a reduction in optimal communication occur between couples? This is associated with high stress and low disclosure, low interest in other's work, superficial kind of interaction etc.

We constantly make bids towards our partner: attention, simple requests, partner's interest/excitement, conversation, sharing events of the day, problem solving, affection, playfulness, intimate conversation, emotional support, understanding/empathy, sexual intimacy. They are important because if they are responded to connection and trust within the relationship increase. If they are not responded to and partner is unresponsive or unavailable> anger, loneliness.

Are there repair attempts observed in simple everyday interactions? Be able to name some of them. Why are they important?

What are the four types of acculturation?

Assimilation, Separation, Integration (biculturalism), and marginalization.

1-2 feet, same distance from caregivers face when infant is cradled.

At birth and early infancy, what is the range at which infants can distinguish faces?

Sixth Sign

Bad memories, one or both partner recall the past in a negative light. Brings these up during new conflicts "just like the time you.." . Next: predictors of marital stability, effective communication styles, and repairing negativity during conflict.

Partner suffering from disorder has negative affect, poor coping under stress, and hopelessness> arguments and expression of words they are likely to regret later. Lack of interest in in activities including intimacy. Negative/hurtful behavior. Isolation from significant other, family, and friends. Worse if partner doesn't understand symptoms of depression, may take partners words to heart.

Be able to describe a typical marital relationship when one or both partners suffer from depression.

Child with a parent that is depressed loses out on lessons on emotional regulation. Depressed parent models depressive cognition and relationship patters for child (modeling is huge). They also appear more negative and less positive in their communication towards their children than do mothers without depression. May not be able to engage in positivity, may experience difficulty disengaging from depressed thoughts. Leads to adolescents with poor coping skills and poor emotional communication.

Be able to describe the family communication patterns, when there is at least one parent suffering from depression.

Parents living in poverty tend to be depressed, socially isolated and think of themselves as being inadequate parents. Financial harships, feel they can't provide adequately for child's needs and comforts. Children may not understand financial struggles and get upset when they are denied things they ask for. Parents tend to have less positive parenting behavior due to poor social support, their stress, lack of resources, and poor neighborhood. Less expression of affection, decreased responsiveness to child's need, harshness/authoritarian parenting, inconsistency in parenting> poor ER skills in child. Lower quality language use in home, less reading time, and engaging in fewer learning opportunities (library, museums, play)

Be able to describe the parenting and affective styles of parents living in poverty.

Predicts that children with difficult temperaments or affective disorders thrive in quality care environments. High levels of closeness to teachers is associated with less behavior problems in children and for children with negative temperament show effective ER skills > less behavior problems. These children appear more affected by quality care.

Be able to use the differential susceptibility model to explain how infants with a difficult temperament can thrive in day care.

At risk for developing disorganized attachment styles. Preschoolers are more vulnerable because they have limited coping skills: social problems (aggression), PTSD symptoms, lack empathy, poor self-esteem. at risk for being abused/abusive themselves.

Children exposed to domestic violence are likely to develop which attachment style?

Children learn emotions through this theory by observing their parents' reactions to their emotions and thus how to label their own emotions. Study reactions to their own negative emotions> receive messages regarding coping with emotions. When talking about emotions with parents they learn to talk through negative experiences or that emotions can be beneficial. This communication also allows parents to offer suggestions o how to cope.

Children learn about emotions and how to effectively cope with distress from social learning. Explain how this may happen.

Children learn how to handle their emotions in everyday communication with caregivers. Parents provide important assistance in helping regulate social, intellectual, and other problem-solving activities.

Children learn about emotions and how to regulate their emotions from an attachment perspective. Explain how this might happen.

Growing up with single parent allows development of new skills and coping strategies, they tend to do more chores, grow up faster. Detrimental if they exceed child's ability and developmental age.

Children of single parents can learn new skills due to the extra responsibilities. When is this responsibility detrimental to their mental health?

Destructive Conflict

Conflict that is hostile, angry and conflict tactics, such as physical aggression, verbal aggression, threat, and personal insult. Child's security is disrupted> may become emotionally distraught (worry, anxiety, hopelessness)> lead to internalizing and/or externalizing disorders.

Second sign

Criticism, different from complaining (behavior), it is an attack on character of the partner. "selfish, nasty" Tends Contempt/disgust (Most detrimental emotion) tend to follow criticism. Behaviors such as sarcasm, eye-rolling, sneering, disgust. U can't take name calling back. Defensive- showing contempt/disgust is it reciprocated or the other becomes defensive. Defensive suggests problem is not your own and it's due to the other> escalates conflict> stonewalling -tuning out partner, non responsive to partners anger, observed more in men (Wife Demand-Husband Withdrawn patter).

Child increase in cortisol levels while in daycare can be predictors of externalizing and internalizing behaviors in children. Longer hours in day care can lead to hypactivity and externalizing behaviors. Temperament of child together with other risk factors: poor quality day care, poor maternal stress & mental health problems, and low SES> child more likely to develop externalizing behaviors.

Extant research indicates that day care can increase cortisol levels in children, leading to poor emotion regulation skills and externalizing and hyperactive behaviors in later years. What are the possible pathways/moderators?

Laissez-Faire Families

Families in which children should make their own decisions, little interest in children's decisions, don't value communication within the family. Tend to avoid conflict, children learn there is very little value in family communication> make decisions on their own with very little support from their families. No structure, boundaries, no conflict resolution learning, learn to avoid.

Protective Families

Families where parents expect obedience form children, little open communication within the family, communication skills between family members are not practiced or valued. Family members lack effective conflict resolution skills. Heavy inflexible structure, no input from children.

Pluralistic Families

Families with open communication style, parents do not make decision for children, children participate as equals in family discussion, family engages in conflict resolution. If they don't want to eat veggies they don't have to. No provided structure nor boundaries.

Consensual Families

Families with open communication style, parents listen to children, parents make final decision but explain the reason to kids, families engage in conflict resolution. Teaches structure, problem solving.

Third sign

Flooding, negativity from partner (criticism or contempt or defensivenss)> leads to overwhelming "shell shocked". Partner watches for cues for the other's negativity to blow up, protecting themselves by disengaging emotionally from the relationship. Particularly insecure avoidant males.

Early divorce: high conflict involves "attack-defend", affects such as criticism, anger, contempt/disgust and defensiveness during conflict. Late divorce: partner/s engage in withdrawal. Affects such as : sadness, disgust, and listener withdrawal or "stonewalling"

Gottman and others have identified behaviors that can lead to early or late divorce. What are these behaviors?

Childhood experienced violence or witness parents' violence towards other parent (learned violence is appropriate in frustrating situations and will be imitated), or child who identifies with physically abusive parent (deficits in interpersonal skills and are ill-equipped to manage relationships using pro-social behavior to manage conflict). Growing up in violent home and experiencing child abuse > victimization in adult relationships. Validated aggressive behaviors (explain and blame victim, externalizing).

How can partner violence be transmitted intergenerational?

The child respond differently based on their working models. Secure volunteer their own experiences, provide effective coping strategies, empathy for child in the picture> high self efficacy in emotion eliciting transaction> function in a confident, adaptive manner. Insecure children- express negative emotions but were unable to describe how the child might cope with the situation, had difficulty communicating emotional themes, incoherent and hard to follow. difficulty with emotional charged themes> thought to be due to disturbances in parent-child communication. Poor communication > leave child without the emotional and working model required to provide coherent response.

How do secure children differ from insecure children in their explanations during the Separation Anxiety Test?

Difficult temperaments of children include: high negative emotional expression, low adaptability, high activity and high impulsivity, or low emotional responsiveness (don't respond in a way you think they would).

How do we classify difficult temperament in children?

differential treatment by parents influences internal working model of child's self and others > affects adult romantic relationships. Adolescents report being disfavored have lower self-esteem than individuals treated equally. May lose out on interaction, encourage less, not meeting expectations of parents.

How does parents' differential treatment influence the well-being of the adolescents?

Mutual regulation model- miscoordination is normal but engage in repair attempts when they notice it. Partner who can identify the miscoordination early tend to resolve conflict effectively > happy couple using humor, affection, and communicated acceptance of partner's behavior. Present issue as a point problem (without the use of "you" statements). Focus and point out positive aspects of partner. Unhappy couples lack acceptance, present issues as global defect of the partner (berating), notice mistakes and point them out and advise partner vs suggesting (telling vs suggesting, you don't know but I do know)

How should we repair negativity during conflict?

Depressive conflicts> greater frustration (associated with more dysregulation, and less effective self soothing probably due to less parental warmth and sensitive care). Destructive conflict> great distress (infants held during conflict display more distress than those on the floor). Constructive- secures security in parents, learn positive communication and resolution skills.

Know how the two types of conflict influence infants.

all couples argue. John Gottman's signs observed in arguments. 1. how folks start an argument. 2. four hosemen- negative interactions 3.flooding 4. body language 5. failed repair attempts. 6. bad memories.

Know the 6 behaviors that can lead to divorce.

Cortisol. IQ not to do with poverty but cortisol. They can't focus enough to learn if their cortisol is too high.

Know the association between cognitive development and children living in poverty. Know what the mediator is for this association.

High levels of expressed conflict, hostility, reduced positive affect, lower rates of disclosure, and less problem solving behaviors.

Know the communication pattern of partners who suffer from depression.

Abusive act> regret/asking for forgiveness (sometimes)> make up period> stressors in life> alcohol/drugs> abusive act. Flood with love (positive reinforcement). They think they can change their partner over time. They don't think they are worthy of love, and they depend on their partner.

Know the cycle of abuse and how this influences relationship maintenance.

Early divorce: high conflict involves "attack-defend", affects such as criticism, anger, contempt/disgust and defensiveness during conflict. Later divorce: partner/s engage in withdrawal, affect: sadness, disgust, and listener withdrawal or "stonewalling".

Know the difference between late vs. early divorce indicators.

Segmentation Theory- work-life interaction, early research that assumes work life and family do not influence each other that individuals can compartmentalize. work is competitive and impersonal where as the home is intimate and has significant relationships.

Know the differences between Segmentation Theory, Compensation Theory and Spill- over Theory. What are the key features of each?

Consensual, Pluralistic, Protective, and Laissez-Faire Families.

Know the four family communication patterns.

Perception of resources and support (low perception> tend to stay), Anxious attachment (fear of abandonment and loss even in unsatisfying relationship, believe they are not worthy of relationship, and very dependent on partner and strive to preserve relationship). Perceive abuse as affectionate behavior (contribute abuse to situational factors), believe they can change partner. Feeling of love, partner floods other with care and loving behavior (periodic reinforcement). Explain staying in romantic terms. Depression (rather than feeling anger towards perpetrator)

Know the possible factors that can contribute to a person staying in the same relationship when it is abusive.

Admixture Hypothesis, Resource Dilution Model, and Confluence Model

Know the three hypotheses explaining the observed differences in birth order.

Intensity matters more than frequency. Constructive and Destructive.

Know the two types of conflict

Child lacks chances to learn sensitivity and social competence. Sensitivity may decrease if their role strain (work) increases. Loss time and energy for child. Parents negative mood> less affection> less sensitive interactions> insecure attachment, internalizing and externalizing problems, and adolescent depression and behavior problems. Daycare might not be as comfortable may not get enough attention, increased cortisol level, may not get the time they need to transition. Tend to have more hyperactivity problems and externalizing problems.

Long working hours coupled with low sensitive caregiving in those children in fulltime day care can lead to which negative outcomes?

Low SES, mental and physical health of child or parents, parental stress, parent-child relationship difficulties> cumulative risk factors for children. Depression> poor coping skills.

Marital conflict combined with which other factors are especially detrimental to children?

Lowers involvement with infant, less positive emotional expression, less sensitive interaction. Children display poor emotional regulation they are withdrawn. Low cardiac vagal tone (higher, less variability HR). Less likely to use mother to calm down.

Marital conflict is detrimental to the infant-parent bond. Explain how this may happen.

Integration or Biculturalism

Of the four different acculturation groups, which is the most favorable for better outcomes?

Admixure Hypothesis

Other factors (parental IQ or socioeconomic status > birth order effects). Cross sectional studies are not taking these factors into account.

Resource Dilution Model

Parents resources are finite (money and time). Additional siblings reduce resources (first born to college), increased family size > decreased attention to children and partner (marital relationship), hw time. Resources> enriched environment> cognitive development. Last child may get more time with parents (other children have left the house). Middle child- possibly less support (emotionally and financially)> independence. less closeness to parents, more positive attitude towards friendships.

What do couples argue about?

Perceived inequity in a couples division of labor, conflict over power/money, trust issues, jealousy, problematic drinking or drug use, spending money without discussing, and allocation of time (me/us/family). Contributing factors: depression in one or both, stress, individual and marital coping styles, perception of social support from partner, poor perspective taking behaviors.

Listen to more adult conversation, more complete attention from parents, and teach/explain and answer siblings questions leads to understanding material better.

The Confluence model explains high cognitive ability in first born children due to which factors?

Interactions are more successful if they can take perspective of their interaction partners. Empathetic (emotional intelligence). Understand other's perspective> anticipate partner's behavior, modifying own behavior accordingly (avoid behaviors that could be misunderstood as insensitive or inappropriate).> relationship satisfaction (partner feels validated and understood).

The ability to take the partner's perspective during a conflict is associated with which aspects of a person's behavior?

chronic exposure results in greater difficulty in regulating arousal. high cortisol levels affects function of limbic system which is in charge of emotional regulation. Activation of hypothalamus (involved in emotion, stress, processing and regulation)> constantly vigilant.

The stress of being exposed to marital conflict influences a child's Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA). What does chronic exposure to marital conflict do to a child's stress response?

Early experiences such as sensitive parents teach children ER skills and influence their development of regulating physiological response to stress. Cortisol levels, not all negative environments lead to negative effects, cortisol is key. If you can lower cortisol level through ER better able to deal with negative environment. More flexible thinking, and better coping strategies.

This mediator is associated with better emotion regulation in children, enabling them to show better cognitive skills (flexible thinking, better coping strategies) while living in a stressful environment.

What two problems for children/adolescents may arise form marital conflict?

Triangulation and role reversal. Disrupts adolescent's social, emotional, and cognitive development.

They might have to become submissive to help their emasculated male. They might also be abused by the male.

What are some challengers faced by immigrant women in families where they are the sole provider or when they earn more than their husbands?

Mistrust (low SES backgrounds) and unfamiliarity, worry of cost, worry about being sent back, culturally competent, interpreter (same community, political affiliations, ethnicity).

What are some factors mental health professionals should be aware of when treating immigrant populations?

Day care that is associated with positive child outcomes includes better cognitive development, higher social competence and less externalizing problems. Sensitive and responsive caregiver stimulates verbal and cognition. Low child to caregiver ration (3-1), low turn-over ration (constant caregiver for child get use to just one person). Teachers have years of experience and specialize in childcare.

What are some features of good quality child care centers?

low SES struggle with hunger, poor health and miss educational opportunities, and shame. Higher SES have the benefits of health care, safer environments for the family that are free of toxins, aware of environmental dangers to avoid (ex. radon). Parents will step in for child having difficulty with school (advocate for child, change schools if necessary, and provide children with extra help, therapy, etc..). Larger network for child to find work after college. Can foster their childs talents (participation in organized activites), reason with children, monitor them more, encourage them to ask doctor/professionals questions> teaching them assertiveness with professionals. Lower SES play with neighborhood children, negotiate school own their own, parents are afraid of professionals and institutions (afraid to ask for a second opinion). they deal with economic strain, discrimination, victimization/violent exposure, family transitions (changes), family conflict, parents depressed of stressed, poor nutrition, poor air quality. Living in crowded environments> affect attention, deficits in learning (can't memorize a number as long as a phone number)

What are some observable environmental and parental differences between children of low SES and middle/high SES?

Second generation have an advantage they usually learn the language better, less buffered by immigrant optimism when they face challenges. They are given more opportunities in new country but they also understand some opportunities are harder to achieve if parents are of low SES. Parents might be less educated and so can't help their children as much especially with school (in different language), less advocates, parents earn less and are less fluent. Face discrimination and racism, school is negative (hopelessness) younger see it as positive and possibilities of leaving poverty. adolescent negative views towards educators.

What are some of the challengers faced by second generation children?

Males have difficulty finding jobs that can support their families, so females have to work (increases their self esteem and they become more independent), men also have to take part in caregiving activities or earn less than women. Women adopt and become more submissive> great emotional strain. Men resort to abuse to maintain authority. Children might start asking mom for things since she has the money.

What are some of the challenges faced by immigrant families when they originate from patriarchal societies?

Stressors of Poverty can lead to psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, and externalizing behavior). Less opportunities> helpless. Low education attainment, increase stress hormone and poor parenting behavior > social, emotional and behavioral problems.

What are some of the outcomes for children living in poverty?

Cultures that accept and promote violence (women who earn more higher risk), social isolation (if support is closer less vulnerable), low SES coupled with high stress, and lack of community services (community that supports partner to leave)

What are some other environmental and cultural factors that can contribute to partner violence?

Parents may show child less affection, communicate less, become irritable and emotionally unavailable, less monitoring of child's activities, and inconsistent with parenting.

What are some parenting behaviors observed when parents are going through high marital conflict/divorce?

Attempt to repair a conflict by creating an emotional connection: affection (physical contact) [during repair is strongly associated with increase in positive affect in both partners], self disclosure, empathy, reassurance, understanding, taking responsibility, and humor.

What are some repair attempts

Supportive, sensitive, responsive parents increase child support-seeking behavior behavior from negative affect. Children are better able to understand and modulate their own emotions and develop adaptive coping. Un-supportive parents respond to their child's negative affect with hostility, or invalidating child's feelings, are likely to teach children no support seeking when they have negative feelings and problems> poor copping> chronic stress> vulnerable to depression in adulthood. Have fewer connective conversations with child, Punitive, minimizing, parents themselves become upset, use less positive words when discussion emotions, and child produce fewer emotion words and difficulty showing empathy.

What are some unsupportive parental responses to negative affect?

Some protective factors against poverty include having at least one parent who has progressed past high school (encourages higher education, parents has more knowledge to help child), strong ER skills in parents (can teach children ER), high self efficacy in parents (belief in abilities, less hopeless), and at least one parent with a secure attachment history (ER skills, appropriate response to child's needs).

What are the important protective factors for children living in poverty?

Moderators include SES, age of child, and type/quality of day care. For upper and middle class if parents spend a lot of time at work their child may have poor outcomes, less resources from parents, lose out on paternal care which could be richer than daycare can provide, parents could be more educated. (daycare providers don't need to have a HS degree). For Low SES it might help relieve family stress because mom has help with child care, and added financial security (they can gain money at work). With good quality care these low SES children can benefit from learning opportunities, might buffer home stress. Age of child, the earlier a child is put into care (within the first year) the more likely they are to have externalized behaviors especially if care is poor, may lack neurobehavioral development in early years, lack attachment. Day care quality: level of sensitivity, rigidity, more frequent transitions.

What are the moderators on the association between maternal employment and child outcomes?

Insufficient sensitive interaction time with caregiver, high rigidity (schedule times to do things), and more frequent transitions (children might need explanation and more time to transition between tasks). Non-relative care in the first 4.5 yr is more likely to result in impulsive behavior, possible less supportive than maternal care would be in this time period.

What are the multiple day care facility factors that can lead to negative child outcomes?

Infants presented with sad face refuse to look at adult again, angry face they become more alert, vigilant, and distressed. High regulation and distress if they can't use their parents as a source of security or comfort. hyperactive amygdala. Children- more likely to show aggression towards peers (poor conflict resolution skills, emulate behavior of parents) Low academic achievement (poor sensitive parenting, frequent activation of stress response - hinders concentration and learning). Worry about conflict, will it be directly at themselves, less likely to ask or receive help from parents. Trouble interacting harmoniously with peers (low social competence, poor interaction, poor problem solving, likely not know how to compromise or know effective conflict resolution skills than others), fail to down regulate (once aroused they tend to stay aroused)

What are the outcomes for children exposed to marital conflict?

Discussion involve positive affect (humor and affection), doesn't hide negative (eventually seeps out). Partners show fondness, respect, and admiration towards each other> marital satisfaction. Turn towards each other- being mindful of each other emotional needs (realizing your partner is their own person with needs, and you are their support and comfort)

What are the predictors of marital stability?

Child as parent- parent goes to child for comfort when distressed. Child as partner- potential confidant, source of social support in weakened martial system. Parent as peer- parent does not set limits, and child looses their sources of security and support.

What are the three different forms of role reversal?

Three types of work-family conflict: time based, strain-based, and behavior based. Time-based: time spent in one role reduces time in other or pressure from one role creates a preoccupation with that role when one is trying to meet the demands of the other role. Strain-based: strain/stress because of one role (ex: anxiety, fatigue, irritability) influences the performance of the other role. (marital conflict> strain in the relationship> stress> disrupted function at work (dependant on attachment styles). Behavior Based: behavior that are required in one role are incompatible with behaviors expected in the other role (ex. tough ans assertive at work, nurturing emphatic at home), less likely to happen if one can compartmentalize their roles.

What are the three work family conflicts?

Social Adjustment: acceptance by host country, speak the language (more accepted), similar to heritage culture,

What does optimal acculturation depend on?

Anxious struggle the most because their heightened fear of abandonment-> extreme physical and emotional distress, exaggerated attempts to reestablish relationship (if partner initiated divorce), partner-related angry and vengeful behavior, and dysfunctional coping strategies.

What does the extant research indicate on the coping styles of insecure anxious folks who go through divorce? What are possible ways in which they might behave?

This might be explained by parents who avoid emotions leaves to child avoidance, and parents that project their own fear/frustration in their interactions lead children to be anxious. So they might know what to do with their own emotions in general.

What factor/s can explain insecure children's inability to handle emotionally charged experiences?

Low divorce conflict (issues come to a resolution), low litigation (divorce with little legal action), supportive adult, coping efficacy in adolescents, parent-child bond (buffer adolescents from marital effects), better supervision by single parent, child/adolescent personality, and positive co-parenting (joint planning, frequent communication, positive and consistent discipline, and nurturing from both parents). Problem focused coping.

What factors contribute to optimal child functioning even after they experience their parents going through a divorce?

Assessment tools may not be appropriate (normed around current population, reactions may differ). May be placed in special education, over-pathologized, or problems may go unrecognized, or incorrectly accessed. Testing: ability, achievement, and aptitudes might be inappropriate. They might know recognize content, might be first time exposure (like shapes), language translation (may take longer).

What factors should psychologists be aware of when assessing immigrant children identified as having learning difficulties?

Infants observe changes in parents' facial expression, parents can become a source of fear for the infant. Exposure to loud verbal exchange increases infant's stress reactivity. Constant HPA activation> greater difficulty in regulating arousal. High levels of cortisol> dysfunctional ER. Constantly vigilant.

What happens to infants when parents argue in front of them?

Coping styles affects marital quality. dyadic coping- one partner communicates their stress verbally or nonvebally, the other partner may become affected by stress, ignore signals completely, partner displays positive or negative coping.

What is dyadic coping?

It requires down regulating (not be in a fight/flight mode) emotions in both partners. It is not agreeing with partner's point of view or compliance but accepting of their needs. Waiting rather than reacting. Pausing before responding. Usually the hetero couples, women bings up the issue. Harsh start> irritability and loss of interest in husband. Men more likely to engage in de-escalation negativity in low conflict situations (calming behavior, positive affect, humor directed at situation). If wife doesn't start with harsh start husband more likely to engage in de-escalating behaviors. The way you deal with an argument becomes the norm.

What is non-defensive listening and why is it important?

Coping -helping with daily tasks, providing practical advice, empathic understanding, helping partner reframe the stress/see if from a different perspective, communicate beliefs in partner's capabilities, expressing solidarity, join problem solving, joint information seeking, and explicitly asking for particular support and the other provides the support.

What is positive dyadic coping?

attempt to adjust to culture but rejected, individuals hold on more strongly to cultural heritage, resist adopting receiving culture.

What is reactive ethnicity?

Parent is predominantly focused on his or her own needs instead of child's, parents are insensitive and unresponsive to child's needs and draw child into a relationship pattern that is role-inappropriate. child as parent. child as partner (providing support), or parent as peer (no limits, lack security). Children or adolescents. Parent become dependent on child, leads to social, cognitive, and emotional problems in children and adolescents. Peers can't relate to their struggles. Transmits Inter-Generationally. Takes away from them growing up and staying within their Age Appropriate Development.

What is role reversal in families with high marital conflict?

Greater recollection for events that we have not completely processed/resolved. Recall AAI (insecure retell stories in different ways unlike secures), "laundry list" it doesn't go away and become activated during emotional situations, triggered when partner isn't supportive. The "laundry list" is a bid for attention/help/comfort/ intimacy that was left unresponded to and lies dormant until something minor triggers it. They accumulate, thoughts dwell on emotional injuries> lead to cost-benefit analysis of relationship > divorce?

What is the Zeigarnik effect? How does it relate to relationship functioning?

stress decreases positive child outcomes. The more cortisol and poor parenting results in social, emotional, and behavioral problems.

What is the association between stress and child outcomes for those kids living in poverty?

Worrying about mother. May not talk about their needs to protect themselves and distress parents, don't inform parents of discomfort, parents unaware of feelings.

What is the mediator on the association between mother's disclosure of her problems and daughter's psychological wellbeing?

Part of Negative spill-over, individuals have limited resources (ex: time, energy), when we allocate our resources to one role, we deprive the other role the attention it requires.

What is the scarcity hypothesis and how does it explain the negative aspects of work-family relationships?

Triangulation- two people bring a third party in to dissolve stress, anxiety or tension, tends to be a child, who may have to take sides, engage in trying to distract the parents, and carrying message b/w parents in order to avoid or minimize conflict between parents. Places youth at risk for adjustment problems, internalized behavior, depressive symptoms, and social withdrawal. Often experience negative affect from a parent that is aimed at the other.

What is triangulation in families with high marital conflict?

Provide services to mother and child> most positive outcome for both. Get the women angry and out of depression. Show them the longer term consequences for themselves and their children if they stay. Teach mothers problem focused coping, Increase self efficacy (work with their strengths). Low SES backgrounds and lacking an education, intervention focuses on providing resources to overcome these financial problems.

What should interventions focus on?

This can lead to negative spill-over from work which is associated with poor toddler compliance, mothers can be less sensitive impede on attachment> poor outcomes for child: insecure attachment, poor ER, and may influence cognitive development. sensitivity facilitates better social and cognitive development. Could result in a lack of child/adolescent supervision (likely to engage in risky behavior). Less time for guidance from mom. Not much time spend with mother-infant attachment, child-care starts sooner. Miss out on opportunities to learn ex) mothers may not have time to read to them> cognitive deficits. Positive outcomes of mother employment include role model for daughters: competence and success. Promote independence in daughters. Greater income> more resources for child.

When can maternal employment be detrimental to children? What are some of the negative and positive child outcomes when mothers work fulltime?

High marital conflict (issues are not resolved), maternal strain, poor maternal education/income, depression, poor sensitive parenting ability, and low maternal support.

When divorce is coupled with which parental behaviors do we observe poor behavioral regulation in preschool children?

1st year, after 2-3 months. 6-8 wks vocal cord control, 2-3 mo cooing.

When do babies begin to babble?

Cross sectional data tends to compare different order children between families which may vary related to found intelligence differences confounds include SES and time spent w/ parents and resources. Longitudinal compares child order within families in which family and environment are the same. Within Family- do not show birth order intelligence difference. Methodology?

When looking at birth order effects, why is it important to note cross sectional data vs. longitudinal data?

Intrusive parent interaction leads to anxious attachment.

When parents are intrusive during emotionally charged experiences, children are likely to have which type of attachment?

Avoidance by parents leads to avoidant attachment

When parents refuse to talk about emotionally charged experiences, children are likely to have which type of attachment style?

Insecure and avoidant attachment styles is negatively associated with work cohesion (less emotional connection and perception of support from co-workers). More avoidant don't seek support> less satisfied at work. More anxious felt they weren't getting adequate support> less satisfied at work.

Which attachment styles are most likely to be affected negatively by work stress? Why is this the case?

Paternal Sensitivity?

Which mediator explains the association between poverty and child outcomes?

Insecure fearful males: unstable or borderline personality structure, low self esteem, excessive jealousy, poor impulse control (need for control), frequent trauma symptoms, chronic anger, dissatisfaction with life, and tendency to externalize blame. Physical abusive victimization, shaming by a parent, paternal rejection , observed abusive parents. Insecure anxious exposed to some of the above can also show violent behaviors: fear of rejection, anger (born of fear) while trying to maintain proximity, display belligerent behavior towards wife, high frequency of mood changes (one minute nice, next angry and abusive), most likely to respond to withdrawal exhibited by wife with a violent reaction. In females, found that anxious females (high anxiety of abandonment) and dismissing/avoidant males predicted violence. High attachment anxiety in females associated with female violence.

Which two attachment styles (know the behaviors for each also) are most likely to engage in domestic abuse? Know the behaviors observed in both.

Divorces in which conflicts persist afterwards, adjustment is negative or adjustment that worsens.

Which type of divorce is likely to result in poor child outcomes?

This age group is more vulnerable because the have limited coping skills. Tend to have lower than normative scores in verbal, motor, and overall intellectual ability tests. poor verbal skills, more learning problems.

Why are infants and toddlers especially vulnerable? How are they effected cognitively?

Keeps partners vulnerabilities from surfacing causing the partner negative emotions. Showing sensitivity and in sync with partner. Happy couples comfort each other during vulnerable points. unhappy couples use it as ammunition.

Why are preemptive repairs so critical for a happy marriage/relationship?

The children may not express their need because they understand their parents are stressed, or parents are too stressed themselves to notice it. Refuges often go through high rates of traumatic events (war, torture). This exposure can lead to PTSD. loss and problems resettling lead to depression, support in new settled country can vary (can reduce psychological distress). May not trust doctors/clinicians, culturally different reaction behaviors.

Why do immigrant parents sometimes not know when their child is suffering from a mental illness?

more optimism because they are now exposed to more opportunities than previously (libraries: unlimited books, toys, education...). Younger have positive attitude towards school in that it will help them overcome poverty. Adolescent become disillusioned and attitudes are negative towards educators, they understand they can't access all of these resources due to parents status, and affordability.

Why do we observe more optimism in younger immigrant children than older adolescents?

Responses by the parents to distress cries is crucial for child's development of emotions. Secure parents will be responsive rather than dismissive when discussing difficult emotions (anger, frustration), express less negative affect, less anger and frustration. Teaches child that emotions are normal and how to cope with them. Teaches child they can get support when they are emotional, and it is safe to expression emotion.

Why is a parent's response to an infant's cry so crucial to the infant's development?

This type of care is associated with high reactivity> conduct problems. easily frustrated infants show more externalizing behavior at 2 yrs. when exposed to early care. Low quality care with highly negative tempered children predicts increase in cortisol.

Why is center-based care more detrimental for infants with a difficult temperament?

women more likely to be stay at home parents > time away from work force> Less high paying job attainment . They are also now juggling a job and child care. Not the case if they have high support structure, divorce joint decision, new friendships with those in similar situation, high efficacy, and financially comfortable.

Why is divorce likely to be more detrimental to women than men? When would this not be the case?

It is important for parents to discuss affect of the child to teach them language about affect. Allows them to understand specific emotional experiences. They can use this later to express themselves. WM of children is assessed by showing them a picture and asking them how the child whose parents are leaving for the weekend will feel. "seeing the masked scared you a little huh?" WM> "When I am sad my parents did this, so when I am sad I should do this."

Why is it important for parents to discuss the affective experiences their children face?

This kind of communication and support allows for them to brain storm together, facilitates communication > may lead to better martial functioning. Leads to better mental health.

Why is it important for partners to be able to talk about each other's work (show a genuine interest in accomplishments, worry, etc.)?

You should be in tune with your partners emotions, everyone has some kind of childhood scare (stored in WM). Their scars are their vulnerable points (activating these scare are likely to trigger conflict). Happy couples have an awareness of a partner's enduring vulnerabilities and sensitivities (engage in preemptive repairs so the vulnerability doesn't surface and influence their partner> negative emotions.

Why is it important to be able to tune into a partner's emotions?

Taking turns (respond in a contingent way) vocalizing between parent and child increases frequency of vocalizations. During distressed vocalization, sensitive caregivers provide pauses to draw child into the conversation. Modeling affect positive and negative, infants model expressions of parents.

Why is turn taking when talking to infants an important aspect of their cognitive, social, and emotional development?

When is the work place observed to be most stressful for folks? Low SES workers have added stressors. What are they?

Work can be stressful for three reasons: Under-utilization of skills, limited opportunities, and lack of challenge, variety, and autonomy. All these lead to stress in the work place. Lower SES workers have limited access to phone, closely supervised, no control in work schedule, and fear of loosing the job if they take too many days off. Upper middle class can take time off work to attend school events, able to call to check on kids, leave work if child is sick, and flexible work times.

Integration (biculturalism)

adopt receiving culture, retain heritage culture (more prosocial behavior, higher self esteem, lower depression). Better for mental health and prospective futures.

What is Assimilation?

adopting receiving culture, discard heritage of old, don't maintain previous cultural identity, seek to interact with other cultures.

Fourth sign

body language- Coincides with flooding, increases HR, secretion of adrenalin, increase in BP (decreased focus on solving the problem)> stress response activated. fight or flight response. No one is listening, they are both just protecting themselves.

Constructive Conflict

displays verbal and physical affection, problem solving, respect, and support. Children see conflict being resolved> preserve children't sense of security. Child less likely to intervene or get involved directly. Thought to promote better conflict resolution skills in child. Children less likely to show aggression towards parents and less conflict with their own peers and future partner.

Fifth sign

failed repair attempts- by one partner fails> another indicator the marriage may lead to divorce. (in working marriages partners use strategies to prevent conflict from spiraling out of control such as an apology, or reaching for physical contact/soothing behaviors)

Confluence Model

first and only children most of parents complete attention than later siblings> cognitive ability. (smaller families> higher IQs), first borns exposed to adult language than later born> cognitive ability. Explain and teach younger children> increases cognitive ability to teach and thus learn material better.

first signs

first signs of marital conflict argument begins with negative, accusatory or comments that display contempt/disgust. During everyday conversations> dis-interest by one partner> conflict (importance of investment in each other's lives). Failed bids for connection and subsequent loneliness are a major source of marital conflict.

General challenges faced by children of immigrants and poverty?

poor living conditions, poor health, poor diet, less resources, and lack of knowledge on available > poor health outcomes.

Marginalization

reject both heritage and receiving culture, observed in only a small group of migrants. Gang formation.

Separation

reject receiving culture, retain heritage of culture, wish to avoid interaction with others in dominant culture.

Hostile dyadic coping

support that is accompanied by a disparaging remark, distancing (making oneself inaccessible for support), mocking, sarcasm, open lack of interest, or minimizing the seriousness of the partner's stress. (think their partner should be able to do it themselves, see partner as needy/too much) most likely avoidant attach partner

superficial dyadic coping

support that is insincere, such as asking questions about the partner's feelings without listening, or supporting the partner without empathy. Tuning out. Not listening (different than avoidant's inability to code negative emotions)

Negative dyadic coping

three types: hostile, ambivalent, and superficial coping strongly associated with negative well-being.

Process of an individuals leaving one cultural croup and adapting another's to include beliefs, behaviors, language, attitudes, values, foods, friends. Children adopt better, surrounded by it more, but have to meet expectations of parents and new environments expectations.

what is acculturation.

Ambivalent dyadic coping

when one partner supports the other unwillingly or with the attitude that his or her contribution should be unnecessary.

Spill-Over Theory

work-life interaction theory that is the current and most dominant theory, experiences in work and family spill over into each other. Emotions can be positive or negative. Frustration at work influences family interactions negatively is a negative spill-over example. Visversa is satisfaction at work positive spill over into other. Positive spill-over- negotiation skills (prioritizing, managing time, being resourceful vs complaining). Negative spill-over (stress/conflict at work with frustration > caregiving, demands at home, marital relationship) both domains influence affect thus influence behavior. Scarcity hypothesis

Compensation Theory

work-life interaction theory that work and family experiences do affect each other. people make differential investments, they might spent more time at one than another. ex) work more if family like is unhappy. Stay with family more if work is unsatisfying. common in blue collar jobs