Field Craft 2
Mild TBI
-Confused/disoriented state which lasts less than 24 hrs -Loss of consciousness for up to 30 min. -structural brain imaging w/ normal results -presentations range from symptomatic to confusion or amnesia from event -usually return to full recovery w/in weeks
chemical burns
-DO NOT PERFORM VA AND PHYSICAL ASSESSMENT FIRST, YOU IRRIGATE FIRST -admin. combat pill pack -evacuate to MO asap
Injuries produced by lasers
-Retina-burns, hemorrhage producing loss of vision -Cornea-burns, vision loss, corneal scarring, corneal perforation
Gross Visual Acuity Test
-Test each eye individually by covering one eye w/ the casualty's hand; be careful to avoid applying pressure to the eye -ask casualty to read/identify info on a near card or other printed material -ask casualty to count how many fingers you are holding -test using hand motion or light perception
Basilar skull fracture
-fractures of the floor of the cranium -should be suspected if CSF is draining from nostrils or ear canals -periorbital ecchymosis (raccoon eyes) and ecchymosis over mastoid behind the ears (Battle's sign)-make take several hours to become apparent
Depressed skull fracture
-fragments of bone are driven toward/into underlying brain tissue -closed ones increase risk of intracranial hematoma -Open ones serve as possible entry point for bacteria
Care Under Fire
-gain fire superiority -control life-threatening hemorrhage
Signs and symptoms of TBI
-injured casualty shows a transient alteration in neurologic function -alteration in mental status -vacant stare, delayed verbal response, confused, incoherent speech, lack of coordination, memory deficit, inappropriate emotions
retina
-inner layer -contains rods and cones-the receptors of vision allowing us to see images
fascia
-limited ability to stretch -dense connective tissue that envelopes the muscles
Hyperventilation
-lowers ICP by induction of cerebral vasoconstriction which may decrease cerebral blood flow to ischemic levels -eliminates carbon dioxide from the lungs at a faster than normal rate and causes blood to become alkaline (binding oxygen to hemoglobin) which can reduce oxygen delivery to brain
signs of spinal injury
-motor vehicle crash -falls from greater than 15 feet -IED blast involving MRAP vehicle
conjunctiva
-mucus membrane that lines the eyelid and extends from the eyelid to the front of the eyeball -covers anterior portion of the sclera
Assessing for underlying head injuries
-never assume an injury to the eye is isolated strictly to the eye -assess and reassess mental status -perform a baseline assessment
Cerebrospinal fluid
-nutrient fluid that bathes and protects brain and spinal cord -constantly produced within the ventricles of the brain -reabsorbed by arachnoid membrane, which covers brain and spinal cord -obstruction would create accumulation w/in the brain which causes increase in ICP
30-35%
Because of increases in cardiac output and blood volume, a pregnant casualty may lose how much total blood volume BEFORE showing signs of hypovolemia?
minor
Bleeding from an intestinal injury is typically _________, unless larger vessels of the mesentery are damaged.
hypovolemic shock
Blood loss into peritoneal cavity, regardless of the source will contribute to what? A casualty's entire circulating volume can be lost into the abdominal cavity
hypothermia
Burn patients cannot control their own body temp. effectively and are susceptible to ________________, even in warm or hot environments
on their left side
What side should you transport a pregnant casualty? Tilt the right side of the spine board, elevate casualty's right leg or manually displace the uterus to the left to relive supine hypotension
dry sterile dressing
What type of dressing is used to cover burns?
bulky dressing
What type of dressing should you use to stabilize impaled objects in the abdomen? DO NOT palpate the abdomen.
free myoglobin
What will produce tea or cola colored urine?
Fox Eye Shield
When injury allows, what should you cover the affected eye with?
pelvic
___________ fractures cause severe hemorrhage and can be fatal
vaginal
____________ bleeding secondary to trauma should be evacuated expeditiously
airway
______________ patency is a priority in a burn casualty. Hot gases and flames can cause edema above vocal cords/cause occlusion
analgesics
_______________ are recommended for isolated joint and limb injuries, but not for casualties w/ serious multi system trauma. Direct casualty to use combat pill pack and IV antibiotics if necessary.
Brainstem
_________________ injury is probable if both pupils are dilated and do not react to light.
amputations
___________________ may not immediately bleed due to vascular spasms of the injured vessels. Once spasms subside, bleeding will occur
White phosphorous
a chemical substance that burns when exposed to oxygen without having to be ignited; if contains grenades, shells, or bombs, can cause severe thermal and chemical burns
mid foot
consist of 7 tarsals
wrist
consist of 8 bones called carpals
pelvis
contains bones that are fused together -joined posteriorly to sacral spine (sacroiliac joint)
Brain
controls all bodily functions and processes
Cerebellum
controls primitive functions, coordination and balance
Brain stem
controls vital body functions such as cardio-respiratory functions
multisystem trauma
faced w/ severely wounded casualty w/ extremity injuries, life takes precedence over limb. Focus should be on maintaining vital function
pubis
formed by joining of bones of anterior pubis
phalanges
fourteen finger bones
skull
fracture due to blunt or penetrating trauma
Maxillae
fused bones of upper jaw
physical exam
general examination techniques include inspection and palpating in adequate lighting. Avoid pressure on the globe while performing the exam
calcaneus
heel bone
acromion process
highest portion of shoulder -forms acromioclavicular joint w/ clavicle and is a frequent area of shoulder injury (AC Separation)
scalp
highly vascular
tibia
medial -larger bone of lower leg -shin bone
ulna
medial bone of forearm (pinky side)
First degree burns
minor tissue damage that reddens epidermis only and heals in 3 to 6 days
condyloid
motion in two planes at right angles
saddle
motion in two planes at right angles, but no axial rotation (carpal, metacarpal joint)
hip joint
only movable joint in pelvis -acetabulum (socket of hip joint) -ball at proximal end of femur (femoral head)
Dura mater
outermost membrane of meninges and most resilient
goals of burn wound care
prevent shock, infection, and minimize disfiguration
escharotomy
procedure that may be required to release pressure due to swelling w/ circumferential burns performed by a MO at a BAS or FMSC, NOT by a combat medic
insulin
promotes glucose entry into most cells of the body, decreasing blood glucose levels in the blood
Nasal bone
provides some of the structure of the nose
sclera
tough layer (white of the eye) that protects the inner structure of the eye and helps to maintain shape of the eye -connected to 6 muscles that allow eye to look up, down, and side-to-side
Compartment syndrome
when arterial blood flow continues into an extremity, but venous flow is restricted from returning to the system. Pressure is exerted against muscle fascia. Structures get crushed, capillary flow impaired and tissue becomes ischemic-nerves easily injured first
Ballistic Eye Protection
when worn, will protect against eye penetrating injuries, laser, and burns
joints
where ligaments connect bones to other bones
Cushing's Triad
(caused by increased ICP) Increased blood pressure (hypertension), decrease in pulse rate (bradycardia), and irregular respiratory rate
Ketamine and Fetanyl
-Can be used with mild TBI -have potential to make moderate to severe TBI worse -if casualty is aware/able to vocalize pain, then TBI is likely not severe enough to stop the use of these medications
Orbital Fractures
-Casualty may be able to move eye/focus on objects -Double vision=common complaint -Cover eye w/ fox eye shield, administer combat pill pack, evacuate to MO asap
Severe TBI
-Closed or open injury where dura mater is penetrated -Confused/disoriented state lasting more than 24 hrs -Loss of consciousness for more than 24 hrs -memory loss lasting more than 7 days -MRI or CT scan w/ normal/abnormal results -accounts for 8% head injuries-mortality approaching 40% usually w/in 48 hrs -Long term disability is common -Intracranial hematoma, epidural hematoma, subdural hematoma, cerebral contusions, subarachnoid hemorrhage
head
An NPA is contraindicated for evidence of what type of injury?
cardiac arrhythmias
Elevated potassium levels can cause what?
night vision goggles
Risk of laser injury increases with the use of?
Pregnancy
Until about the 12th week, the uterus remains protected by the pelvis
irrigate with copious amounts of water
What should you do to the eye if there is a chemical burn?
hinge
bends and straightens
shearing injuries
tearing forces exerted against supporting ligaments of solid organs and vessels. Deceleration injuries are common and restraining devices (seat belts)
Fragmentation wounds
the most common cause of penetrating injuries in combat
Foramen magnum
the primary opening through which pressure can be released; located at the base of the skull, it is a circular opening which the spinal cord passes through
dermis
thick layer of collagen connective tissue below the thin epidermis -contains sensory nerves (hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands)
Pia mater
thin innermost membrane of meninges
Meninges
three membranes that cover brain; protects the cranial nerves and spinal cord
anoxia
total or near total lack of oxygen
Characteristics of the eye
-Delicate organs adapted to provide vision -Protected by skull, eyelids, eyelashes, and tears -shape is maintained by fluid contained w/in the eye (vitreous and aqueous humor)
Moderate TBI
-Most casualties observed/admitted b/c of potential for deterioration -Confused/disoriented state which lasts more than 24 hrs -Loss of consciousness for more than 30 min but less than 24 hrs -memory loss lasting more than 24 hrs, but less than 7 days -MRI or CT scan w/ normal/abnormal results
Tactical Evaluation for head injuries
-Prevent hypothermia -Transport in supine position -If facial wound is present, tilt towards side of injury to allow for drainage -Elevating head (reverse Tredelenburg) may decrease ICP but it could also jeopardize cerebral perfusion -Do not delay transport to gain vascular access -Transport urgent surgical-relay that it is due to neurological issue -Reassess until MEDEVAC is complete
hemostatic agent
-a dressing, that when placed on/into wound, accelerate the body's ability to clot -use for burns -if not present, apply direct pressure to the bleed and hold
small intestine
-absorption of carbohydrates (sugars) proteins and fats -absorption of ions (sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, calcium, iron, potassium) -absorption of water (that accompanies the ions being absorbed) but most absorbed in colon -absorption of proteins and fat
combat pill pack
-all casualties suffering from penetrating ocular trauma that can swallow should be direct to take their what?
Linear skull fracture
-breaks in the bone that transverse the full thickness of the skull -usually no bone displacement -accounts for about 80% of skull fractures
Treatment for laser injuries
-burns of the cornea and skin are treated similarly to other types of thermal burns -evacuate casualty to MO asap w/ glasses if indicated
Mid-face fracture
-casualty's face may appear asymmetrical or flattened -inability to close mouth -if conscious, may be complaint of facial pain/numbness -possible crepitus
pupil
-circular opening in the iris -window of the eye through which light passes to the lens and retina
lens
-circular structure filled w/ jelly-like substance -adjusts to focus both near and far objects
Iris
-colored part of the eye -located b/tw the cornea and lens -controls the amount of light entering the eye
Mandible fracture
-commonly report teeth no longer "fit together" correctly (malocclusion) -crepitus/step off may be noted -airway management should be considered if patient is supine b/c tongue may occlude airway
Eyelid lacerations or corneal abrasions
-cover the affected eye w/ a fox eye shield -administer combat pill pack -evacuate casualty to MO ASAP w/ glasses if indicated
Treatment for White phosphorus
-cover w/ water, saline, wet cloth, or wet mud, anything that seals white phosphorus from air. seal must be maintained until phosphorus is removed to prevent retained particles from reigniting and further burning
Skull
-cranium; encases and protects the brain tissue -formed from the fusion of skull bones: Parietal, Temporal, Sphenoid, Cribriform plate, Frontal, Occipital
Evisceration
-efforts should focus on protecting the protruding segment of intestines/organs for further damage in a moist environment (moisten w/ normal saline IV fluid) -DO NOT replace organs back -any action that increases intraabdominal pressure such as (crying, screaming, coughing, bearing down) can force organs more outward
kidneys
-excrete most of end products of bodily metabolism through filtration of blood and formation of urine -regulates the water, electrolytes and acid-base content of blood
Occular Extrusion
-eye is protruding from socket -DO NOT attempt to force eye back into socket -shield and gently cup avulsed eye w/ moist 4x4s -cover w/ loose, moist dressing -admin. combat pill pack -evacuate to MO asap
high index of suspicion for abdominal injuries
-obvious signs of trauma -signs of hypovolemic shock w/out obvious cause -degree of shock greater than would be expected -presence of peritoneal sings -mechanism of injury
MACE card
-only standardized and most widely used method for evacuation of acute mTBI in military operational settings -has 5 alternate lists to prevent soldiers from memorizing a baseline assessment
spleen
-organ of the lymphatic system: contains largest amount of lymphatic tissue in body -stores Red blood cells and platelets -removes RBC and platelets that are worn out/defective -carries out immune functions and has cells involved in fighting infections -highly vascular organ that, if injured, may result in massive hemorrhaging -may become inflamed/enlarged in patients w/ mono so avoid contact sports for up to 4 weeks (90 days) to avoid possible rupture
Blunt Trauma
-possesses a greater threat to life -difficult to diagnose-mechanism of injury and pain may be only signs of underlying injury -compression injuries: organs crushed b/tw solid objects -shearing injuries
Pancreas
-produces/secretes digestive juices into duodenum via pancreatic duct -produces/secretes hormones (insulin and glucagon) into blood to regulate blood sugar level
Scalp
-skin covering the skull; outermost portion of the head -bleeds profusely when lacerated -may lead to significant blood loss due to prolonged hemorrhage
Thermal Burns
-stop burning process -cover affected eye w/ DRY STERILE DRESSING -follow burn assessment/treatment protocols -consider pain management -consider withholding combat pill pack if patient suffers exclusively from burns -evacuate to MO asap
Liver
-stores about 10% of total blood volume -metabolizes carbohydrates (sugars), fat and protein -stores vitamins and iron -forms various blood clotting factors -detoxifies/excretes and metabolizes drugs -forms bile which breaks down fat for digestion and excretes waste products from the blood
Gallbladder
-stores bile formed by liver -empties bile into duodenum when there is high fat content in meal -stones may obstruct drainage system (bile duct) to small intestine
stomach
-stores large quantities of food until it can be converted into a soupy mixture (chyme) and emptied into duodenum -secretes digestive juices and enzymes -poor absorption except for highly-lipid soluble substances like alcohol and some medications such as aspirin
ilium
-superior bone that contains iliac crest -wide bony wing that can be felt near waist
Lacrimal glands
-tear glands -located in the upper-outer aspect of each upper eye lid -prevents infection/moistens eye -drain through ducts located in the eyelids
cornea
-tough, transparent, and colorless, covers the pupil and iris -injuries may cause opacity and stop light rays from entering the eye
Red flags for head injuries
-witnessed LOC -two or more blast exposures w/in 72 hrs -unusual behavior/combative -unequal pupils -seizures -repeated vomiting -double vision/loss of vision -worsening headache -weakness on one side of the body -cannot recognize people/disoriented to place -abnormal speech (If no red flag is present, initiate MACE)
palpating the pelvis for instability
1. Press posteriorly on the iliac crest 2. Press inward on the iliac crest 3. Press posteriorly on the symphysis pubis
circumferential
A ____________________ chest burn can constrict the chest wall to such degree that casualty suffocates from inability to inhale a deep breath
abnormal
A difference of greater than 1.0 mm in pupil size is considered ______________?
inhalation
ALWAYS assume an _________________ injury in an enclosed space fire. Facial burns, singed eyebrows, carbonaceous sputum=signs
urgent surgical
Abdominal injury casualties should be categorized for evacuation as ___________ _________________.
visual acuity test
All casualties with an eye injury should have some type of what performed?
Urgent surgical
All circumferential burns should be evacuated in what category to a MTF w/ oxygen supplementation adjusted to maintain O2 saturation of at least 92%?
surgical emergency
An absent pulse distal to an extremity wound is a __________________ _______________________.
1.5 liters
An adult peritoneal cavity can hold up to how much fluid before evidence of distention is apparent?
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
An injury to the brain resulting from an external force and/or acceleration/deceleration mechanism from an event -MOI includes: blast, projectiles, falls, direct impacts, or motor vehicle accidents
24
Any service member in a vehicle associated w/ a blast event, collision or rollover, any service member w/in 50 meters of a blast, anyone who sustains a direct blow to the head, and command directed, such as repeated exposures are exposures that mandates prompt command and medical concussion evaluation, event reporting, and a _____ hour rest period.
No
Are antibiotics indicated for a casualty suffering from only burns?
Lasers
At low energy levels, ______________ may produce temporary reduction in visual performance in critical tasks, such as aiming weapons or flying aircraft. At higher energy levels, they may produce serious long-term visual loss, even permanent blindness.
Authorized Protective Eyewear List
Authorized EyePro is listed on the _________________ _____________ ______________ __________ (APEL).
ICP
Crushed brain tissue, shifted brain structures, and restricted blood flow which can lead to intracranial hematoma can be caused by?
electrical burns
DO NOT attempt to remove wires unless trained to do so. Turn off electrical source if possible before any rescue attempts -may cause abnormal heartbeat including loss of pulse -consider resuscitation w/ AED for pulseless electrical burns -usually have normal heart so resuscitation chances may be excellent -possible rupture of tympanic membrane -possible fractures to spine and long bones from sustained muscle contractions
avoided
Deep or aggressive palpation for the abdomen should be avoided b/c it may dislodge blood clots, promote existing hemorrhage, and increase spillage of contents of the GI tract.
abnormal
Development of a sluggish or nonreactive pupil is considered __________________?
overpressure
Due to _______________________, hollow organs can rupture with no apparent external injury. Look for ruptured eardrums.
Nasal fracture
Epistaxis, edema, ecchymosis, nasal deformity, crepitus are indications for what type of fracture?
20%
For casualties suffering from burns greater than _______ of total body surface area: establish IV access-try and avoid burned tissues, use IO if IV access not gained, and immediately begin fluid resuscitation following rule of 10s
potassium
For crush syndrome, provide fluid resuscitation w/ normal saline b/c lactated ringers contain what?
Snellen chart
For ocular injuries, if you are in a clinic, you should utilize a standard ____________ ____________.
Gross examination
For ocular injuries, when equipment, light, and/or space do not permit, what is recommended as opposed to no vision exam?
four
How many splints should you use?
knees bent
How should you position an abdominal casualty for transport?
isolated
Hypovolemic shock does not result from an ______________ head injury. Look for another cause.
ventilate at a rate of approximately 20 breaths per minute, administer supplemental oxygen, and maintain oxygen saturation at 90% or greater
If a casualty shows signs of increased ICP, what should you do?
head trauma
If a patient has a normal level of consciousness, then dilated pupils are not due to what type of trauma?
reversible
If pupils are dilated but react to light, injury is often _______________.
5-15 mm Hg
In pregnant women, systolic and diastolic blood pressure drops _____________ during second trimester, but will return to normal by term
Hollow Organs
Intestine, gallbladder, urinary bladder -spill contents into peritoneal cavity and retroperitoneal space -release of digestive acids, enzymes, bacteria and partially digested food (chyme) into peritoneal cavity causing peritonitis and sepsis
femur
Loss of 1-2 liters of blood can be caused by a fracture of one ____________.
True
Loss of consciousness is NOT required to make a possible diagnosis of concussion
Terminal event
Low blood pressure (hypotension) caused by a head injury
gluteal
Penetrating wounds to the flanks and/or buttocks may involve organs of the abdominal caveating. The _______________ area is frequently associated w/ significant intraabdominal trauma in up to 50% of cases.
True
Pressure dressings should not be applied to depressed or open skull fractures. Hemostatic gauze may be effective but do not pack with hemostatic agent
25
Prior to deployment, soldiers should be given the MACE test to get baseline assessment. If not available, a score of ______ or below is the best indicator for a true cognitive impairment resulting from a concussion
active protection
Scanning battlefields w/ one eye, minimizing use of binoculars in areas known to have laser in use, built-in or clip on filters, and battlefield smoke are examples of what type of protection?
No
Should you auscultate the abdomen in a combat environment?
20
Some references state that you should irrigate chemical burns to the eyes for at least ______ minutes. However, irrigation should be maintained for as long as supplies last/until casualty reaches a medical treatment facility
Tactical Field Care
Stop the burning process, remove the burn source
diaphragm
The abdominal cavity is below (inferior to) the ___________________?
delay
The major cause of morbidity and mortality in abdominal trauma is the _________ in determining if an injury exists-resulting in delay of treatment
Fluid Resuscitation protocols
The medic must achieve a delicate balance of maintaining profusion to the vital organs w/out restoring a normal blood pressure that will increase internal bleeding
splinting
The objection of _________________ is to prevent motion in the broken bone ends. Nerves that cause pain lie in the membrane surrounding (periosteum).
young, old, 3
The very ____________ and very ______ respond poorly to burn injuries. The death rate in burn casualties over age 65 is ____ times greater than that of the overall burn population.
electrical and crush injuries
These two types of injuries are similar and may result in myoglobinuria
Left Lower Quadrant
This quadrant of the abdomen contains part of color (ascending colon ending cecum), appendix (attached to cecum), part of small intestine, part of bladder and uterus, right Fallopian tube, right ovary, right iliac artery
Right Upper Quadrant
This quadrant of the abdomen contains the liver, gallbladder, head of the pancreas (retroperitoneal), part of transverse colon/hepatic flexure, right renal artery, right kidney (retroperitoneal)
Right Lower Quadrant
This quadrant of the abdomen contains the small intestine, part of colon (sigmoid/descending), part of bladder and uterus, left Fallopian tube, left ovary, left iliac artery
Left Upper Quadrant
This quadrant of the abdomen contains the stomach, spleen, tail of pancreas (peritoneal), left kidney (retroperitoneal), left renal artery
True
True/False: Covering both eyes, even if only one eye is injured, is not recommended in a combat environment because the casualty would be rendered defenseless against the enemy and dependent on others
Rule of Nines
Used to determine percentage of body surface area burned
Moxifloxacin
What are one of the few antibiotics that can affect the eye?
Isolated non life-threatening, Non-life threatening, definite musculoskeletal life-threatening
What are the 3 categories for musculoskeletal injuries?
thermal injury, asphyxiation, toxin-induced lung injury (delayed)
What are the 3 elements of smoke inhalation?
pain, paresthesia, pulselessness, pallor, paralysis
What are the 5 P's of compartment syndrome?
hyperventilation
What has been shown to worsen the outcome for head injury casualties and contributes to ischemia or hypoxia
Computerized Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
What is required to make a definitive TBI diagnosis?
Concussion Management in Deployed Setting
What is the algorithm Combat Medics will follow when treated a casualty w/ a suspected head injury?
inhalation of toxic smoke
What is the leading cause of death in fires?
Morphine
What medication is NOT recommended in patients with suspected brain injury due to its respiratory depressant effects and potential to cause carbon dioxide retention which may cause vasodilation and increase ICP? This medication also makes it difficult to do a neurologic assessment, including pupillary response
The eye should be flushed
What should be done first in the case of ocular chemical burns? Then once the mechanism of burn is eliminated, then a visual acuity screening is accomplished.
wire or cord
What should not be used to secure a splint in place?
sterile water or IV solution (NS or Lactated Ringers)
What should you irrigate affected eyes with?
clean the surface
What should you not attempt to do with a scalp wound?
subcutaneous
adipose layer and aids in insulation of body
ball and socket joint
ball rotates in a round socket
Injury to the uterus
can include rupture, penetration, abrupt placentae, premature rupture of membranes -highly vascular and can result in profound hemorrhage
voluntary guarding
casualty seems to tense up-guarding abdomen
Arachnoid
center layer of meninges
Zygomatic bones
cheekbones
Second degree burns
damage through the epidermis and into a variable depth of the dermis appears mottled (blotchy), red w/ weeping blisters (oozing), heals in 2-4 wks, painful, grafting necessary
Third degree burns
damage to all layers of epidermis and dermis, charred, translucent, pearly white w/ surface that is dry with thromboses blood vessels, grafting necessary
hematuria
damage to the kidneys, ureters and bladder often present with ______________, which will not be noted unless the casualty has a urinary catheter, unlikely in combat environment
crush syndrome
damaged muscle tissue releases myoglobin and potassium
Fourth Degree burns
damages skin and underlying layers of subcutaneous tissue, muscle, bone, or internal organs
MACE assessment
developed by the Defense and Veterans Brain Injury Center to evaluate a casualty w/ a suspected concussion -First distributed for clinical use by military personnel in August 2006
diaphragm
during maximum expiration (exhale) extends, superiorly to the 4th intercostal space anteriorly, to the 6th intercostal space laterally and to the 8th intercostal space posteriorly; a wound that started in the abdomen may end up in the chest or vice versa
Kinematics
energy-the more energy, the greater the suspicion for abdominal trauma -15% stab wounds (low energy) require surgical intervention -85% gun shot wounds (medium/high energy) require surgical intervention
glucagon
increases release of glucose from liver into circulating body fluids, increasing blood glucose levels in blood
ischium
inferior, posterior portion of pelvis
peritonitis
inflammation of the peritoneum, or lining of the abdominal cavity
ischemia
insufficient blood flow to the brain
colon
large intestine -absorption of water and electrolytes (up to 5 to 7 liters per day) -storage of fecal matter until expelled
skin
largest organ of the body -protects underlying tissue from dehydration and injury -helps regulate body temp. by controlling heat loss -site of many nerve endings -has tissues temporary for storage of fat, glucose, water, and salts -absorb certain drugs/chemical substances
Cerebrum
largest part of the brain; houses sensory functions, motor functions, and higher intellectual functions such as intelligence and memory
patella
largest sesamoid bone in the body -kneecap -sits anterior to knee joint
fibula
lateral -smaller bone of Lower leg
Radius
lateral bone of forearm-articulates w/ carpals (thumb side)
gliding
limited motion
Solid and Vascular organs
liver, spleen, aorta, vena cava -bleeding into abdominal cavity when injured
Treatment for compartment syndrome
loosen tightly applied splints/dressings and reassess for presence of distal pulse -tighten tourniquets/apply second tourniquet directly above first until distal pulse cannot be detected
lateral malleolus
lower end of fibula
medial malleolus
lower end of tibia
Mandible
lower jaw
sepsis
massive systemic infection that includes hypotension, decreased urine output and altered mental status
skin graft
removal of partial thickness of skin from unburned area of casualty and placement over burned area to "reseed" area w/ new skin tissue
pivot
rotation
Any combat casualty with a penetrating wound from the nipple line to the buttock needs a ____________ ____________ evaluation unless rigidity or tenderness is identified, they need surgical evaluation __________________.
routine surgical, immediately
involuntary guarding
spasms of the abdominal wall muscles that remain even when the casualty is distracted
myoglobin
storage site w/in muscle tissue that stores oxygen -when released from damaged muscle, can cause damage to kidneys
epidermis
surface/outer layer of skin made up of epithelial cells w/ no blood vessels present -nourished w/ capillaries in dermis -serves as barrier b/tw our body and environment
passive protection
taking cover and wearing eye pro is an example of what type of protection?