LSU Hist 2057 Final Keys Jacquet

Benito Mussolini

Born in 1883 in Dovia di Predappio, Forlì, Italy, Benito Mussolini was an ardent socialist as a youth, following in his father's political footsteps, but was expelled by the party for his support of World War I. In 1919, he created the Fascist Party, eventually making himself dictator and holding all the power in Italy. He overextended his forces during World War II and was eventually killed by his own people, on April 28, 1945, in Mezzegra, Italy.

FIRST HUNDRED DAYS

Congress to take the first step toward ending Prohibition—one of the more divisive issues of the 1920s—by making it legal once again for Americans to buy beer. (At the end of the year, Congress ratified the 21st Amendment and ended Prohibition for good.) In May, he signed the Tennessee Valley Authority Act into law, enabling the federal government to build dams along the Tennessee River that controlled flooding and generated inexpensive hydroelectric power for the people in the region. That same month, Congress passed a bill that paid commodity farmers (farmers who produced things like wheat, dairy products, tobacco and corn) to leave their fields fallow in order to end agricultural surpluses and boost prices. June's National Industrial Recovery Act guaranteed that workers would have the right to unionize and bargain collectively for higher wages and better working conditions; it also suspended some antitrust laws and established a federally funded Public Works Administration.Hundred Days (100 days after FDR presidency) In addition to the Agricultural Adjustment Act, the Tennessee Valley Authority Act, and the National Industrial Recovery Act, Roosevelt had won passage of 12 other major laws, including the Glass-Steagall Banking Bill and the Home Owners' Loan Act, in his first 100 days in office. Almost every American found something to be pleased about and something to complain about in this motley collection of bills, but it was clear to all that FDR was taking the "direct, vigorous" action that he'd promised in his inaugural address-Congress enacts 15 major bills -Represents the face of the new American state -It's a sign of things to come

PROHIBITION

Corresponded with the 18th amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors anywhere in the united states.

FDR

DR (as he was known) projected a calm energy and optimism, famously declaring that "the only thing we have to fear is fear itself." Roosevelt took immediate action to address the country's economic woes, first announcing a four-day "bank holiday" during which all banks would close so that Congress could pass reform legislation and reopen those banks determined to be sound. He also began addressing the public directly over the radio in a series of talks, and these so-called "fireside chats" went a long way towards restoring public confidence. During Roosevelt's first 100 days in office, his administration passed legislation that aimed to stabilize industrial and agricultural production, create jobs and stimulate recovery. In addition, Roosevelt sought to reform the financial system, creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) to protect depositors' accounts and the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) to regulate the stock market and prevent abuses of the kind that led to the 1929 crash.-Franklin Delano Roosevelt insisted that the fed gov't should play a greater role 1. Pledged a "New Deal" for the American people 2. FDR was committed to using to power of the fed. Government -Politically prominent family 1. VP losing ticket 1920 -Polio 1921 1. Bedridden for two years 2. Loses use of his legs 3. He always hid the fact that we was sign a chair because it was a sign of weakness. -Wins Governor of New York 1929 -Wins Democratic Party nomination 1932 election -Nov 1932 election 1. Hoover 15.8 million 2. FDR 22.8 million -Takes office March 4, 1933 -The 20th amendment passed making the election in January instead of March New Deal -Stabilize the nation's capitalist system -Lessen the harshest impacts of capitalism on the nations people -The new deal was a series of laws passed by congress focused on the three "R's": relief, recovery, and reform -Provided relief to (some of) those in need largely through temporary jobs -Job creation -At LSU: the PWA and the WPA -FDR restores confidence in gov and the economic system -Transforms the way Americans thought about and experienced the government -Reshapes national politics and culture -Millions $$ into the economy, millions saved from hunger -But the new deal does not get us out the great depression. WW2 does through war efforts.

After WW1

During this time as industry boomed, so did the economy. More previously unemployed people held jobs, and the finances of the public, which had been poor since the recession of 1897, improved. However, as the war ended, and soldiers started to return home, the industry production began to slow, and there was less need for workers in factories. Many women stopped working, but even so there were not enough jobs for the men returning home from Europe. This rising unemployment after a time of industry and economic prosperity, planted the seeds of the coming Great Depression

ESPIONAGE ACT 1917

Espionage Act 1917- prohibited spying on the draft; couldn't criticize

EXECUTIVE ORDER 9066

Executive Order 9066 is a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by the United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942, authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones. Eventually, EO 9066 cleared the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. The executive order was spurred by a combination of war hysteria and reactions to the Niihau Incident.

DIRTY THIRTIES

Farmer are the first to feel the coming depression. The "dirty thirties" for those who lived in the dust bowl region. Texas, Oklahoma, parts of Colorado Kansas, Nebraska, south Dakota, and new Mexico. The Dust Bowl of the 1930s, sometimes referred to as the "Dirty Thirties" lasted about a decade. This was a period of severe dust storms which caused major agricultural damage to American and Canadian prairie lands, primarily from 1930 to 1936, but in some areas, until 1940. It was caused by severe drought and decades of extensive farming without crop rotation.Soon hundreds of thousands of people began to abandon their land when the dust storms showed no signs of letting up. Others were forced out when their land was taken in bank foreclosures. In all, more than 500,000 people, primarily from Texas and Oklahoma, were left homeless. One-quarter of the population left the affected area, packing up everything they owned and heading westward, where they hoped to find greater opportunities.

FASCISM / FASCIST GOVERNMENTS

Fascism is a political system in which the state has all the power. All citizens must work for the country and the government. A dictator or another powerful person is the head of such a state. He uses a strong army and a police force to keep law and order. He is often a strong, authoritarian leader who is, at the beginning, admired by many people. Fascist governments control the way people live. Those who criticize the government or do not obey are punished. They must leave the country, go to prison or are often executed. Fascist leaders want to make their state strong and powerful. They claim that only the strongest and fittest in the population can survive. With the help of a strong army they go to war and expand their territory. School teachers show children that only the state is important. Pupils must exercise to stay healthy. Young organizations are often created in which children admire the state and learn slogans and songs. They are trained to march and follow the beliefs of the ruling party. Fascist governments try to give all people work, mainly in the industries they need. They build roads, hospitals and industries which help them rise to power. In fascist countries no other political parties are allowed. The government controls newspapers, radio and television. There is no freedom of speech. Fascism first appeared after World War I when Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy. In Germany of the 1930s Adolf Hitler's National Socialism rose to power. Fascism also appeared in Japan, Spain and Argentina.Rise of fascist governments (state at the center)Germany was one of the big losers of World War I. It lost a lot of its land. The winners of the war made Germany give up most of its weapons and the government had pay for the destruction that occurred during the war. The country was poor, its economy was ruined. In the 1920s and 30s a new party emerged: the National Socialist Workers' Party became powerful. By 1933 the Nazis were the strongest party in Germany. Their leader, Adolf Hitler, dissolved parliament, took over power and made Germany a fascist state. In the following years he built up a strong police force and the largest army in Europe. Hitler was called the Fuehrer. He claimed that the German people were better, stronger and more intelligent than any other people. Other groups, especially Jews and Romanies were considered to be inferior. Hitler believed that Germany could survive only if it got rid of these weak people. In the course of the war the Nazis killed over 6 million Jews and invaded most countries in Europe. When Germany was defeated in 1945 the fascist government fell apart.1. Dictatorship 2. Authoritarian political ideology 3. Single party state 4. Nationalism 5. Militarism

MODEL T

Ford is credited by making the first affordable car; before the model T, only the very wealthy could afford a car. "tin Lizzie" changed the way americans live -assembly line made model T the first car to be affordable, more than 15 million built in detract and highland park less than $300 a car

Happy Days Are Here Again

Franklin Roosevelt's selection of the sunny Happy Days Are Here Again debuted at the 1932 Democratic Convention — by accident. Judge John E. Mack, the man who introduced Roosevelt, delivered a bland clunker of a speech and walked off stage to the originally chosen song, Anchors Aweigh. Roosevelt's political advisors were so upset by the awful performance that they demanded a new song be played before the candidate's speech. They selected Happy Days Are Here Again, from the 1930 musical Chasing Rainbows, making Roosevelt the first President to pick a pre-existing song for his campaign and handing the Democratic Party their unofficial theme song for years to come.However, the song became most popular from Franklin Delano Roosevelt's 1932 campaign for United States presidency. He used the song to identify his presidency with the return to happy days in America and the repetition of the song, soon led it to be an unofficial theme song of the Democratic Party, "an enduring musical symbol of the relentless optimism with which the party became identified." (Watkins 15) The raw mockery of the song, allowed audiences to endure in the lyrics and shout them out, deep inside believing that happy days will magically reappear. It helped society believe "that at the end of the rainbow there was at least a pot of negotiable legal tender... For nearly seven years the prosperity bandwagon [had] rolled down Main Street.

GRAND ALLIANCE

Grand Alliance -United States, Britain, Soviet Union -US and Britain not strong enough to attack 1. $11 billion to Soviets 2. Soviets the only force battling Axis Power on the continent -Battle of Stalingrad 1942-43→Soviets push Germans westward -Allied counteroffensive 1. North Africa, Nov 1942-May 1932 2. Normandy June 6, 1944 (D-Day)

Adolf Hitler

Hitler was a powerful and spellbinding speaker who attracted a wide following of Germans desperate for change. He promised the disenchanted a better life and a new and glorious Germany. The Nazis appealed especially to the unemployed, young people, and members of the lower middle class (small store owners, office employees, craftsmen, and farmers). The party's rise to power was rapid. Before the economic depression struck, the Nazis were practically unknown, winning only 3 percent of the vote to the Reichstag (German parliament) in elections in 1924. In the 1932 elections, the Nazis won 33 percent of the votes, more than any other party. In January 1933 Hitler was appointed chancellor, the head of the German government, and many Germans believed that they had found a savior for their nation

Tenforan Assembly center

In Spring 1942 the Tanforan Park Racetrack became the temporary Tanforan Assembly Center to process approximately 8,000 Bay Area Japanese Americans, U.S. citizens of Japanese ancestry with most born in the United States, for forced relocation and internment during WW II. The people were housed in horse stable stalls, on grandstands, or in 170 barracks quickly built in the infield, while awaiting removal to Japanese American Segregation Centers in other parts of the state and country.[8]

IMPRISONMENT OF NWP MEMBERS

June 1917 NWP members were jailed for "obstructing traffic" -Occoquan Workhouse 1. Paul in solitary confinement 2. Hunger strike 3. Force feeding 4. Sleep deprivation Prison Conditions -Worm-infested food -Unsanitary conditions -Nov 15, 1917 1. 40 guards brutalize protestors 2. Beatings, chained 3. Knocked out on iron bed 4. Heart attack 5. Kicked, choked, dragged

PEARL HARBOR

Just before 8 a.m. on December 7, 1941, hundreds of Japanese fighter planes attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor near Honolulu, Hawaii. The barrage lasted just two hours, but it was devastating: The Japanese managed to destroy nearly 20 American naval vessels, including eight enormous battleships, and more than 300 airplanes. More than 2,000 Americans soldiers and sailors died in the attack, and another 1,000 were wounded. The day after the assault, President Franklin D. Roosevelt asked Congress to declare war on Japan; Congress approved his declaration with just one dissenting vote. Three days later, Japanese allies Germany and Italy also declared war on the United States, and again Congress reciprocated. More than two years into the conflict, America had finally joined World War II.-Attack on Pearl Harbor 1. Dec 7, 1941 "The day that will live in infamy" a. USS Arizona, USS Nevada b. Between 350-360 Japanese planes c. 2,403 dead; 1,178 injured

Genral DeWitt

Lt. General John L. DeWitt was in charge of the U.S. Army's Western Defense Command in 1942 and was instrumental in the development of Executive Order 9066, which directed the internment of all Japanese Americans living on the West Coast.1) "A Jap's a Jap...It makes no difference whether he is an American Citizen or not" 2) Officer charged with defense of the West Coast

TULSA RIOTS 1921

More than 300 African Americans are killed and 10,000 people are left homeless when a mob (including police and national guardsmen) burn down the black section of the town.

SOCIAL SECURITY ACT

On August 14, 1935, the Social Security Act established a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped. -Unemployment insurance -Old age pensions -Aid to the disabled, elderly poor, families with dependent children -Permanent system of social insurance

Invasion of Poland

One of Adolf Hitler's first major foreign policy initiatives after coming to power was to sign a nonaggression pact with Poland in January 1934. This move was not popular with many Germans who supported Hitler but resented the fact that Poland had received the former German provinces of West Prussia, Poznan, and Upper Silesia under the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. However, Hitler sought the nonaggression pact in order to neutralize the possibility of a French-Polish military alliance against Germany before Germany had a chance to rearm. In the mid and late 1930s, France and especially Britain followed a foreign policy of appeasement. The objective of this policy was to maintain peace in Europe by making limited concessions to German demands. In Britain, public opinion tended to favor some revision of the territorial and military provision of the Versailles treaty. Moreover, neither Britain nor France in 1938 was militarily prepared to fight a war against Nazi Germany. Britain and France essentially acquiesced to Germany's rearmament (1935-1937), remilitarization of the Rhineland (1936), and annexation of Austria (March 1938). In September 1938, after signing away the Czech border regions, known as the Sudetenland, to Germany at the Munich conference, British and French leaders pressured France's ally, Czechoslovakia, to yield to Germany's demand for the incorporation of those regions. Despite Anglo-French guarantees of the integrity of rump Czechoslovakia, the Germans dismembered the Czechoslovak state in March 1939 in violation of the Munich agreement. Britain and France responded by guaranteeing the integrity of the Polish state. Hitler responded by negotiating a nonaggression pact with the Soviet Union in the summer of 1939. The German-Soviet Pact of August 1939, which stated that Poland was to be partitioned between the two powers, enabled Germany to attack Poland without the fear of Soviet intervention. On September 1, 1939, Germany invaded Poland. The Polish army was defeated within weeks of the invasion. From East Prussia and Germany in the north and Silesia and Slovakia in the south, German units, with more than 2,000 tanks and over 1,000 planes, broke through Polish defenses along the border and advanced on Warsaw in a massive encirclement attack. After heavy shelling and bombing, Warsaw surrendered to the Germans on September 27, 1939. Britain and France, standing by their guarantee of Poland's border, had declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939. The Soviet Union invaded eastern Poland on September 17, 1939. The demarcation line for the partition of German- and Soviet-occupied Poland was along the Bug River.

New Deal

Over the next eight years, the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt's New Deal permanently changed the federal government's relationship to the U.S. populace.On March 9, Congress passed Roosevelt's Emergency Banking Act, which reorganized the banks and closed the ones that were insolvent. In his first "fireside chat" three days later, the president urged Americans to put their savings back in the banks, and by the end of the month almost three quarters of them had reopened.

GREAT DEPRESSION

Over the next several years, consumer spending and investment dropped, causing steep declines in industrial output and rising levels of unemployment as failing companies laid off workers. By 1933, when the Great Depression reached its nadir, some 13 to 15 million Americans were unemployed and nearly half of the country's banks had failed. Though the relief and reform measures put into place by President Franklin D. Roosevelt helped lessen the worst effects of the Great Depression in the 1930s, the economy would not fully turn around until after 1939, when World War II kicked American industry into high gear. .1. stocks fall 40% Bread lines, soup kitchens and rising numbers of homeless people became more and more common in America's towns and cities. Farmers (who had been struggling with their own economic depression for much of the 1920s due to drought and falling food prices) couldn't afford to harvest their crops, and were forced to leave them rotting in the fields while people elsewhere starved.2. The beginning of the global economic crash that is to come -There was no government insurance on stock -Stock market crash Oct 1929 1. stocks fall 40% -5,000 banks shut down -Loss of life savings for many -Industrial production down 20% -Unemployment up to 25% -Bankruptcy -Many people are loosing their jobs, no money for mortgage payments -"Unprecedented" never before happened

PALMER RAIDS

Palmer Raids 1918-1920: federal bureau seeks out communists

EUGENE V. DEBS

Prosecutions -Eugene V. Debs 1.Antiwar speech- Ohio a. Advocated non-violence and pacifism b. Criticized US involvement in WWI 2.Sentenced to 10 years in prison for seditious expression 3.Runs for president from jail - gets 1 million a.Released in 1921

CONDITIONS THE SOUTH

Push Factors -Sharecropping system -"It appears that quite a number of Southern communities not only do not know that slavery has been abolished in this country, but on the contrary they are maintaining a system of peonage far worse than anything conceived or practiced during the period of human bondage." (Southern black weekly) -Few political, social, legal rights -White violence -Jim Crow laws -1914-1915 agricultural depression Boll weevil

QUOTA ACT 1921

Restricted immigration into its country; the act imposed a quota that limited the number of immigrants who would be admitted from any country annually to 3% of the number of residents from that same country who lived in the United States, based on the United States Census figures from 1910

WORKS PROGRESS ADMINISTRATION

Roosevelt's vision of a work-relief program employed more than 8.5 million people. For an average salary of $41.57 a month, WPA employees built bridges, roads, public buildings, public parks and airports. Although the decision had been made early on to pay women the same wages as men, in practice they were consigned to the lower-paying activities of sewing, bookbinding, caring for the elderly, school lunch programs, nursery school, and recreational work Largest and most ambitious New Deal agency -Provided work to millions of unemployed people

LUSITANIA

Sinking of the Lusitania- 124 American passengers dead

Roaring 20's

The 1920s era went by such names as the Jazz Age, the Age of Intolerance, and the Age of Wonderful Nonsense. Under any moniker, the era embodied the beginning of modern America. Numerous Americans felt buoyed up following World War I (1914-1918). America had survived a deadly worldwide influenza epidemic (1918). The new decade of the roaring twenties would be a time of change for everyone — not all of it good.Jazz was a new form of music that had evolved from earlier forms of black music such as blues and ragtime. Its spread was helped by the movement of blacks from the south to the northern cities during the war. New night clubs were opened, with performers such as Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong and Bessie Smith.The appeal of jazz was that it offered a sense of danger and excitement. For the first time white Americans began to understand and appreciate the music and traditions of black Americans. During the war, women had taken jobs previously closed to them. Although they lost most of these jobs when the soldiers returned, they did not surrender their freedom. In 1920 all women got the vote. 'Flappers' were young, liberated women of the 1920s, who smoked in public, wore short dresses and drove their own cars. This produced a great change in American society. For the first time women began to make a mark of their ownContraception also became much more freely available and the divorce rate began to rise. But these changes took place most strongly in the big cities and were only really possible if women had significant incomes. For the great majority of American women there were few changes in the 1920s. Life could still be very hard and it was usually men who made all of the decisions. But the Roaring Twenties was not just about film stars, music and flappers. It was a time when the USA was confident. It had won the First World War (or so Americans thought), it had sorted out the problems of the 'Old World' and now it could look forward to a bright and certain future. Every day more Americans brought a radio into their homes; the radio brought music and news that thrilled listeners. The new moving pictures captivated audiences in palace-like movie houses. Businesses and manufacturing industries continuously expanded. The prices of their stocks steadily increased through the 1920s, going on a wild ride upward between 1926 and October of 1929. Stock prices went far beyond realistic values and had little basis in the health of the companies. These skyrocketing stock prices signaled trouble for the U.S. economy.

ATLANTIC CHARTER

The Atlantic Charter was a pivotal policy statement issued in August 14, 1941 that, early in World War II, defined the Allied goals for the post-war world. It was drafted by the leaders of Britain and the United States, and later agreed to by all the Allies. The Charter stated the ideal goals of the war: no territorial aggrandizement; no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people; restoration of self-government to those deprived of it; reduction of trade restrictions; global cooperation to secure better economic and social conditions for all; freedom from fear and want; freedom of the seas; and abandonment of the use of force, as well as disarmament of aggressor nations. In the "Declaration by United Nations" of 1 January 1942, the Allies of World War II pledged adherence to this charter's principles The Atlantic Charter was a joint declaration released by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill on August 14, Churchill and Roosevelt met on August 9 and 10, 1941 aboard the U.S.S. Augusta in Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, to discuss their respective war aims for the Second World War and to outline a postwar international system. The Charter they drafted included eight "common principles" that the United States and Great Britain would be committed to supporting in the postwar world. Both countries agreed not to seek territorial expansion; to seek the liberalization of international trade; to establish freedom of the seas, and international labor, economic, and welfare standards. Most importantly, both the United States and Great Britain were committed to supporting the restoration of self-governments for all countries that had been occupied during the war and allowing all peoples to choose their own form of government

BOMBING OF LONDON

The Blitz (shortened from German 'Blitzkrieg', "lightning war") was the period of sustained strategic bombing of the United Kingdom by Nazi Germany during the Second World War. Between 7 September 1940 and 21 May 1941 there were major aerial raids (attacks in which more than 100 tonnes of high explosives were dropped) on 16 British cities. Over a period of 267 days (almost 37 weeks), London was attacked 71 times, Birmingham, Liverpool and Plymouth eight times, Bristol six, Glasgow five, Southampton four, Portsmouth and Hull three, and there was also at least one large raid on another eight cities.[1] This was a result of a rapid escalation starting on 24 August 1940, when night bombers aiming for RAF airfields drifted off course and accidentally destroyed several London homes, killing civilians, combined with the UK Prime Minister Winston Churchill's immediate response of bombing Berlin on the following night.

CIVILIAN CONSERVATION CORPS

The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was a public work relief program that operated from 1933 to 1942 in the United States for unemployed, unmarried men from relief families as part of the New Deal. Originally for young men ages 18-23, it was eventually expanded to young men ages 17-28.-Est'd March 1933 during the first 100 days -Unemployed young men to work on projects such as: Forest preservation, national parks, flood control -3 million men (by 1942) -"Rebuild" America's working-class men -30 dollars a month and young women were not eligible

EAST ST LOUIS RIOTS 1917

The East St. Louis riot (May and July 1917) was an outbreak of labor- and race-related violence that caused between 40 and 200 deaths and extensive property damage. The incident took place in East St. Louis, Illinois, an industrial city on the east bank of the Mississippi River across from St. Louis, Missouri. It has been described as the worst incidence of labor-related violence in 20th-century American history,[1] and one of the worst race riots in U.S. history. The local Chamber of Commerce called for the resignation of the police chief. At the end of the month, ten thousand people marched in silent protest in New York City in condemnation of the riots.

FEDERAL ART PROJECT

The Federal Art Project (FAP) was created in 1935 to provide work relief for artists in various media--painters, sculptors, muralists and graphic artists, with varous levels of experience-Federal Art Project, Federal Music Project -Employed artist, musicians, writers, and actors -Federal Writer's Project 1. Interviewed 2300 former slaves 2. Most of these people were children during slavery -Federal Art Project 1. Employed artists to create murals, sculptures

HOLOCAUST

The Holocaust To the anti-Semitic Nazi leader Adolf Hitler, Jews were an inferior race, an alien threat to German racial purity and community. After years of Nazi rule in Germany, during which Jews were consistently persecuted, Hitler's "final solution"-now known as the Holocaust-came to fruition under the cover of world war, with mass killing centers constructed in the concentration camps of occupied Poland.-Murder of Jews, political radicals, homosexuals, disabled, Roma gypsies -6 million Jews murdered; Millions of others murdered -Mass killings From 1942 to 1945, Jews were deported to the camps from all over Europe, including German-controlled territory as well as those countries allied with Germany. The heaviest deportations took place during the summer and fall of 1942, when more than 300,000 people were deported from the Warsaw ghetto alone. Though the Nazis tried to keep operation of camps secret, the scale of the killing made this virtually impossible. Eyewitnesses brought reports of Nazi atrocities in Poland to the Allied governments, who were harshly criticized after the war for their failure to respond, or to publicize news of the mass slaughter. This lack of action was likely mostly due to the Allied focus on winning the war at hand, but was also a result of the general incomprehension with which news of the Holocaust was met and the denial and disbelief that such atrocities could be occurring on such a scale -A large population of Jewish and non-Jewish inmates worked in the labor camp there; though only Jews were gassed, thousands of others died of starvation or disease June 1941 -Late 1941, deportation of Jews to extermination camps -By May 1945, 2 of every 3 Jews in Europe murdered

NORTH AS "PROMISED LAND"

The Promised Land? -Participate in political arena w/o fear of violence -Black churches, social groups, etc proliferated -Conditions compared favorably The Promised Land fall short -White workers response to black workers 1. General Electric 1917 - Wendell King -Intensification of racial conflict 1. East St. Louis 1917

GERMAN EXPANSION (1930S)

The Road to War- Rise of Nazism Hitler pledged civil peace, radical economic policies, and the restoration of national pride and unity. Nazi rhetoric was virulently nationalist and anti-Semitic. The 'subversive' Jews were portrayed as responsible for all of Germany's ills.-1933 - Hitler's National Socialist Party (Nazi) In March 1933, the Nazis used intimidation and manipulation to pass the Enabling Act, which allowed them to pass laws which did not need to be voted on in the Reichstag. Over the next year, the Nazis eliminated all remaining political opposition, banning the Social Democrats, and forcing the other parties to disband. In July 1933, Germany was declared a one-party state. In the 'Night of the Long Knives' of June 1934, Hitler ordered the Gestapo and the SS to eliminate rivals within the Nazi Party. In 1935, the Nuremburg Laws marked the beginning of an institutionalised anti-Semitic persecution which would culminate in the barbarism of the 'Final Solution'. Hitler's first moves to overturn the Versailles settlement began with the rearmament of Germany, and in 1936 he ordered the remilitarisation of the Rhineland. Hitler became bolder as he realised that Britain and France were unwilling and unable to challenge German expansionism. Between 1936 and 1939, he provided military aid to Franco's fascist forces in the Spanish Civil War, despite having signed the 'Non-Intervention Agreement'. In March 1938, German troops marched into Austria; the Anschluss was forbidden under Versailles. Anglo-French commitment to appeasement and 'peace for our time' meant that when Hitler provoked the 'Sudeten Crisis', demanding that the Sudetenland be ceded to Germany, Britain and France agreed to his demands at September 1938's Munich conference. Germany's territorial expansion eastwards was motivated by Hitler's desire to unite German-speaking peoples, and also by the concept of Lebensraum: the idea of providing Aryan Germans with 'living space'. At the end of the year, anti-Jewish pogroms erupted across Germany and Austria. Kristallnacht - a state-orchestrated attack on Jewish property - resulted in the murder of 91 Jews. Twenty thousand more were arrested and transported to concentration camps. In March 1939, Germany seized the remainder of Czechoslovakia; in August Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact of non-aggression with the USSR. The next step would be the invasion of Poland and the coming of World War II.1. Consolidates control over the state 2. Massive armament campaign 3. Deficit spending 4. 1936 - German depression over -Nazi Germany The Road to War

SILENT SENTINELS

The Silent Sentinels were a group of women in favor of women's suffrage organized by Alice Paul and the National Woman's Party to protest in front of the White House during Woodrow Wilson's presidency. Their vigil started January 10, 1917 and lasted until June 1919 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution passed both the House of Representatives and Senate. During those two and a half years, more than a thousand different women picketed every day and night except Sunday, and many were arrested during the vigil.

1920's-Consumerism

The culture surrounding the buying and selling of products -came into is own as a result of mass production, new products, improved techniques ( Sears, Roebuck and Co emerged, large department stores became popular) -

Stock market crash october 1929

Throughout the 1920s a long boom took stock prices to peaks never before seen. From 1920 to 1929 stocks more than quadrupled in value. Many investors became convinced that stocks were a sure thing and borrowed heavily to invest more money in the market. early as March 1929 a few financial experts warned that banks were making too many loans for stock speculation (the buying and selling of stock without regard for its actual value or the strength of the individual company). The Federal Reserve, the U.S. central bank, tried to rein in the country's banks but with no success. Several leaders of industry also noticed that unemployment was quietly on the rise. Nevertheless, despite a few warnings, the stock market headed up and up. The financial boom, however, continued. The Federal Reserve watched anxiously. Commercial banks continued to loan money to speculators, and other lenders invested increasing sums in loans to brokers. In September 1929, stock prices gyrated, with sudden declines and rapid recoveries. The stocks that they bought served as collateral for the loan. Borrowed money poured into equity markets, and stock prices soared. The stock market boom changed the way investors viewed the stock market. No longer was the stock market for long-term investment. Rather, in 1928, the stock market had become a place where everyday people truly believed that they could become rich.Stock market crash Oct 1929 On October 29, 1929, Black Tuesday hit Wall Street as investors traded some 16 million shares on the New York Stock Exchange in a single day. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. In the aftermath of Black Tuesday, America and the rest of the industrialized world spiraled downward into the Great Depression (1929-39), the deepest and longest-lasting economic downturn in the history of the Western industrialized world up to that time.

US POLICY (FROM ISOLATION TO INTERVENTION)

United States from Isolation to Intervention The U.S. was determined to stay out of war at all costs—even if its allies were in trouble; Americans believed that they were immune from Europe's problems as long as they refused to get involved. However, as the "free" countries fell, one by one, to the Nazi war machine, Americans began to realize the folly of their foolish optimism and clamored for increasing involvement in foreign affairs. American foreign policy changed in the years 1930-1941 as Americans realized that fascism would likely conquer all of Europe unless Americans acted quickly. Ultimately, it was fear of the fascist threat to American democracy that triggered the end of American isolationism and inaugurated the era of American interventionism. In order to avoid any unintentional disasters that might plunge the U.S. into war, Congress passed three consecutive Neutrality Acts from 1935-1937 aimed at keeping Americans impartial and out of harm's way. President Roosevelt realized that Britain needed aid or else the U.S. would become a lone "free" nation in a fascist-dominated world Roosevelt plead his case to the American people in his famous "Quarantine Speech" in which he called for an end to dangerous isolationism; however, his speech was not well-received and he was criticized for his desire to "entangle" the U.S in European foreign affairs The goals of American foreign policy were reversed when Congress repealed the now defunct Neutrality Acts and officially ended their Neutrality. The U.S. began openly selling weapons to Britain on a "cash-and-carry" basis so as to avoid attacks on American ships Americans slowly but surely realized that their nation's ultimate fate was tied to Britain's. As American support for international intervention grew, the U.S.'s foreign policy goals changed to accommodate aid to Britain in an effort to avoid risking American lives in all-out war. Unfortunately, the attack on Pearl Harbor angered Americans so much that they called for immediate revenge against Japan—permanently erasing isolationist ideas from American minds forever.. Climate of isolation during the 1930s 2. FDR pledges neutrality 3. Most Americans did not want to go to war a. Memory of WWI b. Focus on domestic affairs c. Respect for Hitler d. Anti-Semitism in the US -Shift 1. Warring nations need guns 2. Sept 1939 - Germany invades Poland a. Congress passes new neutrality act b. Allows for belligerent nations to buy US arms 3. US military build-up - 50,000 war planes 4. Blitzkrieg a. Early 1940 - Netherlands and Belgium b. May 10, 1940 Attack France. Paris captured within 6 weeks

DUST BOWL

during the drought of the 1930s, the soil dried and turned to dust, soon blowing in large dark clouds. Given names like "Black Blizzards" and "Black Rollers," these rolling clouds often reduced visibility to a few feet.-The wind would catch the dry lucent dirt. People chocked on the dust and animals were affected. -1920s - economic stagnation -Persistent drought begins 1932 -Dust Bowl (Texas, Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, New Mexico) -Storms of top soil that blacken the sky - unprecedented damage -1 million farmers displaced

KEYNESIAN ECONOMICS

eynesian economics is a theory of total spending in the economy (called aggregate demand) and its effects on output and inflation. Keynes argued that inadequate overall demand could lead to prolonged periods of high unemployment. An economy's output of goods and services is the sum of four components: consumption, investment, government purchases, and net exports (the difference between what a country sells to and buys from foreign countries). Any increase in demand has to come from one of these four components. But during a recession, strong forces often dampen demand as spending goes down. ccording to Keynesian economics, state intervention is necessary to moderate the booms and busts in economic activity, otherwise known as the business cycle.-British economist -Created deficit spending

19TH AMENDMENT

prohibits any United States citizen from being denied the right to vote on the basis of sex.

THE NEW DEAL AT LSU

student health center, agricultural building, himes hall

Appeasement

the policy of making concessions to the dictatorial powers in order to avoid conflict the roots of appeasement lay primarily in the weakness of post-World War I collective security arrangements, the policy was motivated by several other factors. Firstly, the legacy of the Great War in France and Britain generated a strong public and political desire to achieve 'peace at any price'. Secondly, neither country was militarily ready for war. Widespread pacifism and war-weariness (not too mention the economic legacy of the Great Depression) were not conducive to rearmament. Thirdly, many British politicians believed that Germany had genuine grievances resulting from Versailles. Finally, some British politicians admired Hitler and Mussolini, seeing them not as dangerous fascists but as strong, patriotic leaders. In the 1930s, Britain saw its principle threat as Communism rather that fascism, viewing authoritarian right-wing regimes as bulwarks against its spread.

Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?

"Brother, Can You Spare A Dime?", a sweet little showtune that also became the most popular song of the early 1930s, captures some of the sadness and disillusionment of the times. It also captures some of the innocence, summing up the mentality of dispossessed America with a "sharing-is-caring" message that today would strike a lot of people as downright socialistic. But since it was far and away the most popular song of the early 1930s, it is definitely a valid source to help us learn something about how large numbers of people saw the key political issues of the Great Depression. It might be especially useful in helping us understand what made U.S. citizens stay so darned optimistic in the midst of an economic crisis that didn't really die down until partway through World War II.

HOOVERVILLES

"hoover villes" message was to the lack of response to the president and government. Ironic tribute to the president. This is where people had to be because of the lack of response of the government. A "Hooverville" is the popular name for shanty towns built by homeless people during the Great Depression. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and widely blamed for it.

WOMEN'S PEACE PARADE

-1500 women march in New York city for a silent procession with a peace banner. -5 months later the women's peace party is founded. -August 29, 1914; New York City

THE "RACE PROBLEM AND RACIAL HIERARCHIES

-1911 Dictionary of Races of Peoples published by the US immigration commission (legit stuff) -Put on a type of chart of the superior/ dominant race at the top to less superior based on "Inborn characteristics" -Anglo-Saxon ->Hebrews-> Northern Italians-> Southern Italians (violent, undisciplined)

ZIMMERMAN TELEGRAM

-1916 - German submarine warfare against ships sailing to and from -March 1917 - Zimmerman telegram -British spies intervene on Germany calling for Mexico -Germany was calling for Mexico to join the war against the U.S. and Germany was promising Mexico they will regain the land that U.S got from them. -Wilson: "The world must be made safe for democracy" -Reason to go to war -April 6, 1917 - War resolution passes -Pacifism loses support -Accusations of political disloyalty -Women who were pacifism accusations of political disloyalty

FIRESIDE CHATS

-31 radio addresses -Inspired confidence 1. First fireside chat March 12, 1933 2. Banking system reopened - deposits exceeded withdrawals 3. People believed him. -The role of the President in people's lives 1. "I never saw him - but I knew him. Can you have forgotten how, with his voice, he came into our house, the President of these United States, calling us friends..." - Carl Carmer, April 14, 1945. -This is the first time the people relate to the president. Sunday evenings, march 12, 1993= first fire side chat,Refers to the American people as his "friends", 31 radio adresses, inspired confidence-they listen to his calm voice saying that everything is going to be okay. Hes breaking it down for people what is happening and what to expect from the government. Speaking for the way of the "average american"

INDUSTRIAL WORKERS

-70,000 factories out of business 1933 -Car sales -4.5 million (1929) -1 million (1933) -Ford lays off 2/3 of workers of their Detroit workers -US Steel -Put workers on short hours and no one on full time workers -No full time by 1933 -¼ industrial workers unemployed by 1933. Wages fell by 1/3

SPEAKEASIES

-A speakeasy, also called a blind pig or blind tiger, is an establishment that illegally sells alcoholic beverages. Such establishments came into prominence in the United States during the Prohibition era (1920-1933, longer in some states). During that time, the sale, manufacture, and transportation (bootlegging) of alcoholic beverages was illegal throughout the United States.[1] -Speakeasies largely disappeared after Prohibition was ended in 1933, and the term is now used to describe some retro style bars. -This was a result of the prohibition

MASS ENTERTAINMENT

-Americans are spending most of their leisure income on movies and luxury vacations -1929: movie attendance at 80 million -Radios and phonographs 1. 1923: 190,000 radios 2. 1929: 5 million radios -Celebrity culture 1. Charlie Chaplin 2. Babe Ruth 3. Charles Lindbergh -Makes first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic -A lot of Americans are buying on credit, and during this time period, it was expected that people were going to go into debt. Buying consumer goods is worth going into debt for

ANTI-GERMAN CRUSADE

-Anti-German crusade is a result of the war -9 million people of German descent live in the US -25% of school children studied German -Liberty sandwich (hamburger), liberty cabbage -1919 - laws restricting the teaching of foreign language -Increased immigration restrictions - 1920s when the war breaks out.

EMERGENCY BANKING ACT

-Calls for banking holiday 1. The day after his inauguration -Emergency Banking Relief Act: federal control over the banks 1. 4 days after his inauguration

NATIONAL WOMAN'S PART

-Constitutional amendment -Militant tactics -First women to picket the White House 1. Jan 1917 (pre-US entry) 2. Continue until June 1919 3. Silent Sentinels

FARMERS

-Crop prices plummet as the great depression worsens -Example: North Dakota bushel of wheat 1932 -To produce = $0.77 -Sells at $0.33 -Bank foreclosures -Mississippi on a single day April 1932 -¼ of all farmland auctioned in a single day so that people can meet their debts.

DW GRIFFITH

-Director of Birth of a Nation -Most successful Hollywood director of silent film era

CHANGING ROLE OF FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

-Establish control over the economy -Oversee nation's financial systems -Rules set by federal government 1. What farmers could plant 2. Required employers to deal with unions 3. Regulate stock market 4. Start providing payments to the elderly and unemployed

NEW DEAL "FIRSTS"

-First federal minimum wage -First government system of unemployment benefits -First system of old age pensions (Social Security) -First protections for labor unions -First regulatory agencies for stocks and bonds -First govt insurance for individual bank deposits (FDIC) -** Government responsible for social welfare **

KKK

-Formed soon after the premier of Birth of a Nation. -Their moto was " Native, white, protestant supremacy" -In its second incarnation, the Klan moved beyond just targeting blacks, and broadened its message of hate to include Catholics, Jews and foreigners. The Klan promoted fundamentalism and devout patriotism along with advocating white supremacy. They blasted bootleggers, motion pictures and espoused a return to "clean" living. Appealing to folks uncomfortable with the shifting nature of America from a rural agricultural society to an urban industrial nation, the Klan attacked the elite, urbanites and intellectuals.

ALICE PAUL

-Founded the National Women's Party in 1916 -1885-1977 -Suffragettes- Pankhurst? -England 1907-1910 -Brings radical tactics back to the US -Learns how to generate publicity -Involved with NAWSA -Full time suffrage career beginning in 1912 -Sentenced 7 months in jail

GREAT MIGRATION

-From 1915 - 1970: 6 million African Americans migrate -First Great Migration 1. 1915 - 1918: 450,000-500,000 migrants 2. 1920s: Additional 700,000 migrants Not first time blacks had migrated 1. Exodusters 2. 1879-1880 3. 25,000 migrants

AMERICAN WELFARE STATE

-Government must assist the needy, guarantee basic welfare of citizens -Government guaranteed social safety net -Social Security Act 1935 1. Unemployment insurance 2. Old age pensions 3. Aid to the disabled, elderly poor, families with dependent children -Permanent system of social insurance

AMERICANIZATION

-Homogenous national culture -New immigrants stuck in "Old World ways" -Focus on Americanizing children of immigrants

PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 1932

-Hoover - limited government intervention -Franklin Delano Roosevelt insisted that the fed gov't should play a greater role 1. Pledged a "New Deal" for theAmerican people FDR was committed to using to power of the fed. Government -"Happy Days Are Here Again" 1. Listen to the song on the sheet. 2. How does it compare to the other song

THE FLAPPER

-In the 1920s, a new woman was born. She smoked, drank, danced, and voted. She cut her hair, wore make-up, and went to petting parties. She was giddy and took risks. She was a flapper. -The flapper signified the awakening of the women's freedom in the 1900's.

JEANETTE RANKIN

-Jeannette Rankin (first woman in House of Representatives) -"I felt the first time the first woman had a chance to say no to war she should say it."

DEFICIT SPENDING

-John Maynard Keynes When a government's expenditures exceed its revenues, causing or deepening a deficit. This excess spending needs to be financed through borrowing, likely from foreign governments. The increased government spending can help stimulate the economy as more money flows in, but the jump in borrowing can have an adverse effect by raising interest rates. book1. British economist. Created deficit spending -Spending surpasses revenue -Use to moderate or end a recession -Mainstream economic view

CONDITIONS IN THE NORTH

-Life in urban north unappealing -Racial prejudice in northern communities -Residential discrimination -Employment discrimination 1. Exclusion of blacks from jobs, unions 2. Large labor supply - European immigrants

1913 WOMEN'S SUFFRAGE PARADE

-March 3, 1913 (day before Wilson's inauguration) -8000 women in parade (African American women in the back) -500,000 spectators -"We Demand an Amendment to the United States Constitution Enfranchising the Women of the Country." -Illinois Delegation- Ida B. Wells joins halfway through -Men started attacking marchers (police do nothing)- 200 people injured

AMERICAN ECONOMIC OUTPUT

-Multinational corporations start dominating the economy and extend their way throughout the world. -European countries are still recovering from the war, so American dollar replaces the british pound of the most important currencies of international trade. -US investments overseas exceeds other nations because they were still recovering from the war. -US dollar replaces British pound -US companies - 85% world's cars, 40% of manufactured goods -Buying and controlling companies and raw materials overseas -International business machines becomes the world leaders in office supplies

NATIVISM

-Nativism is the political position of demanding a favored status for certain established inhabitants of a nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants. Nativism typically means opposition to immigration, and support of efforts to lower the political or legal status of specific ethnic or cultural groups who are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture, upon the assumption that they cannot be assimilated. -Fear of foreigners/immigrants

JAPANESE-AMERICAN INTERNMENT

-On February 19, 1942, soon after the beginning of World War II, Franklin D. Roosevelt signed Executive Order 9066. The evacuation order commenced the round-up of 120,000 Americans of Japanese heritage to one of 10 internment camps—officially called "relocation centers"—in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas. -Roosevelt's executive order was fueled by anti-Japanese sentiment among farmers who competed against Japanese labor, politicians who sided with anti-Japanese constituencies, and the general public, whose frenzy was heightened by the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor. More than two-thirds of the Japanese who were interned in the spring of 1942 were citizens of the United States.

BIRTH OF A NATION

-Opens in Los Angeles, Feb 1915 -D.W. Griffith -Most successful silent film ever made ($10 million) -Thomas Dixon's The Clansman -Instant film classic The motion picture -1890s - Edison perfects the motion picture -Kinetograph and the Kinetoscope viewer -Screen projection -Birth of a Nation (1915) 1. Instant classic 2. DW Griffith - most successful Hollywood director of silent film era 1.Editing and cinematic technique Birth of a Nation -First film to screen at the White House -Wilson a supporter -NYC opening 1. Horseback riders in Klan regalia 2. Special trains from NJ and CT -A landmark of American cinema and a landmark of American racism

RED SUMMER 1919

-Over 250 people die of riots in the urban north. -In chicago, a major riot breaks out and a young black boy was swimming in the white part only part of the lake and he drowns from rocks thrown at him front white men and police refuse to arrest the white men, and a riot broke out causing deaths, injuries, and homelessness.

THE BIG THREE

-President Franklin Roosevelt, Prime Minister Winston Churchill of Great Britian, and Premier Joseph Stalkin of the Soviet Union -Main goal: defeat Germany

RELIEF, RECOVERY, AND REFORM

-Relief, Recovery, Reform -laws passed by Congress -Presidential Executive Orders -Examples: 1. Emergency Banking Act 2. Stabilizes the banks 3. Farmers Relief Act 4. Reduce their output for government money 5. Public Works Administration 6. Program to build schools, roads, hospitals, government building 7. Works Progress Administration 8. 13.4 billion dollars between 1934-1933 building public agencies and building

SEDITION ACT 1918

-Sedition Act 1918- crime of antiwar sentiment -Stifling and censorship of any opposition -Attack socialists, anarchists, labor radicals, anti-war activists

THE PRESIDENCY

-Spoke directly to Americans through fire side chats -Received hundreds of thousands of letters -An important presence in the lives of many Americans

WOMEN'S INTERNATIONAL LEAGUE FOR PEACE AND FREEDOM

-The Hague, Netherlands -1000 women -Form the Women's International League for Peace and --Freedom -WILPF still exists today

HARLEM RENAISSANCE

-The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement that spanned the 1920s. During the time, it was known as the "New Negro Movement", named after the 1925 anthology by Alain Locke. The Movement also included the new African-American cultural expressions across the urban areas in the Northeast and Midwest United States affected by the Great Migration (African American),[1] of which Harlem was the largest. Though it was centered in the Harlem neighborhood of the borough of Manhattan in New York City, in addition, many francophone black writers from African and Caribbean colonies who lived in Paris were also influenced by the Harlem Renaissance. -The Harlem Renaissance is generally considered to have spanned from about 1918 until the mid-1930s.[6] Many of its ideas lived on much longer. The zenith of this "flowering of Negro literature", as James Weldon Johnson preferred to call the Harlem Renaissance, was placed[by whom?] between 1924 (the year that Opportunity: A Journal of Negro Life hosted a party for black writers where many white publishers were in attendance) and 1929 (the year of the stock market crash and the beginning of the Great Depression)

MUNICH CONFERENCE

-The Munich Agreement was a settlement permitting Nazi Germany's annexation of portions of Czechoslovakia along the country's borders mainly inhabited by German speakers, for which a new territorial designation "Sudetenland" was coined. The agreement was negotiated at a conference held in Munich, Germany, among the major powers of Europe, excluding Russia and Czechoslovakia. Today, it is widely regarded as a failed act of appeasement toward Germany. The agreement was signed in the early hours of 30 September 1938 (but dated 29 September). The purpose of the conference was to discuss the future of the Sudetenland in the face of ethnic demands made by Adolf Hitler. The agreement was signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy. Sudetenland was of immense strategic importance to Czechoslovakia, as most of its border defenses were situated there, and many of its bank and heavy industries were located there as well. -Because the state of Czechoslovakia was not invited to the conference, it considered itself to have been betrayed by the United Kingdom and France, so Czechs and Slovaks call the Munich Agreement the Munich Diktat. The phrase "Munich Betrayal" is also used because the military alliance Czechoslovakia had with France and Britain proved useless. Today the document is typically referred to simply as the Munich Pact -Road to War -US neutrality 1. Neutrality Acts 1935 and 1936 -Britain and France reluctant to respond -Munich Conference Sept 1938 1. Allow annexation of the Sudetenland 2. Policy of Appeasement a. Neville Chamberlain "Peace in Our Time" b. Hitler "Our enemies are small fry. I saw them in Munich."

THE RED SCARE

-The Red Scare- fear that US is vulnerable to communist take over 1. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution (Bolsheviks are the "reds") 2. Vladimir Lenin 3. World communism, end of private property

CONDITIONS IN INTERNMENT CAMPS

-The U.S. internment camps were overcrowded and provided poor living conditions. According to a 1943 report published by the War Relocation Authority (the administering agency), Japanese Americans were housed in "tarpaper-covered barracks of simple frame construction without plumbing or cooking facilities of any kind." Coal was hard to come by, and internees slept under as many blankets as they were alloted. Food was rationed out at an expense of 48 cents per internee, and served by fellow internees in a mess hall of 250-300 people. -Leadership positions within the camps were only offered to the Nisei, or American-born, Japanese. The older generation, or the Issei, were forced to watch as the government promoted their children and ignored them. -Eventually the government allowed internees to leave the concentration camps if they enlisted in the U.S. Army. This offer was well received. 20,000 internees chose to do sound many received awards.

MODERN ASSEMBLY LINE

-The automobile and the assembly line -Ransom olds creates the first mass produced car (the olds mobile) and is improved by henry fords. Fords starts producing the model T in 1908 and produces it on the assembly line in 1913 -Annual automobile production rises -1.5 million -> 4.8 million cars -Manuactoring process in which individua parts are put together in a specific order -today this process is usually performed by computers, but early days it was formed by machines -sped up manufacturing process, allowed factories to turn out at remarkable rate, managed to reduce labor hours -ford motor company adopted assembly line bw 1908 and 1915 -today, its automated and only requires human worker at the end

ELECTORAL POLITICS

-Transforms the Democratic party because many groups are benefiting from new deal programs -Liberals - support the intervention of government -Conservatives - support free market and weak government (very little government regulations)

ROSIE THE RIVETER

-While women worked in a variety of positions previously closed to them, the aviation industry saw the greatest increase in female workers. More than 310,000 women worked in the U.S. aircraft industry in 1943, representing 65 percent of the industry's total workforce (compared to just 1 percent in the pre-war years). The munitions industry also heavily recruited women workers, as represented by the U.S. government's "Rosie the Riveter" propaganda campaign. Based in small part on a real-life munitions worker, but primarily a fictitious character, the strong, bandanna-clad Rosie became one of the most successful recruitment tools in American history, and the most iconic image of working women during World War II. -In movies, newspapers, posters, photographs, articles and even a Norman Rockwell-painted Saturday Evening Post cover, the Rosie the Riveter campaign stressed the patriotic need for women to enter the work force—and they did, in huge numbers. Though women were crucial to the war effort, their pay continued to lag far behind their male counterparts: Female workers rarely earned more than 50 percent of male wages.

US NEUTRALITY

-Wilson claims neutrality (the U.S. is neutral) -Sinking of the Lusitania 1915 -Kills 12000 passengers, 124 of them were Americans -Wilson runs for president and his campaign was about Peace, Prosperity, and Preparedness -Preparedness for war -Peace advocacy in the US

PEACE, PROSPERITY, AND PREPAREDNESS

-Wilson runs a campaign on: Peace, Prosperity, and Preparedness -Peace advocacy in the US is huge -Preparedness for war -Peace advocacy in the US

THE GREAT WAR

1) "War to end all wars" didn't turn out to be true 2) World war one 1914-1918 (they didn't know there would be a 2nd WW so it was called the Great War) 3) plunges Europe in debt 4) US declares war on Germany in April 1917 5) Began: 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 6)Over 2,000,000 men, women serve as well - clerical, administrative roles. 7) Woman are not allowed in combat 8) 10,000,000 people killed over all in WWI 100,000 Americans are killed. 9) Propaganda - recruit workers, soldiers, to buy bonds, even some posters aimed at women, good patriot: victory gardens, be a worker, conserve food, pulling spirit of America, citizenship, patriotism In late June 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist in Sarajevo, Bosnia. An escalation of threats and mobilization orders followed the incident, leading by mid-August to the outbreak of World War I, which pitted Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire (the so-called Central Powers) against Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy and Japan (the Allied Powers). The Allies were joined after 1917 by the United States. The four years of the Great War-as it was then known-saw unprecedented levels of carnage and destruction, thanks to grueling trench warfare and the introduction of modern weaponry such as machine guns, tanks and chemical weapons. By the time World War I ended in the defeat of the Central Powers in November 1918, more than 9 million soldiers had been killed and 21 million more wounded. The assassination of Franz Ferdinand and Sophie set off a rapid chain of events: Austria-Hungary, like many in countries around the world, blamed the Serbian government for the attack and hoped to use the incident as justification for settling the question of Slavic nationalism once and for all. As Russia supported Serbia, Austria-Hungary waited to declare war until its leaders received assurances from German leader Kaiser Wilhelm II that Germany would support their cause in the event of a Russian intervention, which would likely involve Russia's ally, France, and possibly Great Britain as well.On July 28, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, and the tenuous peace between Europe's great powers collapsed. Within a week, Russia, Belgium, France, Great Britain and Serbia had lined up against Austria-Hungary and Germany, and World War I had begun.According to an aggressive military strategy known as the Schlieffen Plan (named for its mastermind, German Field Marshal Alfred von Schlieffen), Germany began fighting World War I on two fronts, invading France through neutral Belgium in the west and confronting mighty Russia in the east.n May 7, 1915, less than a year after World War I (1914-18) erupted across Europe, a German U-boat torpedoed and sank the RMS Lusitania, a British ocean liner en route from New York to Liverpool, England. Of the more than 1,900 passengers and crew members on board, more than 1,100 perished, including more than 120 Americans. Nearly two years would pass before the United States formally entered World War I, but the sinking of the Lusitania played a significant role in turning public opinion against Germany, both in the United States and abroad.The captain of the Lusitania ignored the British Admiralty's recommendations, and at 2:12 p.m. on May 7 the 32,000-ton ship was hit by an exploding torpedo on its starboard side. The torpedo blast was followed by a larger explosion, probably of the ship's boilers, and the ship sank off the south coast of Ireland in less than 20 minutes. It was revealed that the Lusitania was carrying about 173 tons of war munitions for Britain, which the Germans cited as further justification for the attack. The United States eventually protested the action, and Germany apologized and pledged to end unrestricted submarine warfare. However, in November of that same year a U-boat sunk an Italian liner without warning, killing more than 270 people, including more than 25 Americans. Public opinion in the United States began to turn irrevocably against Germany.On January 31, 1917, Germany, determined to win its war of attrition against the Allies, announced it would resume unrestricted warfare in war-zone waters. Three days later, the United States broke diplomatic relations with Germany, and just hours after that the American ship Housatonic was sunk by a German U-boat. On February 22, Congress passed a $250 million arms appropriations bill intended to make the United States ready for war. In late March, Germany sunk four more U.S. merchant ships, and on April 2 President Wilson appeared before Congress and called for a declaration of war against Germany. On April 4, the Senate voted to declare war against Germany, and two days later the House of Representatives endorsed the declaration. With that, America entered World War I.

FRED KOREMATSU

1) Refuses to present himself for internment (22 yrs old) 2) Arrested and incarcerated - "Jap spy arrested in San Leandro" - Incarcerated for 2.5 months 3) Northern California ACLU - Challenges the exclusion order-"The internment was wrong. We didn't do anything disloyal" 4) Korematsu video:"The internment was wrong. We didn't do anything disloyal" 5) Korematsu v. United States (1944) - Court upholds legality of internment - "Korematsu was not excluded from the Military Area because of hostility to him or his race." 6) "Are we Americans or not? Are we citizens of this country? Korematsu refused to go to an internment camp. In 1942 he was arrested and sent to a camp. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld his conviction in 1944 on the grounds of military necessity. In 1983, Korematsu appealed his conviction. Later that year a federal court in San Francisco overturned the conviction, stating that the government's case at the time had been based on false, misleading, and racially biased information.

THE "ILLEGAL ALIEN"

1924 National Origin Act establishes a new category - The Illegal Alien2) Border Patrol - created to keep southern and eastern Europeans out of the US - In power to arrest and deport people - Initially created to stop eastern Europeans 3) Hundreds of Klanmen won elections in local offices and state legislatures 4) Gained liking of women - also partnered with the Anti-Saloon League to enforce prohibitiona foreigner who enters the U.S. without an entry or immigrant visa, especially a person who crosses the border by avoiding inspection or who overstays the period of time allowed as a visitor, tourist, or businessperson. Compare resident alien. Also called illegal immigrant.

BLIETZKRIEG

A German term for "lightning war," blitzkrieg is a military tactic designed to create disorganization among enemy forces through the use of mobile forces and locally concentrated firepower. Its successful execution results in short military campaigns, which preserves human lives and limits the expenditure of artillery. German forces tried out the blitzkrieg in Poland in 1939 before successfully employing the tactic with invasions of Belgium, the Netherlands and France in 1940. The blitzkrieg was also used by German commander Erwin Rommel during the North African campaign of World War II, and adopted by U.S. General George Patton for his army's European operations.1. Early 1940 - Netherlands and Belgium 2. May 10, 1940 Attack France. Paris captured within 6 weeks.

NATIONAL ORIGIN ACT 1924

A law that severely restricted immigration by establishing a system of national quotas that blatantly discriminated against immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and virtually excluded Asians. The policy stayed in effect until the 1960s.National Origin Act 1924 1) restricts amounts of immigrants 2) Part of the history of the invention of the "illegal alien 3) Permanently Restricts to 150,000 per year (from Europe) National quotas - aimed at Southern and Eastern Europeans

ECONOMIC DEPRESSION AND RACISM

African- Americans -Cotton- From $0.18 / lb to $0.06 / lb -2/3 of black farmers in debt or no income -Desperate whites 1. The Black Shirts→"No jobs for n*** until every white man has a job" -Urban north 1. Unemployment ~50% 2. Black unemployment 30-60% higher Mexican- American -California 1. 1929 wage $0.35 / hr 2. 1933 wage $0.14 / her -Deportation -1929-1935 1. 82,000 deported 2. 500,000 repatriated Women -Barred from jobs, paid less -Men as breadwinners, women as homemakers -1936 Gallup poll 1. 82% say married women should not work (incl. 75% of women surveyed) -Survey 1930-1931 1. 1500 urban schools a. 77% refused to hire married women b. 63% fired teachers who married The Middle Class -Unemployment up to 25% -Many did not lose jobs or homes -Still had to cut back -Middle class does not fare as badly as working class

HERBERT HOOVER

After the crash Hoover announced that while he would keep the Federal budget balanced, he would cut taxes and expand public works spending. At the same time he reiterated his view that while people must not suffer from hunger and cold, caring for them must be primarily a local and voluntary responsibility. -March 1929- March 1933 -People understood the federal response as uncaring (they do very little in the beginning) -Fear of welfare-dependant people -Economic downturns a normal part of capitalism -Belief in limited gov't -Inadequate response -His response is seen as inadequate and fails to meet the needs of the nation

AXIS POWERS: TRIPARTITE PACT

All- powerful Axis Powers -Signed an agreement known as the "Tripartite Pact" on September 27, 1940 -Consisted of Germany, Italy, and Japan -War on two fronts 1. Pacific theater- Iwo Jima March 1945 2. European theater= Allied invasion of Normandy - D-day June 6, 1944 -1942 Axis at the height of its power 1. Pacific: Japan destroyed US naval fleet. Dutch East Indies, Philippines