MCQ Week 3
Parapodium
standing frame designed to allow a patient to sit when necessary. primarily used in peds. good for low thoracic and hi lumbar Spina Bifida lesions initially in order to initiate standing exercises
big R>0.5 is
strong correlation number tells negative or positive R: coefficient of determination
WC measure seat depth
subtract 2 from post buttock to popliteal fossa
TLC
total lung capacity all volumes added up VC + RV ADD ALL
REVIEW 19. A physical therapist positions a patient in sitting prior to administering bronchial drainage. Which lung segment would require the patient to be in this position? 1. anterior basal segments of the lower lobes 2. posterior apical segments of the upper lobes 3. posterior basal segments of the lower lobes 4. right middle lobe
*2. posterior apical segments of the upper lobes* Postural drainage to the posterior apical segments of the upper lobes is performed with the patient in sitting, leaning over a pillow at a 30 degree angle.
23. A nurse takes the temperature of a patient before a scheduled physical therapy session. Which of the following temperature values would be classified as normal? 1. 35 degrees Celsius 2. 36 degrees Celsius 3. 37 degrees Celsius 4. 38 degrees Celsius
*37 degrees Celsius* -rule of extremes r/o 1 and 4 -ans is b.w 2 and 3 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius is considered normal body temperature.
What is the gold standard for sampling ?
*Stratified Random Sampling* this is hard to do in real life so ppl opt for simple random sampling
22. A physical therapist employed in an acute care hospital conducts an initial interview with a patient referred to physical therapy. During the interview the therapist asks the patient if he feels dependent on coffee, tea or soft drinks. Which clinical scenario would most appropriately warrant this type of question? a 27-year-old female status post arthroscopic medial meniscectomy a 42-year-old male with premature ventricular contractions a 37-year-old female with restrictive pulmonary disease a 57-year-old male with respiratory alkalosis
*a 42-year-old male with premature ventricular contractions* coffee, tea, sodas have caffeine and are stimulants which cause issues on heart -r/o breathing issues . Premature ventricular contractions are premature beats arising from ectopic foci in the ventricle. Premature ventricular contractions are the most common form of arrhythmia and may be precipitated by caffeine, anxiety, alcohol, and tobacco.
14. A 72 year-old female six weeks status post CVA is scheduled for discharge from an acute rehabilitation hospital in one week. At the present time the patient is unable to ambulate and requires maximal assistance to complete most transfers. Prior to her CVA the patient lived alone in an apartment on the first floor. The most appropriate discharge plan would be: home without support services home with a home health aide during the day home with physical a nursing facility
*a nursing facility* Max A means pt will need a lot of help The patient's dependence with ambulation and transfers eliminates home care as a viable option at this time.
25. A physical therapist performs goniometric measurements on a patient rehabilitating from injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident. When measuring rotation of the cervical spine, which of the following landmarks would be the most appropriate for the axis of the goniometer? centered over the external auditory meatus centered over the center of the cranial aspect of the head centered over the C7 spinous process centered over the midline of the occiput
*centered over the center of the cranial aspect of the head* The axis of the goniometer should be positioned over the center of the cranial aspect of the head. The stationary arm should be parallel to an imaginary line between the two acromial processes, while the moving arm should be aligned with the tip of the nose.
15. A physical therapist prepares to perform manual vibration as a means of airway clearance with a patient diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. When performing vibration the most appropriate form of manual contact over the affected lung segment is contact with a cupped hand contact with the entire palmar surface of the hand contact with the ulnar border of the hand contact with the distal phalanx of the middle finger
*contact with the entire palmar surface of the hand*
REVIEW *18. A patient rehabilitating from a radial head fracture is examined in physical therapy. During the examination, the physical therapist notes that the patient appears to have an elbow flexion contracture. Which of the following would not serve as an appropriate active exercise technique to increase range of motion?* contract-relax hold-relax maintained pressure rhythmic stabilization
*maintained pressure* Maintained pressure is an effective technique that can be used to increase range of motion by facilitating local muscle relaxation, however, it is a passive technique.
REVIEW 29. A physical therapist volunteers to assist participants at the finish line in a 10K road race. The race takes place on a hot and humid day and some of the race organizers are concerned about the potential for heat related disorders. The most significant variables to differentiate between heat exhaustion and heat stroke are: blood pressure and pulse rate coordination and level of fatigue mental status and skin temperature pupil dilation and blood pressure
*mental status and skin temperature* Altered mental status and elevated skin temperature are classic signs associated with heat stroke. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that can result in death. Treatment should focus on attempting to rapidly cool the victim.
16. A physical therapist examines a 72 year-old female recently admitted to an acute care hospital following complications from elective surgery. The patient is moderately obese and has a lengthy medical history including diabetes mellitus. The following day the therapist notices that the patient's breath has a very distinctive odor. The patient complains of feelingnauseous and very weak. An entry in the medical record indicates that the patient had diarrhea during the night. This type of scenario is most consistent with respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis
*metabolic acidosis* Metabolic acidosis usually results from an excess accumulation of acids in the blood. Patients with uncontrolled diabetes may be particularly susceptible to ketoacidosis, which is characterized by a fruity breath odor resulting from a build up of acids. The condition warrants immediate medical intervention.
26. A physical therapist performs girth measurements on a patient rehabilitating from knee surgery. The therapist takes the measurements 5 cm and 10 cm above the superior pole of the patella with the patient in supine. The girth measurements are recorded as 32 cm and 37 cm on the right and 34 cm and 40 cm on the left. Which of the following conclusions can be made regarding the *strength of the patient's quadriceps?* the right quadriceps will be capable of producing a greater force than the left the left quadriceps will be capable of producing a greater force than the right the right and left quadriceps will be capable of producing equal force not enough information is given to form a conclusion
*not enough information is given to form a conclusion* -type of surgery not given -weeks in rehab not given -when surgery was performed not given -so we dk when in process this is Anthropometric measurements can be used to quantify muscle atrophy and edema, however, are not used to examine strength.
28. A patient diagnosed with an acute cervical strain is referred to physical therapy. During the examination the physical therapist asks the patient to bend his head to the *right* and then proceeds to apply a downward compressive force to the patient's head. Which of the following subjective findings would be indicative of a positive test? pain radiates into the right arm pain radiates into the left arm pain radiates into the arms bilaterally pain radiates into the arms and legs bilaterally
*pain radiates into the right arm* A foraminal compression test or Spurling's test is considered to be positive if pain radiates into the arm toward the side of head flexion during compression. The provocative test can be administered in progressive stages.
12. A two-year-old with T10 spinal bifida receives physical therapy for gait training. The preferred method to *initially* teach a child how to maintain standing is with the use of: bilateral hip-knee-ankle-foot orthoses and forearm crutches parapodium and the parallel bars bilateral knee-ankle-foot orthoses and the parallel bars bilateral ankle-foot orthoses and the parallel bars
*parapodium and the parallel bars* -Initially means most safe and stable choice is parallel bars so r/o crutches right away -Q asks initially, orthoses are prescribed after you can see what pt can do so orthoses answers do not make since sense For thoracic and high-level lumbar lesions the parapodium provides the necessary amount of support and is optimal to assist with standing activities. The parallel bars are the most stable assistive device to initiate standing and utilize during gait training.
20. When examining a patient for a wheelchair, a physical therapist determines that the patient's hip width in sitting and the measurement from the back of the buttocks to the popliteal space are each 16 inches. Given these measurements, which of the following wheelchair sizes would best fit this patient? seat width 16 inches, seat depth 14 inches seat width 18 inches, seat depth 18 inches seat width 16 inches, seat depth 18 inches seat width 18 inches, seat depth 14 inches
*seat width 18 inches, seat depth 14 inches*
30. A physical therapist monitors a patient's vital signs while exercising in a phase I cardiac rehabilitation program. The patient status post myocardial infarction and has progressed without difficulty while involved in the program. Which of the following vital sign recordings would exceed the typical limits of a phase I program? heart rate elevated 18 beats per minute above resting level respiration rate of 25 breaths per minute systolic blood pressure decreases by 20 mmHg from resting level diastolic blood pressure less than 100 mmHg
*systolic blood pressure decreases by 20 mmHg from resting level* A decrease in systolic pressure of greater than or equal to 15 mmHg exceeds the typical limits associated with a phase I cardiac rehabilitation program. Since the patient's systolic blood pressure decreased by 20 mmHg, this would be the correct response.
27. A physical therapist instructs a patient to expire maximally after taking a maximal inspiration. The therpapist can use these instructions to measure the patient's expiratory reserve volume inspiratory reserve volume total lung capacity vital capacity
*vital capacity* Vital capacity equals the sum of inspiratory reserve volume, tidal volume, and expiratory reserve volume.
13. A physical therapist prepares a patient education program for an individual with chronic venous insufficiency. Which of the following would not be appropriate to include in the patient education program? wear shoes that accommodate to the size and shape of your feet observe your skin daily for breakdown wear your compression stockings only at night keep you feet elevated as much as possible throughout the day
*wear your compression stockings only at night* All 3 make sense since chronic venous insufficiency leads to
31. A physical therapist asks a patient who has been inconsistent with his attendance in physical therapy, why he is having difficulty keep scheduled appointments. The patient responds that it is difficult to understand the scheduling card that lists the appointments. The therapist's most appropriate action would be: contact the referring physician to discuss the patient's poor attendance in therapy make sure the patient is given a scheduling card at the conclusion of each session write down the patient's appointments on a piece of paper in a manner that the patient can understand discharge the patient from physical therapy
*write down the patient's appointments on a piece of paper in a manner that the patient can understand* In order to determine if the patient's poor attendance in therapy is due to difficulty understanding the scheduling card, the information must be presented in a manner the patient can understand.
WC measures seat height
-20 inch adults -17.5 inch hemiplegic -18.75 kids
C6 SCI transfers
-Even surface needs assistance/sliding board -Unable to do uneven transfer
Heat stroke signs and sx
-altered mental status and inc in skin temp MEDICAL EMERGENCY Tx: rapidly cool victim
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
-most common form of arrhythmia -caffeine, anxiety, alcohol, and tobacco can cause
What is the tx for diplopia ?
1. eye patch 2. strengthening extra-ocular eye muscles
Middle lobe postural drainage rise
12-16 inch rise of foot
Drop in SBP by how much exceeds the typical limits in a cardiac rehab phase 1 program ?
15 mmHg or more
Lower lobe postural drainage rise
18-20 inch rise of foot
REVIEW *24. A patient with a lengthy medical history of cardiac pathology is referred to a phase II cardiac rehabilitation program. During the first session the physical therapist prepares to measure the patient's blood pressure by inflating the cuff 20 mm Hg above the patient's estimated systolic value. Which of the following values best describes the most appropriate rate to release the pressure when obtaining the blood pressure measurement?* 2-3 mmHg per second 3-5 mmHg per second 5-7 mmHg per second 8-10 mmHg per second
2-3 mmHg per second in order to obtain accurate reading and have no errors A rate of 2-3 mmHg per second will enable the physical therapist to identify normal Korotkoff sounds and obtain a valid measure of the patient's blood pressure. Rates faster than 2-3 mmHg will tend to increase the measurement error of the obtained readings. DO NOT USE RULE OF EXTREMES HERE
Sunday
22/30 8 wrong
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
3-8: severe 9-12 mod injury 13-15 mild injury assess motor, verbal and eye opening response EO to pain: 2 EO to speech: 3 EO spontaneously: 4 Incomprehensible sounds: 2 Inappropriate words: 3 Confused: 4 Orientated: 5 abnormal extension: 2 abnormal flexion: 3 flexion withdrawal: 4 move to pain: 5 obey commands: 6 EVM 4, 5, 6
What is the min width of doorway to navigate WC?
32inches Ideal: 36 inches
To turn 90 deg in WC what is the inch of space you need?
36 inches
Normal body temp is
37 C and 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit
4. A physical therapist attempts to reduce a child's genu recurvatum using an ankle-foot orthosis. Which ankle setting would be the most effective to achieve the therapist's objective? 5-10 degrees of dorsiflexion neutral 5-10 degrees of plantarflexion 15-20 degrees of plantarflexion
5-10 degrees of dorsiflexion Setting an ankle-foot orthosis in 5-10 degrees of dorsiflexion may serve to reduce genu recurvatum by inhibiting full extension of the knee during midstance.
To turn 180 deg in WC how many inches of space do you need?
60 inches
What is the ratio of a ramp ?
8.3 % ramp 1 : 12 rise over run
Sickness Impact Profile (SIP)
A comprehensive quality of life measure, is used to assess the impact of disease on a person's physical and emotional functioning.
Backward lean 30degrees on recliner
Anterior Apical Segment of upper lobe
Sidelying down on unaffected side, quarter turn downward/towards supine/backward.
Anterior basal segment of lower lobe
a sampling technique in which clusters of participants that represent the population are used 10 states, then randomly choosing 5 hospitals in each state, then randomly choosing 10 therapists from each hospital. This approach is called duster sampling, or multistage sampling.
Cluster Sampling type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
REVIEW *3. A physical therapist reviews the medical chart of a patient with a history of recurrent dysrhythmias. The therapist is concerned about the patient's past medical history and would like to monitor the patient during selected formal exercise activities. Which of the following monitoring devices would be most beneficial?* pulmonary artery catheter electrocardiogram intracranial pressure monitor pulse oximeter
electrocardiogram
What type of sample will produce chances for error?
Disproportional Sampling sampling groups not equal type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
ERV + RV amount of air remaining in the lungs after a *normal expiration* Air is in the lungs after you've expired TV
C8-T1 SCI transfers
Even and uneven: independent
C7 SCI
Even: completely independent Uneven: assistance/sliding board
Rankin Scale
For stroke
2. A physical therapist employed in an acute care hospital attempts to identify a standardized instrument that measures level of consciousness. The most appropriate standardized instrument is the: Glasgow Coma Scale Rankin Scale Barthel Index Sickness Impact Profile
Glasgow Coma Scale
TLSO (thoracolumbosacral orthosis)
Jewett brace
Spurling's Test
Patient actively maximally rotates and laterally flexes head to the affected side. The doctor delivers a vertical blow to the top of the patient's head. (Can be done bilaterally or with the neck hyperextended.) Positive sign is pain in the neck, shoulder, or arm which indicates a space occupying lesion A foraminal compression test or Spurling's test is considered to be positive if pain radiates into the arm toward the side of head flexion during compression. The provocative test can be administered in progressive stages.
pronator teres MMT
Patient supine Stabilization at elbow against patient's sides Pressure: lower forearm at the direction of supination against gravity
Ranchos Los Amigos Scale of Cognitive Functioning
RESPONSE ○1 = no response/appears asleep ○2 = generalized response - delayed motor movements ○3 = localized response - turn to/away from stimuli, may be able to follow/track CONFUSED ○4 = agitated/max assistance - not cooperative, moody, aggressive, short attention ○5 = inappropriate, non-agitated/max assistance - can perform highly familiar tasks, not good attention span, learning with a lot of assistance ○6 = appropriate, moderate assistance - can attend 30 minutes APPROPRIATE ○7 = automatic, appropriate - minimal assistance for daily living skills - this is where NEW LEARNING OCCURS WITH CARRYOVER; can attend for 30 minutes, may be unrealistic; use of multisensory cues may overwhelm the patient; initiate highly familiar tasks, but have little recall of what has been completed - visual chart ○8 = purposeful, appropriate - stand-by assistance - attend for an hour in a distracting environment ○9 - SBA on request ○10 - Mod I For TBI
random sample is unbiased in that each selection is independent, and no one member of the population has any more chance of being chosen than any other member.
Simple Random Sampling type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Population divided into subgroups (strata) and random samples taken from each strata identifying relevant population characteristics, and partitioning members of a population into homogeneous, nonoverlapping subsets, or strata, based on these characteristics.
Stratified Random Sampling type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
Prone on flat bed with 2 pillows below hip
Superior segment of lower lobe
Every nth item in the target population is selected, separate into groups lists are arranged alphabetically or in some other ordered fashion
Systematic Sampling type of PROBABILITY SAMPLING
WC measures seat width
add 2 inches to widest measure of hip
R^2represents the regression value
always positive 1: strongest > 0.70 strong 0.5-0.7 mod 0.3-0.5: weak < 0.3 very weak
Supine lying on a bed with pillows under the knees
anterior segments of the upper lobes.
Barthel Index
This index was designed to measure functional levels of self-care and mobility and it rates the ability to feed and groom oneself, bathe, go to the toilet, walk (or propel a wheelchair), climb stairs, and control bowel and bladder.
pectoralis major MMT
UPPER FIBERS Patient position: supine Test: examiner holds the opposite shoulder on the table, shoulder in 90 degrees flexion and slight medial rotation and humerus horizontally adducted with elbow extended Pressure: against forearm, in direction of horizontal abduction LOWER FIBERS Patient position: supine Test: diagonal pattern, shoulder flexion and slight medial rotation and adducted obliquely towards opposite iliac crest with elbow extended Pressure: against forearm, in direction of horizontal abduction against gravity
7. A physical therapy program designs a study that uses performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test as a predictor of grade point average in a physical therapy academic program. The results of the study identify that the overall correlation between the variables is r = .87. Which statement is most accurate based on the results of the study? grade point average in a physical therapy program is a function of performance on the scholastic aptitude test a student that performs well on the scholastic aptitude test is likely to have a high grade point average in a physical therapy academic program there is no relationship between grade point average in a physical therapy program and performance on the scholastic aptitude test there is an inverse relationship between grade point average in a physical therapy
a student that performs well on the scholastic aptitude test is likely to have a high grade point average in a physical therapy academic program A correlation coefficient of r=.87 is classified as high to very high. As a result, performance on the Scholastic Aptitude Test and grade point average in a physical therapy academic program are strongly related.
REVIEW 9. A physical therapist completes a vertebral artery test on a patient diagnosed with a cervical strain. Which component of the vertebral artery test is most likely to assess the patency of the intervertebral foramen? rotation lateral flexion flexion extension
extension Lateral flexion, extension, and rotation are all components of the vertebral artery test. Extension is the most likely motion to assess the integrity of the intervertebral foramen, while lateral flexion and rotation have a greater effect on the vertebral artery.
Bad lung up for Postural drainage
bad lung higher than nose since gravity will help bring all of that out good part down maintain position for 5-6 mins
What are Anthropometric measurements used to quantify ?
edema and atrophy CAN NOT DETERMINE STRENGTH FROM THESE MEASURES
lateral rotators of the shoulder MMT
can be supine or prone
Which component of vertebral artery test assesses the patency of the intervertebral foramen?
cervical extension
Vertebral artery test
cervical lateral flexion, rotation, extension
6. A physical therapist critically analyzes the methodology used in a published research study. Which type of sampling procedure would result in the greatest degree of sampling error? simple random sample systematic sample cluster sample stratified random sample
cluster sample Cluster sampling is defined as successive random sampling of a series of units in the population. Cluster sampling is often utilized when a researcher is unable to obtain a complete listing of an identified population. Since the technique requires two or more samples to be drawn, sampling error is increased.
heat exhaustion
condition resulting from exposure to heat and excessive loss of fluid through sweating
Vibration is done with
contact entire palm of hand
What are some ways to inc elbow ROM actively?
contract-relax hold-relax rhythmic stabilization
Percussion is done with
cupped hands
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
extra forced inspiration 2-3x TV Inspired OVER and ABOVE tidal volume
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
extra forced inspiration 5-6x TV Inspired OVER and ABOVE tidal volume
ketoacidosis
fruity breath odor resulting from a build up of acids. The condition warrants immediate medical intervention. DM 1 KETOACIDOSIS IS EMERGENCY
Middle lobe postural drainage
full turn Bad lung always up
21. A patient with a lengthy history of substance abuse is referred to physical therapy after sustaining multiple injuries in a motor vehicle accident. Which of the following controlled substances would not typically foster physical dependence? depression hallucinogens narcotics stimulants
hallucinogens Hallucinogens may cause distortion of senses, altered perception, severe hallucinations, panic, and psychotic reactions. Physical dependence is not characteristic of hallucinogens.
genu recurvatum
knee hyperextension ankle in 5-10 deg DF will help dec it
Which component of vertebral artery test assesses the patency of the artery ?
lateral flexion and rotation
What are some ways to inc elbow ROM passively ?
maintained pressure
Vital capcity (VC)
max in and out TV + IRV + ERV
Correlation (r)
measures the direction and strength of the linear relationship between two quantitative variables positive to negative -1 to plus 1 1: strongest high: 0.76 - 1 mod: .51 - 0.75 fair: 0.26 - 0.50 low: 0.00-0.25 0: weakest
11. A physical therapist completes an upper extremity manual muscle test on a patient diagnosed with rotator cuff tendonitis. Assuming the patient has the ability to move the upper extremities against gravity, which of the following muscles would not be tested with patient in a supine position? pronator teres pectoralis major lateral rotators of the shoulder middle trapezius
middle trapezius Muscle testing of the middle trapezius should occur with the patient in a prone position.
electrocardiogram
monitoring device for patients with known or suspected cardiac abnormalities. The electrocardiogram measures the electrical activity of the heart as well as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration rate.
Which drugs cause physical dependence?
narcotics stimulants depression
Tidal Volume (TV)
normal/resting inspiration and expiration norm: 500ml
REVIEW 8. A patient is referred to physical therapy with a C6 nerve root injury. Which of the following clinical findings would *not* be expected with this type of injury? diminished sensation on the anterior arm and index finger weakness in the biceps and supinator diminished brachioradialis reflex paresthesias of the long and ring fingers
paresthesias of the long and ring fingers A, B, C are all associated with C6 injury READ QUESTION CAREFULLY SAYS NOT
REVIEW *10. A 22-year-old male status posttraumatic brain injury receives physical therapy services in a rehabilitation hospital. The patient is presently functioning at Rancho Los Amigos Level VI. The patient has progressed well in therapy, however, has been bothered by diplopia. Which treatment strategy would be the most appropriate to address diplopia?* provide verbal and non-verbal instructions within the patient's direct line of sight place a patch over one of the patient's eyes ask the patient to turn his head to one side when he experiences diplopia instruct the patient to carefully focus on a single object
place a patch over one of the patient's eyes Diplopia refers to double vision caused by defective function of the extraocular muscles. Oftentimes a patient with diplopia is instructed to wear a patch alternately over one of his/her eyes. Specific strengthening exercises of the extraocular muscles can serve to improve the patient's vision.
5. A physical therapist completes an examination on a patient diagnosed with complete C7 tetraplegia. The patient problem list includes the following: inability to complete an independent bed to wheelchair transfer, decreased passive lower extremity range of motion, tissue breakdown over the ischial tuberosities, and decreased upper extremity strength. Which of the following treatment activities should be given the highest priority? pressure relief activities transfer training using a sliding board self range of motion activities upper extremity strengthening exercises
pressure relief activities A physical therapist should give the highest priority to educating the patient on appropriate skin care including pressure relief activities. A patient with C7 tetraplegia can perform lateral and forward weight shifting in the wheelchair to assist with pressure relief.
REVIEW 32. A physical therapist reviews the medical chart of a patient diagnosed with a fracture of the *lower thoracic spine.* The chart indicates the patient has worn an anterior control throacolumbar-sacral-orthosis (TLSO) for eight weeks. What is the primary purpose of the anterior control TLSO? prevent thoracic flexion prevent thoracic extension prevent lumbar flexion prevent lumbar extension
prevent thoracic flexion TLSOs limit mobility in the thoracolumbar spine. The orthosis is aimed at forcing the spine into a slightly hyperextended alignment, thereby unloading the vertebral bodies. Limiting thoracic flexion would be the most critical since the patient's fracture is in the lower thoracic spine. TLSOs are sometimes referred to as a "Jewett brace".
Anterior control TLSO
prevents flexion which thoracic or lumbar depends on where the fx is if fx is thoracic then should limit thoracic flexion if fx is in lumbar then should limit lumbar
Lateral lobe
quarter turn to prone Bad lung always up
17. A physical therapist determines that a patient rehabilitating from ankle surgery has consistent difficulty with functional activities that emphasize the frontal plane. Which of the following would be the most difficult for the patient? anterior lunge six-inch lateral step down six-inch posterior step up eight-inch posterior step down
six-inch lateral step down frontal plane: abd/add saggiatal plane: flex/extend or ant post The frontal plane divides the body into front and back halves. Movements in the frontal plane occur as side to side movements such as abduction or adduction. Rotary motion in the frontal plane occurs around an anterior-posterior axis.
Residual Volume (RV)
volume that does not leave lungs after ERV 1,200 mL Always present in the lungs dead air
Relative Contraindications for Postural Drainage
• Increased intracranial pressure • Hemodynamically unstable • Recent esophageal anastomosis • Recent spinal fusion or injury • Recent head trauma relative means do not do it
