Nutrition

marginal food security

1 or 2 indications of food access problems

10 to the negative 4th is the same as

1/10 to the 4th 0.0001 1/10,000

Gigagram (Gg)

10 to the 9th g

1L

10 to the 9th nL

cm

10 to the negative 2nd m

protein DRV

10%

saturated fat DRV

10%

According to MyPlate, what percentage of the grains you consume should be whole grains?

50%

albacore tuna should be limited to ______ oz per week or one meal due to its mercury content

6

carbohydrate DRV

60%

the villi and microvilli increase the surface area of the small intestines_______times that of a smooth tube.

600

which two components should be met when planning a healthy diet?

AIs RDAs

active absorption needs both a carrier protein and _________.

ATP

arrange the parts of the small intestine in order they appear in the GI tract

Duodenum Jejunum Ileum

what formula should be used to determine the RDA for a nutrient?

EARx1.2=RDA

which government regulates the federal water supplies?

EPA

the _________, _________, and _________ share responsibility for regulating pesticides

EPA FDA USDA

match the FDA stance with the critics stance on GM foods being labeled

FDA= GM foods are not tangibly different Critics= consumers have a right to know what is in their food

USDA

GM crops are safe to grow

consuming fewer calories, increasing physical activity, and maintaining appropriate calorie balance of all strategies that a person can use to help with which of the following goals?

Managing weight Balancing calories

the main goal of_______ is to remind consumers to think about building a healthy plate at meal times and to learn more about healthy eating

MyPlate

this dietary recommendation is used to evaluate a person's current intake for a specific nutrient, recognizing that the further the intake strays from this value, the more likely the person will develop neutron related problems

RDA

list one of the government agencies that regulates GM foods

USDA

please pair the agency with the correct description of its role in monitoring the food supply in the United States.

United states department of agriculture (USDA)= ensure wholesome and quality standards for grain, produce, meat, poultry, milk, egg, and egg products Bureau of Alcohol, tobacco, firearms and explosives (ATF)= enforces laws on alcoholic beverages; inspection Environmental protection agency (EPA)= regulates pesticides and establishes quality water standards

the main functions of the large intestine include

absorb water and electrolytes house bacterial flora form and expel feces

for each macronutrient, the ________ __________ _________ __________provides a range of intake, as a percent of energy, associated with good health and a reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intakes of essential nutrients.

acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges

of the strategies listed, which one is best for building healthy eating patterns?

account for all foods and beverages consumed.

recombinant DNA technology

allows access to a wider gene pool permits faster and more accurate production of new microbial plant and animal species

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption

amino acids glucose

which nutrients are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine via active absorption?

amino acids glucose

indirect food additives

appear in food products from environmental contamination of food ingredients or during the manufacturing process

______ are single cell organisms found in the food we eat, the water we drink, and the air we breathe

bacteria

the greatest health risk from food and water today is contamination by these two major types of microbial pathogens; viruses and

bacteria

lead damage in humans can manifest itself as

behavioral problems

to promote optimal health, people should aim to keep their intake of fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium at or_______the 100% DV.

below

gallstones are composed of

bile pigments cholesterol

vitamin a

blindness increased vulnerability to common diseases

iodine

brain damage mental retardation

which of the following foods are nutrient dense?

breakfast cereal fat free milk

which animals did the first farmers selectively breed implementing biotechnology?

bull cow

the ________ system is an example of an organ system

cardiovascular

nutrients absorbed in the small intestine are delivered to these circulatory systems in the body:

cardiovascular system lymphatic system

the national school lunch program subsidizes lunches by providing schools with

cash food

food resources available for those earning less than the current poverty level include government programs (SNAP,WIC, commodities) and _________ feeding programs

charitable

_______, ________, _________, and _______ summarize the four rules set by the USDA as part of the "fight BAC" program

clean separate cook chill

in the small intestine the chyme moves slowly through the circular folds allowing the chyme to

come into close contact with the villi be completely mixed with digestive juices

how do you calculate a food's energy density?

compare the food's calorie content per gram weight of the food

organic production relies on these farming practices

composting biological pest management crop rotation manure applications

nutrition therapy for mild cases of constipation includes

consuming more fluids daily consuming more fiber daily

identify risk factors for gallstone formation

consumption of low-fiber diet female rapid weight loss or prolonged fasting excess weight

common causes of food intolerances include

deficiencies in digestive enzymes toxic contaminants such as mold or bacteria sensitivities to a food component (such as gluten)

sulfites are found in a variety of foods including

dehydrated potatoes

what are the symptoms most commonly associated with bacterial food borne illnesses?

diarrhea and vomiting

malnutrition lowers resistance resulting in

disease infection death

rank the steps of calculating the nutrient density of a food

divide the amount of a nutrient in a serving by the RDA divide the calories in a serving of the food by the EER compare the values and see if the food provides a greater contribution to your nutrient need than your calorie need

what should a person do to work towards optimal nutritional health?

eat a balanced diet, consume a variety of foods, and stay physically active

select the food recommendations that promote a healthy lifestyle

eat more dark green, red, and orange vegetables. replace whole milk dairy products with low-fat and fat-free dairy products use oils to replace solid fats

when swallowing a bite of food, the __________ closes over the trachea to allow the bolus to enter the esophagus

epiglottis

what are some nutrients that have AIs?

essential fatty acids fiber B-vitamins fluoride

an RDA can only be set for nutrients that have an _______

estimated average requirement

the _____ ______ ______ are daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stage.

estimated average requirements

cloning

extracting the genetic material from a donor adult cell and transferring it to egg

while it is important to consume healthy foods, this can often be a challenge since they are more expensive than the processed and refined foods

false

traditional food production

fertilizers, pesticides, hormones, and irradiation are used

essential fatty acids,________, and certain vitamins and minerals all have adequate intakes to set a daily intake amount for nutrients that do not have an established EAR

fiber

to promote a healthy diet, people should plan their diets to achieve 100% of the DV for_________

fiber

select the components that must be listed on most nutrition facts panels

fiber total calories total fat protein

the most significant food source of PCB residue is _______

fish

dioxin

fish from contaminated waterways

the most critical micronutrients missing from diets worldwide include vitamin A, iodide, iron, zinc, and ______

folate

acidic agents, antimicrobial agents, and antioxidants are all examples of

food additives

acidic agents, antimicrobial agents, and antioxidants are all examples of _______ _______.

food additives

what shields more children in the US from hunger?

food assistance programs

gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a _______

golf ball

gallstones may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a_________

golf ball

standard metric unit used for mass

gram

intakes________than the upper level can cause adverse health issues like diarrhea and inflammation of the stomach lining

greater

what are good sources of vegetables according to MyPlate guidelines?

green bean salad corn on the cob stir fry

what are some good sources of vegetables according to MyPlate guidelines?

green bean salad stir-fry corn on the cob

solanine

green spots of potato skins

what are some examples of medium to high energy density foods?

ham potato chips whole wheat bread pumpkin pie

what is the term for a claim that describes the relationship between a disease and a nutrient, food, or food constituent?

health claim

the acid-resistant bacteria,________is one of the two main causes of peptic ulcers

helicobacter pylori

______ are swollen veins of the rectum and anus

hemorrhoids

_________are swollen veins of the ructum and anus

hemorrhoids

meal composition affects how long the meal takes to move from the stomach to the small intestines. Which of the following types of meals would move most slowly out of the stomach?

high fat meal

the parietal cells of the stomach secrete

hydrochloric acid

in a_______reaction water is used in the breaking apart of large molecules

hydrolysis

when must the % for a protein be reported on the food label?

if the food is for infants and children under 4 if the food makes claims about protein content

living in poverty

impairs a childs health contributes to behavioral problems impairs ability to learn

intentional food additives are used to

improve freshness and safety

what has been approved by the FDA for the elimination of salmonella and E coli in meats, shell eggs, and spices ?

irradiation

beneficial bacteria reside in the________intestine.

large

Feces is formed and held in which organ?

large intestine

what are some examples of healthy, protein rich foods?

lean meat seafood beans

cyanide

lima beans and almonds

in pinocytosis absorptive cells engulf_____

liquids or compounds

which of the following microorganisms can cause serious illness and spontaneous abortion in pregnant women?

listeria monocytogenes

these accessory organs function along with the small intestine in the digestive process

liver gallbladder pancreas

________ energy density foods contribute to a quicker feeling of fullness while ________ energy density foods need to be eaten in larger amount to feel full.

low high

digestive enzymes are:

made of protein catalyze chemical reactions

what is the definition of a household that has only 1 or 2 indications of food access problems?

marginal food security household

the resident bacteria throughout the GI tract are referred to as the gut_____

microbiota

lead can be found in the following sources

mineral supplements old plumbing

which statement is true?

moderation applies to all food groups

women from food-insecure households are ________ likely to be obese

more

which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the lymphatic system?

most fats fat-soluble vitamins

which layer of the wall of the intestinal tract has many tiny fingerlike structures that project into the GI lumen and trap nutrients?

mucosa

very low level food security

multiple indications of disrupted patterns and reduced food intake

foods free of added colors and synthetic substances are called ______ foods.

natural

total calories, calories from fat, total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, total carbohydrate, sugars, protein, calcium, and iron are just some of the components that are included on most__________ __________ panels

nutritional facts

1tsp

oils

golgi apparatus

packages and distributes cell products

the chief cells of the stomach secrete

pepsinogen

EPA

pesticides in food are safe for consumption

what are some examples of very low and low energy density foods?

plain baked potato salsa lettuce oatmeal

is it important to recognize that many _______, ________, and _______ factors contribute to the problem of hunger

political, economic, social

organic food production

practices such as biological pest management, composting, manure applications, and crop rotation are used

the best way to prevent lead poisoning is

preventing iron decency anemia removing lead form environment

the bacteria found in fermented foods, such as yogurt, kefir (a type of fermented milk) and miso (fermented soybean paste) are known as__________bacteria.

probiotic

yogurt would be classified as a________food.

probiotic

ribosomes

produces proteins

_______ cancer cases with insecticide use

prostate

for which nutrients are the DRVs set?

protein sodium carbohydrates potassium fats

1 0z

proteins grains

what does a manufacturer have to do to have a new food additive approved?

provide proof from laboratory tests that it is safe

mitochondria

provide the cell with chemical energy

low level food security

reduced quality, variety or desirability of diet

One tool for planning diets that support overall health is the Dietary_______Intakes (DRIs) which provide guidance on the quantities of nutrients that are most likely to result in optimal health.

reference

virus

reproduces after invading body cells

which of the following are examples of biotechnology used for grain production?

selective breeding wheat crossed with wild grasses altered seeds and plants

which of the following nutrients are absorbed in the cardiovascular system

short and medium chain fatty acids proteins, carbohydrates, B-vitamins, vitamin C Water-soluble nutrients

younger people most often develop ulcers in the:

small intestine

what is the substance in pancreatic juice that allows us to buffer the acidic contents arriving in the small intestines from the stomach?

sodium bicarbonate

sources of bottled water include

spas wells public water supply

pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down_____for digestion

starch

pancreatic amylase is responsible for breaking down _______ for digestion

starch`

Chyme is formed in the _________ as food is mixed with digestive secretions

stomach

the primary function of the pyloric sphincter is to control the flow of food contents from the______into the small intestine

stomach

phagocytosis occurs when the absorptive cells in the small intestine

surround and engulf a solid compound

what are some behaviors consistent with MyPlate recommendations?

switch to fat free or low fat milk drink water instead of sugary drinks enjoy your food but eat less

mercury

swordfish, king mackerel, shark

135-165

temperature for holding thoroughly cooked foods; bacterial growth is prevented but bacteria are not destroyed

cells are_______

the fundamental building blocks of all organisms

which of the following are true about the lymphatic system?

the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels lymph is a clear fluid until carrying fats, causing a milky look to the lymph

what statement about DRIs is true?

they only apply to healthy people

what are some examples of parasites typically associated with food borne illnesses?

toxoplasma anisakis trichinella spiralis cryposporidium

genetic modification

transfer a gene from one organism to another

individuals may not be able to travel to food assistance program sites due to lack of _______.

transportation

GM foods are designed to help farmers grow foods more daily and to increase yields

true

an RDA can only be set for nutrients that have an EAR

true

the most common forms of inflammatory bowel disease in the united states are

ulcerative colitis crohn's disease

which taste sense is enhanced by the addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG)?

unami

escherichia coli

undercooked ground meats; contaminated produce, especially lettuce, spinach, and sprouts

lectins

undercooked kidney beans

nutrient intakes that are higher than the________can cause health issues like diarrhea and inflammation of the stomach lining.

upper levels

what is the term for the maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse effects in almost all individuals in a life-stage group?

upper levels

__________is the key to getting the array of nutrients offered by each food group

variety

1 cup

vegetables/fruits

which nutrients should people strive to reach 100% DV?

vitamin C iron fiber calcium vitamin A

what type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation?

water-soluble compounds

what is the consequence of the fact that our species, like all other species, has considerable genetic variability?

we not only look different from each other, but we may also have anatomical and physiological variations

Sources of bottle water include the public water supply, spas, springs, geysers, and ________

wells

mL

1/1000L

in the united states _______ of the population is at increased risk of foodborne illness

1/4

cg

10 to the -2nd g

1g

10 to the 6th ug

what percent of the US population suffers from irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

10-15%

fiber DRV

11.5 grams

the minimum safe cooking temp for fresh ground beef, veal, lamb, and pork is

160 F

what is the safe minimum temp for cooking a quiche?

160F

on nutrition facts labels, the % daily value is usually calculated based on both a ______ and a _______calorie diet

2,000 2,500

fat DRV

30%

if you consume an entire box of macaroni and cheese, based of the following information, how much total fat would you have eaten? servings: 6 total fat per serving: 7g (11%)

42g (66%)

your morning coffee will feel hot at 167 F; this is the same as_______C

75

A atom with 8 protons and 8 neutrons would have the atomic number of______

8

if the EAR for vitamin C is 75mg for men, what should the RDA be?

90mg 75x1.2=90

At the end of the semester, you have three quiz grades (85, 90, 65) and one test grade 99. Your test is worth 5 times your quizzes. What is your weighted average for the semester?

91.9 85+90+65+99x5= 735 sum of the weights=8 785/8=91.9

an adequate intakes should cover the needs of more than _______% of the individuals in a specific life-stage group.

97-98

for each macronutrient the ________ provide a range of intake associated with good health an da reduced risk of chronic diseases while providing for recommended intakes of essential nutrients

AMDRs

what is needed to facilitate active absorption?

ATP Energy A carrier protein

what considerations should be made in regards to alcohol consumption in order to promote a healthy diet and lifestyle?

Alcohol consumption should be restricted to low or moderate levels individuals with certain medical conditions should avoid alcohol individuals taking medications should check to see if alcohol can affect the medicine's purpose

Which of the observations listed below support the concept of a common ancestor of all living beings from which they evolved

DNA and RNA are the universal carriers of the genetic code similar organisms have fewer differences in their DNA than very different organisms cells are universal building blocks one genetic code is valid for all organisms

daily values (DV) are based on these two sets of dietary standards.

Daily Reference Values Reference Daily intakes

________ _________ have been set for 4 groups: infants, toddlers, pregnant or lactating women, and people over the age of four.

Daily Values

what is the generic nutrient standard set for energy-producing nutrients?

Daily reference values

a person's risk for developing a nutrient deficiency increases when their intake of a nutrient drops below their ________ for that nutrient

EAR

a person's risk for developing a nutrient deficiency increases when their intake of a nutrient drops below their_______ for that nutrient

EAR

a persons risk for developing a nutrient deficiency increases when their RDA for a nutrient regularly drops below the ______

EAR

which of the following statements about structure/function claims are true?

Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the claims are accurate the FDA does not approve or authorize them

you move to Singapore with your family. You borrow the family car and have to fill up. Gas is priced at about $2/L converted to US dollars. In the US, you recall that you usually pay less than $4/US gallon. Is gas more or less expensive in Singapore than in the US?

More $2/L x 3.785L/1 US Gal= 7.57$/US gal

_________upper intake_________, or upper levels are the maximum daily intake amounts of nutrients that are not likely to cause adverse health effects in almost all individuals in a life stage group.

Tolerable levels

which of the following has a nutrition education component as a part of the program?

WIC

what qualities must a food product have in order for it to make a health claim?

a single serving of the food cannot contain more than 13g of fat, 4g of saturated fat, 60mg of cholesterol, and 480mg of sodium the product must meet criteria specific to the health claim being made the food must be a good source of fiber, protein, vitamin A, vitamin C, calcium, or iron

food additives are substances added to food for the following reasons

act as a preservative

when a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

identify causes of hemorrhoids

added stress to the veins of the ructum and anus pregnancy and obesity straining during bowel movements

________ _________ are daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish an EAR

adequate intakes

what is the term for the daily intake amounts set for nutrients for which there are insufficient research data to establish EAR?

adequate intakes

a consequence to exposure of dioxins is

adverse effects on reproduction

what are the consequences of exposure to dioxins?

adverse effects on reproduction liver and nerve damage

which of the following is a concern regarding the safety of our water supply?

agricultural runoff

what are the safety threats to the U.S water supply?

agricultural runoff inadequate treatment of human waste pollution from boats and ships

which of the following dietary components are absorbed by the cells lining the stomach

alcohol fatty acids water

which of the following nutrients are absorbed directly into the blood and transported by the hepatic portal vein to the liver?

amino acids vitamin c monosaccharides

recall what must be accomplished before a food additive is approved

an accepted level for use of the substance of food is set safety testing must be conducted in at least 2 species information about chemical composition, how the product was manufactured, and laboratory methods used must be given to the FDA

165-211

bacteria (but not their spores) parasitic worms, and protozoa are killed

0-32

bacteria cannot grow but can survive and resume growth when thawed

41-135

bacterial growth is rapid

gluten is found in which of the following grains

barley rye wheat

what familiar item does MyPlate encourage people to use in order to estimate a 1 cup serving size?

baseball

what are some strategies to use when selecting nutritious vegetables

buy a variety of different types of vegetables buy dark green lettuce versus iceberg buy enough to fill your plate about 1/2 full with veggie and fruits

which types of bacteria cause food borne illness

campylobacter jejuni salmonella listeria monocytogenes

what are the main functions of food additives?

can function as flavor enhancers in food can function as emulsifiers can function as preservatives

Place the 5 sections of the large intestines in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestines

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

place the 5 sections of the large intestines in the order in which a substance would pass through the large intestines

cecum ascending colon transverse colon descending colon sigmoid colon

gluten-free diets have been shown to help people with

celiac disease

what is the name of a program funded by the older americans act where elderly can receive noontime and home delivered meals

congregate meals

what are some things that a person can do to work towards optimal nutritional health?

consume a variety of foods moderate the amount of food you eat eat a balanced diet

which of the following would be the best food recommendation for people over the age of 50?

consume foods fortified with vitamin B-12

nucleus

contains genetic information

staphylococcus aureus

contaminated ready to eat foods; ham, poultry, egg salads, custards, cream-filled pastries

individuals living in a food desert would be most likely to purchase food at

convenience stores fast food outlets

best way to destroy food borne viruses and bacteria

cooking

aflatoxin

corn, peanuts, rice

match the crop with the reason it was genetically engineered?

corn- pest control potatoes- kill beetles papaya- resistance to virus

what are some benefits of providing nutrition information of restaurant menus?

customers order lower-calorie meals for their children seeing calorie information leads to the purchase of lower calorie meals the information can lead to dietary improvements

reference_______ intakes are set for vitamins and most minerals-these nutrients have established nutrient standards, such as RDAs

daily

what are the estimated average requirements? (EAR)

daily nutrient intake amounts that are estimated to meet the needs of half of the people in a certain life stage

a _______ ________ is a generic nutrient standard used on nutrition facts labels; it comprises both RDIs and DRVs

daily value

the _______ ________ are based on 2 sets of dietary standards: reference daily intakes and daily reference values

daily values

fat-free milk, low fat cheeses and yogurt, and part skim cheeses are all good sources of while of MyPlate food groups?

dairy

the temperature range between 41 and 135 degrees Fahrenheit, which is associated with the promotion of bacterial growth, is commonly referred to as the ______ ________ temperatures.

danger zone

the latest recommendations from the food and nutrition board are called ________ __________ __________ and they include 5 sets of standards.

dietary reference intakes

what are the latest recommendations from the food and nutrition board called?

dietary reference intakes

experts think that ________ development will improve food security as the population grows

economic

which foods are addressed in the food quality protection act of 1996?

eggs beef apples sugar potatoes chicken

which foods have been approved by the FDA for the use of food irradiation?

eggs fresh fruits and veggies meats

SNAP recipients are given ______ to purchase food and garden seeds

electronic benefit transfer card (EBT)

the nucleus of an atoms does not contain_______

electrons

___________calorie foods are ones that are high in solid fats/and or added sugar. They provide calories, but few to no nutrients.

empty

One function of bile in digestion is to_________fats, disperse fat into many tiny droplets

emulsify

one function of bile in digestion is to _______ fats, disperse fat into many tiny droplets

emulsify

one function of bile in digestion is to_____fats, disperse fat into many tiny droplets

emulsify

_________ density is determined by comparing a food's caloric content per gram weight of the food

energy

for most adults, the best estimate of energy needs in relation to the _____ _______ _______ is the amount of energy required to achieve and maintain a healthy weight

estimated energy requirements

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with other serious digestive disorders

false

The process of digestion begins in the stomach with the gastric enzymes

false

the FDA must approve and authorize structure/function claims and they are also responsible for ensuring the accuracy of these claims

false

when using MyPlate, remember that some specific foods are required because they include all nutrients needed for a good diet.

false

a local food system allows _______ and producers to grow and sell foods directly to consumers

farmers

using low fat dressing, eating a baked potato instead of french fries, and choosing smaller servings of high fat foods are all great strategies to use when trying to reduce ________ intake

fat

which of the following is absorbed via passive diffusion

fats

the largest contributor of food to emergency food programs is ________ _________

feeding america

what is it called when the quality, variety, and/or desirability of the diet are reduced and there is difficulty at times providing enough food for everyone in the household?

food insecurity

FDA

food is safe for humans

what are some potential benefits of biotechnology?

foods that don't cause allergic reaction greater food yield longer shelf life more nutrient dense food

when compared to conventional agriculture, organic farming can reduce _______ consumption

fossil fuel

which nutrient is absorbed via facilitated diffusion?

fructose

a smoothie, melon salad, and 100% grape juice would all be good sources of _______ based on the MyPlate guidelines

fruit

food labels must specify the country of origin for which of the following products?

fruits peanuts meat poultry

what is the term for a measure that typically evaluates the activity of an enzyme in the body or the ability of a cell or an organ to maintain normal physiological function

functional markers

experiencing heartburn more than 2 times a week may be a symptom of the digestive disorder__________.

gastroesophageal reflux disease

which of the following is a reason that biotechnology may not significantly reduce undernutrition in the developing world?

high price of foods

How well a person's individual organs work is determined by

his/her overall nutritional state

poverty rates are greatest for what groups?

hispanics children native americans

what can be sources of lead

home plumbing imported pottery herbal remedies

what are some strategies that can be used to reduce portion size?

if you eat a hamburger for lunch, have a salad with lots of veggies and low-calorie dressing for dinner consume mostly nutrient dense foods if you prefer low-fat milk to fat-free, find ways to cut fat out of other foods that you eat

what are some practical strategies that a person can use to increase their consumption of healthy protein?

increase fish consumption decrease red meat add beans to diet

food preservation techniques

increase shelf life decrease growth of microorganisms in foods

what are the detriments regarding the use of rBGH

increase use of antibiotics in dairy cows mastitis

what are the benefits of rBGH?

increased milk production

which of these is not a concern of consumers regarding GM foods?

increased nutrient value of foods

the villi facilitate absorption of nutrients in the small intestine by

increasing the surface area

examples of pesticides

insecticides fungicides herbicides

identify all of the best food changes that promote increased health

instead of chips, eat pretzels instead of eating white bread, eat whole-wheat bread instead of eating a potato salad, eat a three bean salad

the substance necessary for the body to absorb vitamin B-12 is

intrinsic factor

which statement is true about how food irradiation controls microbial growth?

irradiation foods extend the shelf life of food and control the growth of insects and pathogens in foods

biological pest management

is defined as the process of controlling agricultural pests by using natural predators, parasites, or pathogens

what are some benefits of keeping track of your diet?

it can help identify which nutrients might be lacking it can help you take steps to improve your diet it can make you more thoughtful about your food choices

rank from smallest to largest

kilo milli micro nano

intentional food additives

knowingly incorporated into food products by manufacturers

the products name, the address of the manufacturer, the amount of product in the package, and a nutrition facts panel should all be included on a product's food________.

label

beneficial bacteria reside in the ______ intestine.

large

beneficial bacteria reside in the_____intestine

large

the_____intestine is the main site where electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium, are absorbed.

large

which food borne related illness is 20 times more likely to develop in pregnant women?

listeriosis

which of the following statements are examples of a nutrient content claims?

low in fat rich in calcium zero calories

foods likely to pose risk for food borne illness should be stored on the _________ shelves of the refrigerator

lower

which of the following are true about the lymphatic system

lymph is a clear liquid until carrying fats, causing a milky look to the lymph the villi contain lacteals to transport nutrients to larger lymph vessels

what are some changes being made to restaurant menus in order to provide increased consumer awareness?

menus contain the nutrition information for each food many restaurants post nutrition info for their menu items online restaurants post displays in their stores to notify consumers of nutrition info

what are some examples of environmental and other contaminants that may be found in out food supply ?

mercury dioxins lead

the role of beneficial bacteria in the large intestine is to

metabolize undigested food make vitamin k and biotin

what are the effects of mercury consumption

nerve damage birth defects fatigue

high level food security

no indication of food access problems or limitation

what are some qualities of a typical north american diet?

not enough fruits and vegetables too high in calories too high in sugar and salt

a _______ content claim describes the nutrient in a food

nutrient

"Rich in vitamin A" is an example of which type of claim?

nutrient content

what type of databases make it possible to estimate the amount of calories in many foods, see how closely intake matches RDA and DV, and can be used to determine the nutrient and energy density of foods?

nutrient databases

parasites absorb ______ from their host

nutrients

unregulated use, inconsistent measures, and unverifiable claims are all concerns associated with what information of a food product?

nutrition symbols

as developing countries become westernized their diet changes. this phenomenon is known as

nutrition transition

although not a food group with Myplate, ________ are needed in small amounts to supply the body with essential fatty acids. some good sources include fish and salad dressing/

oils

match the reason why fish is recommended and then the reason why fish is not recommended

omega 3 fatty acids mercury

which statements are true about the novorius infection?

onset of symptoms occurs 1-2 days after exposure symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, cramp, fever

the term ______ refers to a way agricultural products are produced with no synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, or hormones, and no antibiotics, genetic engineering, or irradiation

organic

it is important to keep________size under control so that you can eat a balanced and varied diet without consuming more calories, fat, cholesterol, sugar, and sodium than you need.

portion

what are some benefits of food additives?

preserve food prevent deterioration of food products from insects and other natural causes

________weight loss is associated with the formation of gallstones

rapid

salmonella

raw and undercooked meat, fish, poultry, eggs, raw sprouts, and juice

campylobacter jejuni

raw and undercooked meat; unpasteurized milk; contaminated water

which of the following technologies allows access to a wider gene pool and permits faster and more accurate production of new microbial, plant, and animal species?

recombinant DNA

_______ ________ ________ are daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals (97-98%) in a life stage

recommended dietary allowances

the daily nutrient intake amounts sufficient to meet the needs of nearly all individuals in a life stage is called_______

recommended dietary allowances

select the five sets of standards that make up the DRIs?

recommended dietary allowances (RDA) estimated energy requirements (EER) estimated average requirements (EAR) adequate intakes (AI) tolerable upper intakes levels

32-40

recommended refrigerator temperature -some bacteria can still multiply

daily _______ values are standards set for energy-producing nutrients like fat, carbohydrates, protein, cholesterol, sodium, and potassium

reference

bacteria

requires nutrients, water and warmth to proliferate

food additives considered sage included in the generally recognized as ________ (GRAS) list

safe

lingual lipase and salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called________which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

lingual lipase salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called _______ which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

prior __________ substances are additives approved by the FDA and USDA as being safe for use before 1958

sanctioned

which programs became available to help children who come to school hungry?

school breakfast program national school lunch program

this GI regulatory hormone is released by the small intestine in response to acidic chyme and stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate

secretin

the thickest and strongest muscles of the GI tract are found in this organ, allowing for more complete mixing of foods with gastric juices

stomach

the layer of the four layers of the wall of the intestinal tract contains the blood vessels that carry nutrients and other substances both to and from the GI tract.

submucosa

the contents of the stomach pass through the pyloric sphincter at the rate of a _______at a time

teaspoon

212-250

temperature for canning low-acid foods. spores are killed

why was the food and nutrition board originally formed?

the board was formed in response to many young men who were rejected from military service due to poor health

what constitutes an organic food certification

the food must be grown on a farm certified by the USDA as an organic farm

which statement is correct in terms of pesticide use and the effects on human health?

the health effects of pesticide use depend upon the type of chemical, its concentration in the food, and individual vulnerability to pesticides

what are some benefits of using a sustainable agriculture system?

the natural environment and resources are maintained farm families are provided a secure living livestock are treated in humane ways

which statement about serving sizes is true?

they are consistent among similar foods

what are some benefits to having nutrient databases?

they make it possible to estimate quickly the amount of calories in foods we eat they can be used to determine the nutrient density of foods they allow us to see how closely intake matches dietary standards

which statement about nutrient databases is true?

they require a lot of research

why were the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges established?

they were established to reduce the risk of nutrient-related chronic diseases

what are some goals of the dietary guidelines?

to aid in food labeling to reduce obesity to guide government nutrition programs

identify one of the main goals of the dietary guidelines

to stress that nutrient needs should be met primarily by consuming foods

in the grocery store, SNAP participants can receive food but cannot buy ______, cleaning items, _________ beverages, and nonedible food products with SNAP benefits

tobacco alcoholic

for optimal health, people should aim to keep their intake of which nutrients below 100% DV?

total fat saturated fat sodium cholesterol

each enzyme is specific to only one type of chemical process

true

fluids involved in the processes of digestion and absorption may contain water, mucus, aid, digestive enzymes, bile, and hormone

true

not all bacteria are pathogenic and cause food borne illness

true

nutrition labels are often condensed to help consumers make healthy choices

true

people are more likely to die from infectious diarrhea if they have been chronically undernourished

true

sustainable practices offer fair treatment for all individuals involved in the farming process, from the farmer to farm workers and even extending to animals raised for food

true

digestive enzymes are very specific with regard to the

type of chemical reaction they catalyze pH of the environment in which they function vitamin or mineral cofactors they require to function

the function of the epithelial cells are to absorb nutrients, secrete important substance, excrete______and protect underlying tissues

waste

which of the following are absorbed in the large intestine?

water and electrolytes

hydrolysis reactions

water molecules are used to break down large molecules are catalyzed by digestive enzymes yield molecules small enough to be absorbed through the intestinal wall

WIC stands for _________, ___________, and _________.

women, infants, and children