TEST 2

Emika has been a moderate alcohol user during much of her pregnancy. She knows that this is a bad idea because it increases her baby's risk of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FAS) but cannot seem to stop drinking. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of FAS?

lower intelligence

Studies have found that the "Big Five" dimensions of personality _________________________.

may represent universal dimensions of personality across cultures

The function that relates recall to the time interval since the information was originally learned is _____________________.

negatively sloped.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________.

neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Lana imitates her trainer's stance when she performs a weightlifting exercise. In this instance, Lana is demonstrating _______________________.

observational learning.

One way to define the term _____________________________ is the unique pattern of characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and situations and distinguishes one person from another.

personality

Kohlberg called children's moral reasoning ___________________________.

preconventional

Driving a car, playing a sport, playing an instrument, and writing are all part of which type of memory?

procedural

A traumatic event that is thought to be pushed out of consciousness is often referred to as a _________ memory.

repressed memory

You are trying to remember the name of a song that you had heard a few months ago, but you are struggling to remember it. When you finally do remember the song which stage of memory were you using?

retrieval

The behavioral perspective of personality emphasizes the influence of _________ while the social-cognitive perspective of personality emphasizes ___________.

the environment, mental processes

My alarm clock makes a soft clicking noise just before the alarm goes off. The alarm wakes me up. After being paired with the alarm on a number of occasions, the click now also wakes me up (although it did not do so at first). The unconditioned response in this example is ________________________.

waking up to the alarm

How do we know when an association has formed in classical conditioning?

when a CR occurs consistently after a CS is presented

According to Freud, the id interacts with the superego to guide a person to follow society's rules.

False

One of Alfred Adler's main contributions to personality theory is the concept that our personality develops in psychosocial stages

False - Alfred did not contribute to personality theory.

Max's behavior and self-presentation is relaxed and informal with his friends. When he goes on a job interview he projects professionalism and formality with his attire and language. What would Carl Jung suggest about Max?

Max adopted a professional persona for his job interview

Which of these is NOT a reason that we can't fully trust eye-witness testimony?

Memories tend to be 'freshest' in a person's mind right after the incident.

What do Abraham Maslow's and Carl Rogers' theories have in common?

They believe that each human being is free to choose his or her own destiny.

______________ look at current characteristics of the individual to describe personality and predict behaviors.

Trait theories

Baby Lorenzo loves playing peek-a-boo games. This is because he has not developed object permanence.

True - Baby Lorenzo

The evolutionary theory explains that the immediate associations involved in a conditioned taste aversion are a result of adaptation that helps us learn to avoid foods that are potentially harmful.

True - Evolutionary theory.

When Lucy introduced her annoying younger sibling as her "little bother" she probably committed a Freudian slip.

True - Freudian slip, an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings.

Larry's brother remembers the abuse that he and his siblings suffered at the hands of their father. Larry, who has problems with depression and anger, argues that their father never abused them. Larry is likely to have used repression to deal with the trauma of abuse.

True - Larry, Repression forgetting his abuse.

Memory Consolidation is the process by which short-term memories are moved to other parts of the cerebral cortex for long-term storage.

True - Memory Consolidation, moving short term memory into long term memory.

According to Freud, the part of the personality that develops last and guides our behaviors to follow rules is the superego.

True - Superego develops last and guides our behavior to follow the rules.

The nature-versus-nurture debate can be thought of as regarding heredity and the environment.

True - nature versus nature.

I need to remember a list of sixteen numbers: 19611963196919741977. I want to keep the entire list in working memory for a short period of time. I realize that I can separate the numbers into five groups that represent the years in which new presidents took office: 1961, 1863, 1969, 1974, 1977. I have no trouble maintaining these numbers in working memory because I have ________________ the numbers.

chunked

Advertisers often try to get people to develop positive feelings about their products by pairing their product with something (e.g., an American flag) or someone (e.g., a sports figure) that already elicits positive feelings. The positive feelings to the product that develop because of the pairing would be a(n) ________________________________.

conditioned response

Stanley was diagnosed with lymphoma and had to undergo several months of chemotherapy. During this time he would become very nauseated as a side effect and unintentionally came to associate that nausea with his favorite grilled cheese sandwich. Now, years later, even thinking about a grilled cheese sandwich makes him sick. In this example, Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

conditioned response

Adolescents' tendencies to engage in high-risk behaviors reflect the fact that the development of the brain's ____________________ is not complete until after adolescence.

corpus callosum

When Natasha's mother died suddenly, the first stage of grief Natasha experienced was _______________.

denial

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion can be a conditioned response

Which is a process in which information can be encoded?

All of these are encoding processes. Semantic/Acoustic/Visual

Britta knows that it is wrong to break into a store that is closed, but there is a medical emergency and she has no cell phone with her. Her date has collapsed on the street and is having a seizure. Britta breaks the window of a local store, unlocks the door, and lets herself in to call the police. She stays behind to explain her behavior to the store owner, who shows up shortly after he is called. Britta is operating at the conventional level of Kohlberg's theory of morality.

False - Britta, Kohlbergs theory of morality consists of the stages of maturing.

After a hurricane warning came across the television, young Eli became terrified of the alarm sound that signaled a severe weather warning. Over the next few months, he heard it several times when the "required monthly tests" came on the television, and his fear faded away. One day the alarm sounded and Eli jumped up and ran out of the room. His response is an example of latent recovery.

False - Eli.

During an infant's first year, brain size changes very little.

False - It changes size by a ton

Jessica believes that she succeeds in high school because she works hard, earned a place on the basketball team because she practices constantly, and cooks well because she takes cooking classes. Julian Rotter would say that Jessica has good self-regulation.

False - Self-Regulation is the control of one's behavior through the use of self-monitoring (keeping a record of behavior)

Research has suggested that episodic memories are exact duplicates of our past events.

False - They are not exact duplicates.

The Bobo doll study showed that children were more likely to copy models who were ignored when they exhibited aggressive behavior.

False - They would copy models that were REWARDED following aggressive behavior.

Ever since Laurel crashed her four-wheeler and experienced a severe concussion, she has had trouble remembering what happens from one day to the other. Her injury caused her to have retrograde amnesia.

False - four wheeler question, retrograde amnesia makes you lose memory from before your incident.

The longest duration of unrehearsed information in short-term memory is about ___________________.

about 30 seconds

Which of the following is an example of negative punishment?

after a boy disobeys his mother, she takes away his favorite toy

The ___________ is essential for creating memories of frightening experiences.

amygdala

"High-control, high warmth" is one way to summarize Baumrind's _________________ parenting style.

authoritative

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually, the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of _____________________.

extinction

Your grandfather can probably remember exactly where he was and what he was doing when he heard that John. F. Kennedy had been assassinated. This is an example of __________________.

flashbulb memory.

The _____________ period of prenatal development begins at conception.

germinal

Tammy has a positive view of challenges: She views them as tasks to be mastered. She develops a deep interest in and a strong commitment to becoming a good teacher. When she doesn't pass her first teaching praxis, she quickly recovers and works to overcome the setback. Albert Bandura would say Tammy has ________.

high self-efficacy

Fifteen-year-old Liam has gone through many phases in the past two years. He has started and dropped many different hobbies and extracurricular activities and has cycled through several different cliques. In Erikson's terms, Liam is engaged in an adolescent search for _____________________;

identity

Donald is 80 years old and is proud of the family he has raised and of having had a successful career. He feels as if his life has had meaning and purpose. He is feeling a sense of _________________.

integrity