WMST - Exam 2

3 historical stereotypes of Black women (Mammy, Jezebel, Sapphire) and their significance

Identifies 3 historical images of Black women (Mammy, Sapphire, and Jezebel), and discusses the impact of each image on Black women's psychological functioning. Issues associated with these images include disordered eating, concerns about skin color and other physical features, role strain, the expression of anger; sexual functioning, and victimization Sapphire = angry Jezebel = sexual Mammy = nanny

Intersectional Mobilization, Social Movement Spillover, and Queer Youth Leadership in the Immigrant Rights Movement Overview

Reflection Questions: 1. Why does the intersectional location of queer undocumented youth mean that LGBTQ identification may carry larger potential risks for them than for other groups? 2. What is the "boomerang effect" that Terriquez describes for intersectional mobilization? Terriquez's interviews with queer undocumented youth activists reveal that participation in the DREAM movement encouraged identity formation processes that increased LGBTQ identification, representation, and visibility in the movement.

hashtag feminism

covers, specifically, feminist tweets on Twitter, and more broadly, feminist movements that occur primarily on the internet. Hashtag feminism has no singular definition, but, because it is a people-led movement, it has multi-faceted, ever-changing definitions.

Frozen in Time & Club Native: Navigating Identity and Representation - Reflection Points

● Why does lack of representation and/or unfavorable media portrayal create prototypical group image that puts group members in a double-bind? ● Why is positive group identification important for self-esteem and belonging? Why does alack of representation interfere with the psychological benefits of group identity? ● Club Native themes: community, identity, membership/belonging, bi-cultural identity, the impact of colonialism, interracial relationships

Constructing Femininities

- "Doing Femininity" among second-generation Asian American women - Traditional gender role expectations among Korean and Vietnamese women - Increasing economic and educational opportunities can lead to challenging gender norms

Latina Feminisms and Identity: Why Latina Feminisms?

- "Latina Feminism" describes political projects and social practices that reflect commitments to women's rights, sexual and reproductive autonomy, anti-imperialism and/or racial, gender, education, linguistic and economic justice in the United States and transnationally (equality archive). - Latina feminisms have always been intersectional, pan-ethnic, and transnational (ex. violence against women, addressing the wage gap, sterilization of women) - Highlighting Chicana Feminism (1960s/70s)

The Politics of Performance

- "Repackaging the self in ways that are more palatable to white co-workers" - Scrutinized self-presentation and communication style

Chicana Feminist Theory and Activism

- 2nd wave activism - Influenced by Chicano Nationalist Movement - Chicana feminism addresses traditional gender role expectations in their communities for cultural preservation - Chicana feminists expressed their desire to stay connected to men, while challenging sexism - Early groups organized on college campuses -- Facilitated consciousness-raising groups, -- Recruited other Chicana/o students to campuses, -- Worked in reproductive and welfare rights

Pressing Issues

- Addressing the language barrier - impact on Asian American women - access to social services, work, etc. - Domestic Violence (1994 Violence Against Women Act) - Sexual harassment in the workplace and in schools - Organizing on college campuses as they experience racism and sexism - Fighting against negative, stereotypical portrayals in the media (i.e. Asian women as "docile" or "hypersexual")

Voice and visibility

- As Jackson explains, the intersectional principles of the contemporary Black Lives Matter movement are the result of decades of academic theorizing, community and activist work by Black feminists - Building on this foundation 21st-century activists have succeeded in making intersectional issues of racial oppression visible to mainstream American using both networked counterpublics, such as "Black Twitter," and boots-on-the-ground activism - Millennial Black women have leveraged the power of social media to create and popularize hashtags that reflect the situated knowledges and needs of marginalized communities - Networked counterpublics (mediated network spaces where marginalized people make their experiences visible and advocate for recognition of their needs), represented by hashtags such as #BlackLivesMatter, #OscarsSoWhite, and #GirlGuessImWithHer, have inserted nuanced issues of identity into national political conversations; they call on mainstream politics to listen and respond - Jackson argues for regarding this Black feminist work as an important contribution to the democratic process

Navigating Race and Gender Corporate Culture

- Battling loneliness and isolation -- being "The only one" -- I have to grin and bear it, because I need to work... - Challenge of the "concrete ceiling" for Black women's organizational advancement - Black women are aware that occupational mobility depends upon social, personal and cultural characteristics - In "becoming a part of the workplace 'community', especially for persons of color, is a journey into remembering, as well as understanding, that who we are, what we are, where we fit, and how we are received marks our continued journey

Boarding School Abuses

- Boarding schools as a primary tool for assimilating Native children - 1869 - Administration of Native reservations ran by Christian denominations -- School facilities ran by the church -- 1879 - 1st boarding school - Carlisle Indian School -- 1909 - 25 off-reservation schools, 157 on res. Schools, 307 day schools -- Idea was to "kill the Indian and save the man"

Are We All Americans?

- Bonilla-Silva proposes that the historically biracial stratification system (White--non-White) of the United States may be giving way to a triracial stratification system similar to that of many Latin American and Caribbean nations - He hypothesizes the racial groups will realign into -- "Whites" (traditional whites, new whites, assimilated white Latinos, some multiracials, assimilated Native Americans, and a few Asian-origin groups) -- "honorary Whites" (light-skinned Latinos, Japanese, Korean, and Chinese-Americans; Asian Indians; Middle Eastern Americans; and most multiracials), and the -- "collective Black" (other Asian-Americans, dark-skinned Latinos, Blacks, West Indian and African immigrants, and reservation-bound Native Americans). - The emerging triracial system represents a strategy by White elites to maintain White power at a historical moment of changing demography; the nation is projected to be majority minority by 2050. - Similar to the alignment of the middle class with economic elites, the intermediary honorary White group would buffer racial conflict by aligning with Whiteness and distancing itself from the collective Black strata

Frozen in Time...

- Both the quantity and quality of media portrayals about a group matter. - When minority groups are underrepresented they lack an important source of shared knowledge that can help them understand or orient themselves within their everyday social contexts. - They become invisible to others for whom media portrayal provides a surrogate representation for real-world exposure when contact between majority and minority group members is limited or nonexistent. - Native Americans are unique in the degree of absolute invisibility they experience in many domains of American life, including the media.

MIRA

- Brown and Jones analyze the strategies of the Mississippi Immigrants Rights Alliance (MIRA), which since 2005 has successfully opposed nearly 300 pieces of anti-immigration legislation in the Mississippi state legislature, making Mississippi the only state in the Deep South with no enforceable anti-immigrant bills. - Brown and Jones argue that MIRA's success has hinged on an effective Black-Brown alliance of immigrant rights activists, Black civil rights, and labor organizers. - While researchers and the media have understood Black and Latino groups as adversaries with opposing political interests, MIRA strategically formed a political coalition among these groups.

Navigating Color-Blind Ideology

- By adopting an ideology of colorblind racism -- expressed in the idea that "We are all Americans"-- White privilege is accomplished through institutional, covert and apparently nonracial practices. The American move toward a triracial system is part of a larger new global racial reality, and most Western nations are experiencing similar racial transformation processes, nationalistic rhetoric, and colorblind ideologies - There are significant gaps in socioeconomic status between the groups that make up Whites, honorary Whites, and the collective Black, as measured by income, educational standing, poverty rates, and occupational status - There are also subjective indicators that group formation is occurring among these categories, with honorary Whites classifying themselves as White, adopting White-like racial attitudes, and differentiating themselves from the collective Black - This is also evidence showing more social and intimate contact between Whites and honorary Whites than between Whites and members of the collective Black - Reflection: How might we view this issue through a Latina feminist lens?

MIRA and Impact - Building Coalition

- By framing immigrant rights in ways that resonate with the social justice commitments of earlier civil rights movements, MIRA enlisted the support of the Mississippi legislature's Black caucus and succeeded in shifting media narratives about cooperation between Blacks and Latinos. - MIRA's coalition has successfully fought for immigrant rights in areas such as wage theft, access to publiceducation, access to emergency shelters in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, and supporting the families of deportees.Social justice activists in other southern states have begun to use MIRA's success in Mississippi as a guide.

Keep Your "N" in Check Overview

- Central Argument: Examines the stereotype of the "angry Black woman" reinforces a lack of femininity and self worth. This is then extrapolated to experiences of Black women in the modern office workplace, and the role they have been forced into a side effect of affirmative action policies - The authors discuss the need for a specific form of presentation, titled emotional labor, as a way in which they must present specifically in a largely passive manner. - The focus then is to appear as quiet and non-intrusive as possible, leaving them without any identity of their own and undermining the superficial push for diversity that many organisms are highly focused upon.

Of Race and Risk Keeping Your "N" In Check: Individual Reflection

- Consider Dr. Williams' issue with purchasing a home. How is Dr. Williams, who is a noted scholar and attorney, has excellent credit, etc a "risk"? - What do you think about her decision to "check the correct box"? - What can her experience as well as those of Black professional women teach us about the core theme of self-definition/the impact of controlling images?

emotional labor in the workplace

- Describes women's work experiences in service economies as producing emotion in themselves or others - Focus then is to appear as quiet and non-intrusive as possible, leaving them without any identity of their own and undermining the superficial push for diversity that many organizations are highly focused upon

Academic Resilience Among Undocumented Latino Students: Question for Reflection

- Discuss why you think that volunteerism and extracurricular participation these have such a strong effect in protecting and creating resilience for undocumented students - What might this indicate about the importance of community-wide factors for influencing success among the most vulnerable students? - Suggest some strategies that schools could use to increase opportunities for high-risk youth to experience the benefits of prosocial activities like volunteerism

Black Women and the Crooked Room

- Engaging in "appropriate" self presentation -- -- Dr. Melissa Harris Perry (2012) and the "Crooked Room" theory - Emotional Labor - describes women's work experiences in service economies as producing emotion in themselves or others -- emotions are often gendered (i.e. anger = masculine; sadness = feminine -- Women are expected to recreate gender appropriate feelings (i.e. administrative assistants should make bosses feel 'cared for'; black women professionals should 'take care' of their white female colleagues-read:)

"The land is already Ours" The Case for Reparations

- For no matter how large the monetary settlement, ultimately compensation does not end the colonial relationship between the U.S. and indigenous nations. The struggle for native sovereignty is a struggle for control over land and resources, rather than financial compensation for past and continuing wrongs - Native peoples need a solid economic infrastructure to ensure sovereighnty - Frame reparations as a human rights issue

Major Organizations

- Formal organizing began in early 1970's -- Organization of Chinese American Women -- Organization of Pan American Women -- National Network of Asian and Pacific Women -- Asian Pacific Outreach Center -- Pacific Asian Shelter for Battered Women -- Pacific Asian American Women's Writers West -- These groups aim to advance the causes of women and racial/ethnic minorities, to build a strong Asian sisterhood, to maximize the social participation of Asian American women in the larger society and to effect changes through collective efforts in education, employment, legislation and information

Research Implications

- Goal: Support the education pursuits of Latinas; enhance academic success and persistence - Improve outreach efforts to inform Latina students of support services available before starting graduate school -- this is key in that it helps to establish a sense of belong and connection to faculty, as well as other graduate students - Faculty support is critical to Latina student success -- workshops, continuing education -- must understand our impact on their experiences

"Serve the People and Promote Revolution": Asian American Feminist Activism Early Organizing

- Grassroots, middle-class and student led organizations - Primarily organized around local issues -- Asian sisters - drug abuse center for women, 1971 -- Asian Women's Center - received award to establish child care and drug abuse center - also services for general health care, pregnancy counseling, birth control, etc., 1972

Historical Background: Chicano Nationalist Movement

- Growing numbers of first-generation Mexican American college students -- Chicano Student Organizations - Emphasizes cultural pride, resistance and survival within the context of a White dominated society -- Survival of the cultural of key! - Rural and urban activism (women's roles in rural activism -- farmworker movement) - Nationalism unites all - Political solidarity

"Coming out of the shadows"

- Her interview data indicate that the experiences of many DREAMers coming out of the shadows as undocumented inspired them to also come out as LGBTQ, in spite of the heightened barriers and risks to undocumented youth of identifying as queer. - Intersectional mobilization - high levels of activism and commitment among movement participants who represent a disadvantaged subgroup within a broader marginalized consitituency - Terriquez argues that the case of LGBTQ DREAMers demonstrates that socail movement spillover can create a boomerang effect. "The coming out strategy migrated from the gay rights movement to the immigrant rights movement, where, in turn, its effectiveness emboldened immigrant activists to support LGBTQ inclusivity."

The Dangers of the Myth

- Ignores diversity and different life experiences - Evokes stereotypes that racism no longer exists and negative images of other minority groups - Culture takes on a biological quality, as opposed to being a construction -- It also ignores the fact that different Asian American groups have achieved different levels of assimilation and social class standing, and are not a heterogeneous group that can be described with a singular label. - They are the heirs to the European immigrant story of triumph over adversity and into assimilation

Biculturalism and Chicana Feminism

- Individuals who retain the traditions and values of their culture of origin while also developing and maintaining identification with mainstream society are known as bicultural -Bicultural individuals are competent and active within the contexts of both cultures -- Blended bicultural - integrates the two cultures -- Alternating bicultural - switches between the two and keeps them separate - Chicana feminism informs the ways in which the women manage their ethnic identity - According to Chicano feminist Gloria Anzaldia, the mestiza identity is a means of tolerating the ambiguity and contradictions that result from juggling two cultures (belonging/not-belonging)

Reimaging Intersectional Democracy

- Jackson writes about the intersectional lessons of the Black Lives Matter movement, which can be traced to the legacy of the larger Black freedom movement and also to the more recent work of millennial Black activist organizations like the Dream Defenders and the Black Youth Project - These recent movements have been created or heavily influenced by Black feminist principles (i.e. intersecting oppression, self-definition/addressing controlling images) - Millennial movements have eschewed the respectability politics that guided the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s (i.e. focus on race uplift as central to the movement; black heterosexual, ciz male centered) and have worked instead to center the voices, experiences, and knowledge of those most often at the margins. - Black Lives Matter, founded by Alicia Garza, Opal Tometi, and Patrisse Cullors, has insisted on radical intersectionality: Garza writes that the organization "affirms the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, Black-undocumented folks, folks with records, women and all Black lives along the gender spectrum."

Media Invisibility Impact

- Media invisibility has psychological consequences for Native Americans. - Lack of adequate representation stifles self-understanding and homogenizes Native American identities. - In the absence of a range of realistic, high-quality portrayals of one's group, group identification may lead to self-stereotyping rather than positive self-esteem. - Advocate for policies that would require media outlets to attend to how and when they represent diverse groups in order to ensure not only that Native Americans are represented in the media but also that they are included indecisions that represent and affect their communities.

Study Findings: "Changing Personality"

- Modifying gender displays - Differential treatment depending on context - Navigating controlling images/stereotypes (i.e. Asian women as docile, subservient, etc) -- Binary example: "typical passive [Asian] person" and the "normal" outspoken person of mainstream culture -- Resulted in participants distancing themselves from the racialized image of the stereotypical Asian women to displaying traits associated with the image of the American woman (independent, assertive, self-possessed) - Participants construct gender relations among whites as more egalitarian

Racialization of Gender and Conclusions

- Use of binary categories among participants - American (white) /Asian femininity -- Racialization of specific traits like passive, silent, etc (That's the Vietnamese side of me" - participant) - Participants stories included the assumption that an Asian American woman who does not comply is no longer Asian - so struggles about gender identity become superimposed over racial/ethnic identity. The question is not simply whether Asian American women like Min-Jung want to be outspoken and career oriented or quiet and family oriented, but whether they want to be American (white-washed) or Asian.

Responses to "Native" Costumes Media In/visibility

- Native Americans, already a small segment of the population, are severely underrepresented in media, making up less than 1 percent of characters in television, films, and video games. - When Native Americans are represented, they are typically portrayed in highly stereotypical ways as 18th-and 19th-century figures frozen in time. Content analysis using Internet search engines found that over 95 percent of images returned in search results for "Native American" and "American Indian" were historical representations. - In the rare cases that Native Americans are shown in media as contemporary people, they are negatively stereotyped as poor, uneducated, and prone to addictions.

Boarding School Violations and Human Rights

- Native communities continue to suffer challenging effects of the boarding school project -- (physical, sexual and emotional violence; unemployment; alcoholism and drug abuse; unemployment, etc) - Boarding School Healing Project -- Healing -- Education -- Documentation -- Accountability

Early 20th Century

- New Deal Programs (Roosevelt) - 1930's -- Greater economic support and aid for infrastructure (homes, roads, schools, hospitals, etc) -- Tribal governance (indigenous sovereignty) - Shift in perspectives on and assistance to Native groups - Native American activism (Civil Rights 60's/70's) -- Self-determination - greater control over tribal governance

Complicating Asian American Identities

- Pan-ethnic identity (Espiritu) applies to a variety of different groups with various cultural traditions and languages -- can function as a type of 'umbrella' term to group people together based on geographic location, religion, skin color, etc. - 1960's (CRM) - Development of a more collective Asian Identity -- Rejection of the term "Oriental" -- identity become politicized -- Emergence of Pan-Asian Identity

Asian American Women and Racialized Femininities: Overview

- Pyke and Johnson integrate two guiding orientations in recent approaches to studying gender: a social constructionist emphasis on "doing gender" and an intersectional emphasis on the interlocking systems of race, class, and gender - They ask how racially and ethnically subordinated women enact gender displays as they move between ethnic and mainstream interactional arenas, which may require varying gender strategies - Among the daughters of Korean and Vietnamese immigrants, they find that Asian-American women juggle different cultural expectations as they move between settings and often feel pressure to behave differently among Asian-Americans and non-Asian Americans. - Pyke and Johnson's respondents respond to controlling images that both denigrate Asian femininity as submissive and glorify white femininity as freer and more self-expressive - These views of appropriate femininity normalize whiteness and distort perceptions of women's subjugation to patriarchy in both Asian-American and mainstream settings.

Historical Timeline

- Removal (early 1800's) -- Newly "acquired" land - American Indians pushed westward via negotiated treaties and, eventually by force -- results in severe cultural, physical, economic and spiritual hardships - Task of Assimilation (1800's)

The Good Daughter Dilemma: Latinas Managing Family and School Demands (Espinoza): Overview

- Roberta Espinoza researches the strategies used by Latina doctoral students to balance the competing demands of family and school - Latina students face a particular set of conflicts between the cultural value of familismo, which expects good daughters to remain close to their families and prioritize family needs over their own needs, and the demands of higher education in individualistic-oriented school cultures - As a result, many Latina doctoral students find themselves caught in a cultural bind between meeting family/community demands and the demands of higher education

The Impact of Environment

- Students and lower risk factors (protected) and those with high risk factors but also high personal and environmental resources (resilient) had better academic outcomes than those who had high risk factors but who lacked personal and environmental resources (high risk). -- Environmental resources -- high parental value of school, extracurricular participation, and volunteering -- were especially found to protect students from risk and create resilience among those with higher risk factors, with extracurricular participation and volunteerism being the strongest predictors and academic achievement among undocumented Latino students -- This underscores the importance of environmental opportunities to develop relationship with supportive adults and peers and points toward the potential for school to serve as organizational bases for mobilizing community resources to enhance resilience for undocumented students.

"Must See TV"

- Thakore examines the changing role South Asian and Indians have had in American popular culture, and the rather rapid increase in TV characters of this background. (i.e. appearing in film and television during 1980s -- mainly non-speaking roles) - The surprise popularity of Slumdog Millionaire is cited as a possible reason for this, as well as the ability for Indian characters to act as a token minority in place of Arab and Muslim characters in a post 9/11 society. - Along with this though has been a racialization of South Asians and the associated stereotyping in society. - Honorary White / The "Forever Foreigner" -- perpetuated via misrepresentation, mainstream beliefs and perceptions of South Asians, lack of knowledge, etc. - Thakore examines the evolution of Indian characters, from dangerous savages in India to cab drivers and convenience store owners in urban areas, and increasingly as high achieving students. - The stereotype of the low-earning service employee is one not consistent with the academic and economic achievements of Indians and South Asians, while the more modern presence as scientists and doctors is more realistic. (83% of South Asians who entered into the U.S. between 1966-77 were in STEM fields)

Research Findings (Qualitative Study)

- The central challenge that Roberta Espinoza describes among Latina doctoral students is the tension between being a good daughter while also being a good student - The Integrators = Managed family expectations and obligations by explicitly communicating with family about school responsibilities. Blended family and school by 1) explaining the nature of their school demands and 2) enlisting family support to enhance academic success

Myth of the Model Minority or the "Forever Foreigner"

- This myth "suggests that Asians are a minority group endowed with cultural values such as a strong work ethic and devotion to education that predispose them to economic and educational achievement"

Gender Variations Within Cultural Worlds

- Variations in gender dynamics that challenge the idea that Asian and American worlds are complete opposites - Participants enacted various forms of gender across sites (i.e. different behaviors with in-laws, friends and family of origin) - Participants encountered non-Asians, usually whites, who expected them to be passive, quiet and yielding (in relationships, the workplace, etc) -- So racialized images can cause Asian American to believe they will find greater equality with white men and cause white men to believe they will find greater subservience with Asian women

Immigrant Rights are Civil Rights Reflection Questions

- What evidence is there in Brown and Jones's account of the Mississippi Immigrants Rights Alliance(MIRA) that successful social justice activism requires long-term commitment on the part of movement leaders? - Discuss MIRA's founding principle that "all immigration laws from the beginning are about two things: racism and managing labor." How is this principle evident in contemporary national debates about immigration law?

"White" and/or American?

- Whites as a reference frame for success - High rates of intermarriage with whites - Becoming "American" -- Zhou describes that most Asian Americans are not seeing to become "White," but see that as the standard norm for American society, and their own identity is more nationalistic (American) than racial -- However, the perspective that Asian Americans would be able to achieve "Whiteness" would also minimize and ignore the impact of anti-Asian discrimination and racism that is still present in American society - Generational differences - "Whitening has more to do with the beliefs of white America, than with the actual situation of Asian Americans. New stereotypes can emerge... no matter how 'successful and assimilated' they have become

Feminist Activism

- Women as spiritual, military and political leaders -- Thus, in order to colonize a people whose society was not hierarchical, colonizers must first naturalize hierarchy through instituting patriarchy - Addressing Sexual violence against women -- A majority of analyses and activism neglects to address gender violence, patriarchal control, racism and colonialism -- Centers the experiences of Native women -- Central to understanding sexual violence in a broader way

What is the Cost? Conducting a Survival Safety Analysis

- You learn to remain quiet... and never verbalize your thoughts on an issue of policy - You go with the flow, since you realize this may not be a battle you can win, despite the fact that you may be correct - Smiling on cue, remaining expressionless ... carefully couching responses in the language of the workplace

Challenging South Asian Misrepresentation: Overview

- Zhou discusses the way that, officially and unofficially, Asian Americans are more and more often being combined with Whites as having similar experiences - Unofficially they are considered the "model minority," with some achieving successes consistent with the American Dream, and officially the fact that the two groups are combined when it comes to equal opportunity programs - Zhou first criticized this for the fact that Asian American is a designation that includes people from a multitude of different countries of origin, each having different experiences both in the past and during their time in the United States

Black Feminist Theory-Overview

-Argues that: -- Black women produce social thought designed to oppose oppression -- Assumes no separation of structure and content from the condition (context) shaping the living of its producers -- Diversity of Black women's lives results in different expressions of common themes

Interview Findings

-Barrier to public displaying LGBTQ identity -- Activists encountered problems (homophobia) with coming out within the context of family and community 0 research participants reported that their straight peers knew about their sexual orientation, but 2/5 had not come out to family and community; also expressed economic/material and legal impact of coming out" - Intersectional Mobilization Narratives "The spillover of the coming out identity strategy at the movement level contributed to IM by facilitating the widespread public declarations of two marginalized identities -- undocumented and queer"

Overview

-Undocumented Latino youth face additional risk factors and sources of stress above and beyond the challenges of biculturalism they share with documented Latino youth - Perez et al.'s study examines the role of protective resources in mediating the academic achievement of 110 undocumented Latino high school, community college, and university students across the United States. - They found that even in the presence of multiple sources of psychosocial risk (high school employment, low parental education, large family size, and alienation resulting from undocumented status), personal and environmental resources increased resilience and improved academic performance - Psychological resilience - process of overcoming the negative effects of risk exposure, coping successfully with traumatic experiences, and avoiding negative trajectories associated with risk is known as psychological

Reflection Questions

1. How has the presentation of South Asians and Indian Americans in popular culture been limited historically? 2. What are the two archetypes of South Asians most commonly presented on television? Give examples. 3. Explain the racialization process that Indians and South Asians experiences in the United States. 4. What is the impact of the model myth on Asian American identity? 5. How can we challenge the model minority myth on the micro and macro levels?

model minority myth

A stereotype that portrays Asian men and women as obedient and successful and is often used to justify socioeconomic disparities between other racial minority groups. The idea that all Asians are good, hardworking people, who despite their suffering through discrimination, harassment, and exclusion have found ways to prosper through peaceful means. This is not true for all Asians, but all are head to this stereotype. The stereotype that Asians are the racial minority group that has "made it" in the United States.

Pan-ethnic identity

Comprised of many ethnic-national communities. identification with a broad ethnic group regardless of one's country of origin or descent When the ancestral connection is to a region, rather than to a specific nation.

Perspectives on Native American History, Women and Activism: The First Americans

Main Argument: - Historical Summary of the U.S.'s treatment of Indigenous Americans -- Removal -- Assimilation -- The Indian New Deal -- Termination and relocation -- Self-Determination/Sovereignty

reparations in the context of the Native American experience

Native American reparations refer to the US government's attempt to right their historical wrongdoing and mistreatment of a population. Reparations for Native American tribes often include monetary compensation provided as a federal institution admits their past indiscretions.

Controlling Image: "The Angry Black Woman"

The Angry Black woman reinforces a lack of femininity and self worth. This is then extrapolated to experiences of Black women in the modern office workplace, and the role they have been forced into as a side effect of affirmative action policies.

Findings (II)

The Separators - Actively organize daily lives to keep family and school separate to minimize tension and conflict - Prioritized family similar to the Integrators, but felt that they needed to keep school separate to protect relationships with family members - Both integrators and separators juggled contradictions of their identities and demonstrated high levels of biculturalism

Radical Intersectionality

The idea that including all groups in a movement makes it stronger

Black feminist thought

a critique of ways in which second wave feminists often ignored racism and class oppression and how they uniquely impact women and men of color and working-class people. Patricia Hill Collins knowledge voiced by black women from within their lived experiences and across the different sites of their everyday reality

Black Feminism to Hashtag activism: Reflection Questions

a1. What makes millennial Black activism different from the civil rights activism of the 1950s and 1960s? 2. What makes online engagement and activism, including the creation of successful hashtags, a meaningful form of democratic participation? 3. What are the limits to Internet activism, and how do Black feminist activists work to use the Internet to full advantage?

Chicana feminism

is an ideology based on the rejection of the traditional "household" role of a Mexican-American woman. In challenges the stereotypes of women across the lines of gender, ethnicity, class, race, and sexuality. feminist thinking, writing, and action on behalf of Chicanas and Latinas. A sociopolitical movement in the U.S. that analyzes the historical, cultural, spiritual, educational, and economic intersections of Mexican American women

Biculturalism

partial identification with two cultures dual pattern of identification and often of divided loyalty being able to negotiate two or more different cultures competently, individual and mainstream

Controlling images

the limited and typically negative portrayals of racial and ethnic minority women and men that serve to reinforce White racist patriarchal stereotypes pervasive negative stereotypes that serve to justify or uphold inequality raced, gendered, and classed depictions in the media that shape people's ideas of what African Americans are and are not

indigenous sovereignty

the right of indigenous peoples to self-government