A&P Blood
What ions are necessary for both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of the coagulation cascade?
Calcium ions
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with erythrocytes?
Capable of protein synthesis
What activates the intrinsic/contact activation pathway of coagulation?
Factor XII contacts exposed collagen fibers.
What event initiates the intrinsic or contact pathway of coagulation?
Factor XII contacts exposed collagen fibers.
A class of drugs known as directly acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) or novel oral anticoagulants (NOACs) inhibit enzymes in the common pathway of coagulation. Which of these would be a likely target of these drugs?
Factor Xa
Which of the following events must occur first during hemostasis?
Formation of thrombin
What cell gives rise to all formed elements?
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)
What is the oxygen-binding protein found in erythrocytes?
Hemoglobin
What process does agglutination promote?
Hemolysis
What process involves a series of events that minimizes the amount of blood lost from an injured blood vessel?
Hemostasis
Athletes have been known to abuse erythropoietin. What potential benefit might athletes hope to derive with erythropoietin?
Increased oxygen delivery to tissues
A centrifuged sample of blood shows 53% plasma, 1% buffy coat, and 46% erythrocytes. What percentage of the blood is composed of leukocytes and platelets?
1%
Normal blood pH should fall between __________.
7.35-7.45
During a transfusion, if incompatible antigens are introduced, antibodies can bind to foreign antigens, causing them to clump together, or:
agglutinate
Carbohydrate groups on the surfaces of erythrocytes determine blood type and are known as __________.
antigens
The ABO blood group is based on which antigen(s)?
antigens A and B
Nora was exposed to radiation that caused her red bone marrow to make fewer red blood cells. This condition is known as __________.
aplastic anemia
Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis?
blood oxygen levels fall below normal
Fibrin converts the soft, liquid platelet plug into a more solid mass by the process of ______________.
coagulation
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to use vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with __________.
coagulation
Some rat poisons contain a toxin that blocks the liver's ability to utilize vitamin K. Animals that consume this poison would have problems with:
coagulation
Lepirudin is a drug that inhibits thrombin. It will have an effect specifically on the __________.
common pathway of coagulation
The hormone released by the kidneys in the figure above is __________.
erythropoietin
The intrinsic or contact activation pathway begins with the activation of ______________.
factor XII
All leukocytes arise from:
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Lymphocytes and monocytes both arise from:
hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)
Bilirubin comes from the breakdown of:
heme molecules of hemoglobin that lack iron.
Which of the following is a characteristic of erythrocytes?
large surface area to volume ratio
Which type of leukocyte may produce antibodies?
lymphocyte
What cells are categorized as agranulocytes?
lymphocytes and monocytes
When fibrin levels increase, thrombin production is inhibited. This is an example of a __________.
negative feedback loop
All red blood cells in an adult originate in the __________.
red bone marrow
Medications known as anticoagulants interfere with:
the coagulation cascade.
The enzyme that converts fibrinogen into fibrin is _________________.
thrombin
Where do T lymphocytes mature?
thymus gland
The primary function of red blood cells is to __________.
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
What chemical is produced by endothelial cells at the site of injury during the first step of platelet plug formation?
von Willebrand factor
The most abundant component of plasma is __________.
water
What plasma protein is most important for the blood's colloid osmotic pressure?
Albumin
Which of the following solutes is a plasma protein?
Albumin
A person with type AB blood will have which of the following antigens?
A and B
Which antigens does a person with blood type A- have on the surface of his or her erythrocytes?
A antigens
Which of the following statements about Rh is CORRECT?
An Rh- person will only make antibodies against Rh after being exposed to the Rh antigen.
Which of the following antibodies does a person with type B+ blood have in their plasma?
Anti-A antibodies
A person with type A blood will have which antibodies?
Anti-B antibodies
Mr. Ramirez, whose blood type is AB-, has been injured and requires a blood transfusion. Which blood type may be acceptable for Mr. Ramirez to acquire?
B-
Which of the following characteristics is associated with erythrocytes?
Biconcave shape
Which of the following products from the breakdown of hemoglobin is excreted as a waste product by the liver?
Bilirubin
Which of the following statements about blood is FALSE?
Blood pH normally falls between 6.5 and 6.8.
How can hydrophobic steroids travel in the blood?
By binding to hydrophilic transport proteins
What organ serves as the control center for the regulation of erythropoiesis?
Kidney
Decreased albumin levels in the plasma would ______.
Lead to edema.
Which of the following organs produce most of the plasma proteins?
Liver
Certain chemotherapy drugs for cancer inhibit cell division. How will this affect megakaryocytes?
Megakaryocytes would decrease in size and thereby decrease platelet count.
Which of the following components is not one of the formed elements in blood?
Plasma
Hemostasis is mediated by which of the following formed elements?
Platelets
Which of the following functions is not associated with blood?
Protecting internal organs
Which of the following substances does not inhibit coagulation?
Prothrombin
Which organ traps older erythrocytes so they will be removed from circulation?
Spleen
A patient with type O blood is given a transfusion of type A blood. Which of the following will occur?
The anti-A antibodies of the patient will react with the A antigens of the transfusion blood.
Select how an erythrocyte's structure relates to its function.
The biconcave shape allows flexibility to pass through capillaries and increase surface area. Submit
What is hematocrit?
The percentage of blood composed of erythrocytes
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with platelets?
They are incapable of oxidative catabolism.
What enzyme coverts fibrinogen to fibrin?
Thrombin
What process dissolves a blood clot?
Thrombolysis
What condition results in the formation of an inappropriate blood clot?
Thrombosis
Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, a mesh that glues together the platelet plug and helps seal the damaged vessel.
True
A sample reacts with anti-A and anti-B antibodies, but it does not react with anti-Rh antibodies. What is the sample's blood type?
Type AB-
What is the functional consequence of vascular spasms during hemostasis?
Vascular spasms decrease blood vessel diameter to limit blood loss.
Select the appropriate pathway for the steps of hemostasis.
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation, clot retraction, and thrombolysis
The venom of certain snakes contains substances that activate factors V, IX, and X. Which of the following effects would occur if exposed to human blood.
Venom would increase coagulation
In the common pathway of coagulation, what factor combines with factor Va and calcium ions to form prothrombin activator?
Xa
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia is a rare genetic disorder in which platelets lack an important receptor for fibrin. This will have an effect on the formation of _______.
a clot
Transfusion reactions are caused by the
recipient's antibodies.
