AP Euro Ch.25 Test
What was the Balfour Declaration of 1917?
A 1917 British statement that declared British support of a National Home for the Jewish people in Palestine. Page 853
What was the Sykes-Picot Agreement of 1916?
A secret accord in which Britain and France agreed that former Ottoman territories would be administered by the European powers under what was later termed the mandate system (the plan to allow Britain and France to administer former Ottoman territories, put into place after the First World War) page 853
How did foreign support of the Whites actually help the Reds?
Allied intervention failed to offer effective aid, though it did permit the Bolsheviks to appeal to the patriotic nationalism of ethnic Russians, in particular former tsarist army officers who objected to foreign involvement in Russian affairs. Page 847
What was the "war guilt" clause?
An article in the Treaty of Versailles That declared that Germany with Austria was solely responsible for the war and had to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting. Page 852
Which nations formed the Alliance known as the Central Powers?
Austria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire page 835
Why were the Balkans considered a "powder keg" before the war?
Because Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, and others sought to establish independent nation-states, and the ethnic nationalism inspired by these changing state boundaries was destroying the Ottoman Empire and threatening Austria-Hungary. Page 827
Why did the Ottomans kill and deport more than a million Armenians during WWI?
Because in 1915 some Armenians welcomes Russian armies as liberators. Page 835
Why did Germany recommence unrestricted submarine warfare in the Atlantic?
Because the German military command hoped that improved submarines could starve Britain into submission before the United States could come to its rescue. Page 837
What brought Great Britain into the war?
Commercial rivalry in world markets between Germany and Great Britain increased sharply, Germany's ambitious pursuit of colonies further threatened British interests, and Germany's decision in 1900 to expand its battle fleet posed a challenge to Britain's long-standing naval supremacy. Page 825
Explain the Schlieffen Plan.
Failed German plan calling for a lighting attack through neutral Belgium and a quick defeat of France before turning on Russia. Page 829
What were the biggest domestic problems following WWI?
Flu, improper burials, and PTSD/ injury support
Why did Germany accept the Versailles Treaty?
Germany was punished but not dismembered so they accepted it. Page 852
Which nations formed the Alliance known as the Triple Entente?
Great Britain, France, and Russia page 826
What mistake did the Provisional government under Kerensky make?
He refused to confiscate large land holdings and give them to peasants, and he decided to keep Russia in the war
Who was Walter Rathenau and how did he contribute to Germany's war effort?
He was a Jewish industrialist who convinced the German government to set up the War Raw Materials Board to ration and distribute raw materials to aid developing a planned economy to wage total war. Page 837
What was the consequence of the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905?
It brought France and Britain closer together, and Britain, France, Russia, and the United States began to see Germany as a potential threat. Page 826
How was Germany's Auxiliary Service Law an example of TOTAL WAR?
It required all males between 16 and 60 to work only jobs considered crucial to the war effort. Page 837
How did the Petrograd Soviet's Army order #1 exacerbate the Russian prosecution of the war?
It stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of elected committees of common soldiers, and it led to the collapse of army discipline
Why did Italy switch sides in 1915?
Italy was promised Austrian territory page 835
How did Lenin respond to the 1917 seizure of lands by Russian peasants?
Lenin mandated land reform, approving what the peasants were doing
How did tsar Nicholas exacerbate the Russian prosecution of the war?
Nicholas II went to the front to rally Russian armies, leaving the government in the hands of Tsarina Alexandra. In his absence, the Tsarina dismissed loyal political advisors and turned to Rasputin, whose murder undermined support for the tsarist government.
How did Ludendorff and Hindenburg react to Germany's loss in the war?
Not wanting to shoulder the blame, they insisted that moderate politicians should take responsibility for the defeat. The German emperor formed a new, more liberal civilian government to sue for peace. Page 849
How did the war on the eastern front differ from the war on the western front?
On the western front, war was characterized by trench warfare while war on the eastern front was dominated by Germany and did not have trench warfare.
What did Wilson mean by national self-determination?
Peoples should be able to choose their own national governments through Democratic majority rule elections and live free from outside interference and territories with clearly defined, permanent borders. Page 851
What was the Spartacist Uprising and how was it put down?
Radical communists led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg tried to seize control of the government but the social Democrats called in nationalist Free Corps militias to crush the uprising. Page 851
What were Clemenceau's demands at the Paris Peace Conference?
Revenge, economic retribution, and lasting security for France. Page 852
Though Lenin gave up the Ukraine, Belarus, and other Russian territory in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, what ultimately happened to this territory during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1920?
The Bolsheviks had retaken much of the German territory ceded to Germany under the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The Red Army reconquered Belarus and Ukraine. They moved into Polish territory but we're stopped outside of Warsaw. Page 849
How did the Mensheviks and Bolsheviks differ in their views of the Marxist party?
The Bolsheviks were a radical, Revolutionary party that was dedicated to the communist revolution and wanted a dictatorial socialist regime while the Mensheviks wanted a more democratic, reformist party with mass membership
What action by Germany in the first decade of the 20th century contributed to fear on the part of the British, leading to an arms race?
The Germans started to expand their naval fleet and created the dreadnoughts.
Who were the Reds and Whites?
The Whites came from many social groups united by their hatred of communism. The Reds were the Bolsheviks. Page 846
Why were the Whites not able to foment a formidable opposition to the Bolsheviks?
The Whites lacked coordination and their poorly defined politics program was a mishmash of political republicanism and monarchism incapable of uniting the Bolshevik's enemies. The Whites also sought to preserve the tsarist empire. Page 847
Why did Austria-Hungary deliberately choose war in July 1914?
The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand led the leaders of Austria-Hungary to conclude that Serbia was implicated in the assassination and deserved punishment and they gave Serbia an ultimatum but Serbia replied evasively, causing Austria-Hungary to declare war. Essentially, Austria-Hungary, desperate to save its empire, deliberately chose war to stem the rising tide of hostile nationalism within its borders. Page 828
What mistake did commanders continually make that led to a stalemate and the slaughter of infantry?
The initiation of massive 19th century style offensives which caused huge losses and no gains.
How did Western powers respond to declarations of independence by Syria and Iraq after the war?
They infiltrated the governments and retook the colonies on the grounds
Why did colonial subjects generally support the war efforts of their colonizing country?
They thought that by helping them, they'd be granted autonomy/independence.
What were his other goals with Germany's alliances?
To control the threat to peace posed by the enormous multinational empires of Austria-Hungary and Russia where the waning strength of the Ottoman Empire had created a threatening power vacuum in the disputed border territories of the Balkans. Pages 824-825
Why did Bismarck want to isolate France with his alliances?
To maintain German leadership in international affairs and to keep peace because France was bitter over its defeat and the loss of Alsace and Lorraine. Pages 824-825
How did Henri Petain maintain order among French troops by late 1917?
Tough military justice, including executions for mutiny leaders, and a tacit agreement with the troops that there would be no more grand offenses. Page 840
What was the February Revolution of 1917 and what were the consequences of it?
Unplanned uprisings accompanied by violent street demonstrations that began in March 1917 in Petrograd, Russia, that led to the abdication of the tsar and the establishment of a provisional government
