AS Ch 3 Study Guide

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis, bringing about the separation into two daughter cells

Type of passive process in which molecules move through the plasma membrane

Diffusion

_______________ glands possess ducts that transport secretions onto epithelial surfaces.

Exocrine

Type of active process in which the cell secretes vesicles

Exovyosis

Type of passive process in which a protein membrane channel is used

Facilitated diffusion

Prophase

First stage of cell division Chromosomes become visible as pair chromatids and the nuclear envelope disappears Spindle fibers emerge from the centrosomes

Epithelial tissue

Form the covering of all body surfaces line body cavities and hollow organs major tissue in glands Functions: protection, secretion, absorption, exception, filtration, diffusion, sensory reception

Nervous tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities Stimulates muscle contractions, creates an awareness of the environment, plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning

Areolar tissue

Functions: the support and biding of other tissue helps in defending against infection when a body region is inflamed, the tissue in the area soaks up the excess fluid as a sponge and the affected area swells and becomes puffy

Exocrine

Glands that secrete their products through ducts opening onto an epithelium rather than directly into the bloodstream

Hypertonic

Having a higher osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid has a higher concentration of solutes than the cell inside it

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Helps decode a messenger RNA sequence into a protein

Aquaporins

Integral membrane proteins that serve as channels in the transfer of water (and sometimes small solutes across the membrane)

Hydrophobic

Means lacking an affinity for water Insoluble in water Repelling water

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome and that is exported to the cytoplasm to help translate the information in messenger RNA into protein

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration Both solute and solvent move

Osmosis

Movement of solvent across a semi permeable membrane from high to low solvent concentration only solvent moves

Active Process

Movement of substances against a concentration gradient Requires cellular energy in the form of ATP

Endocrine

Secrete hormones without ducts

PMAT (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)

Stages of Mitosis

Which of the following is NOT classified as a connective tissue: - bone - cartilage - blood - skeletal muscle - adipose

- skeletal muclse

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A type of RNA that is necessary for protein production Uses information in genres to create a blueprint for making proteins

Phagocytosis

A type of endocytosis The ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans Process by which a cell uses its plasma membrane to engulf a large particle, giving rise to an internal compartment called the phagosome

Isotonic

Amount of water transported into the cell equal to the amount of water transported out from the cell

Extracellular Matrix

An intricate network composed of an array of multidomain macromolecules organized in cell/tissue-specific manner

Neuroglia

Any of the cells that hold nerve cells in place and help work the way they should

If the sequence of nitrogenous bases in one strand of DNA is GTA-GCA, the sequence of bases on its complementary DNA strand would be:

CAT-CGT

Anaphase

Centrosomes split in two Sister chromatids chromosomes are pulled toward opposite poles Certain spindle fibers begin to elongate the cell

Guanine

Chemical base in DNA Pairs with cytosine

Adenine

Chemical base in DNA Pairs with thymine

Telophase

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and begin to decondense Nuclear envelope material surround each set of chromosomes the mitotic spindle breaks down Spindle fibers continue to push poles apart

Metaphase

Chromosomes line up along metaphase plate Separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

Muscle tissue

Composed of cells that have to special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement Highly cellular and is well supplied with blood vessels

Transcription

The process of making an RNA copy of a gene sequence

Translation

The process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis

The molecule that carries an amino acid to the ribosome for incorporation into a protein is:

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Which of the following represents a segment of RNA: a. AUGUCA b. ATGCTA c. CTGTGG d. CTGTGG e. GTCATA

a. AUGUCA

Which of the following processes require the use of protein carrier molecules: a. facilitated diffusion and solute pumping b. facilitate diffusion and bulk transport c. bulk transport and osmosis d. osmosis and filtration e. filtration and cellular secretion

a. facilitated diffusion and solute pumping

The portion of the cell[s life cycle that does not involve cell division is known as: a. interphase b. mitosis c. metaphase d. prophase e. cytokinesis

a. interphase

The movement of substances through the cell membrane against their concentration gradient is a type of ________________ process.

active

Fat is best described as:

adipose tissue

Osmosis transports water across membranes using:

aquaporins

Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ________.

b. endocrine

What assists the movement of substances by facilitated diffusion: a. ATP b. protein carrier or channel c. lysosomes d. aquaporins e. solute pumps

b. protein carrier or channel

The process of transcription: a. produces ATP from glucose and oxygen b. transfers information from DNA into mRNA c. occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell d. creates proteins from mRNA e. translates nucleic acids into amino acids

b. transfers information from DNA into mRNA

Connective Tissue

binds structures together form a framework and support for organs and the body Store fat, transport substances, protect against disease, help repair tissue damage, insulating

Which of the following is not considered a cytoplasmic organelle a. mitochondria b. Golgi apparatus c. cytoplasm d. rough endoplasmic reticulum e. peroxisomes

c. cytoplasm

Intercalated discs found in cardiac muscle tissue are: a. tight junctions b. phagocytes c. gap junctions d. signet ring cells e. desmosomes

c. gap junctions

Sequences of three bases found in messenger RNA (mRNA) are called:

condons

Thee tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called

connective tissue

Type of tissue that can be classified as bond, blood, and cartilage

connective tissue

Type of tissue that consists of living cells surrounded by an extracellular matrix

connective tissue

The tissue shown in figure 3.3

covers and lines body surfaces

Adipose tissue

critical regulator of systemic energy homeostasis acting as a caloric reservoir specialized connective tissue whose main functions are to store the energy, protect the organs and contribute to the endocrine profile of the body Energy storing, hormone production, thermal isolation, thermogenesis

In cell division, the term that refers to division of the cytoplasm is __________.

cytokinesis

Which of the following do note involve the movement of molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lower concentration: a. diffusion b. simple diffusion c. facilitated diffusion d. filtration e. osmosis

d. filtration

Javinda tore her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon during a recent track meet. She has injured what type of tissue:

dense connective tissue

Tendons and ligaments are common to this type of connective tissue called ____________.

dense tissue

The movement of fluid through the cell membrane from a high pressure area to a lower pressure area is called: a. active transport b. bulk transport c. osmosis d. diffusion e. filtration

e. filtration

Type of tissue that can be simple or stratified

epithelial tissue

Type of tissue that is avascular but regenerates rapidly

epithelial tissue

Nutrients and ions can pass directly from cell to cell through special membranes junctions known as:

gap junctions

The DNA segment that carries information for building one protein or polypeptide chain is called a ______________.

gene

Osseous tissue

gives strength and structure to bone Bone- made up of compact tissue and (three hard, out layers) Is maintained by bone-forming cells called osteoblasts and cells that break down bone called osteoclasts

The molecules that make the cell surface fuzzy, sticky, and sugar-rich are the

glycoproteins

Hypotonic

having a lower osmotic pressure than a particular fluid, typically a body fluid or intracellular fluid Concentration of solutes is greater inside the cell than outside of it

The phospholipid tails are __________, which make the plasma membrane impermeable to water.

hydrophobic

A cell would plump with water and possibly lyse in which of the following solutions a. hypotonic b. hypertonic c. intravenous d. isotonic e. Ringer's

hypotonic

A patient arrives in the hospital extremely dehydrated. In order to fill his cells with fluid, what type of intravenous drip should he reveive:

hypotonic

A solution that contains fewer solutes than the cell is:

hypotonic

The cell shown in Figure 3.2 has been placed into a(n) __________ solution.

hypotonic

Ribosomes are found

in the cytoplasm and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

DNA replication takes place during

interphase

The period of the cell cycle when the cell grows and performs its metabolic activities is _____________.

interphase

The purpose of ___________ is to produce two genetically identical cells

mitosis

Type of tissue that composes the air sacs of the lungs and esophagus

muscle tissue

Type of tissue that is specialized to contract and produce movement

muscle tissue

Type of tissue that consists of neurons and neuroglia

nervous tissue

Type of tissue whose two functional characteristics are irritability and conductivity

nervous tissue

The cell type found in nervous tissue is the ___________

neuron

The passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins is _______________.

osmosis

Type of passive process in which water is moved through aquaporins

osmosis

Cytosine

pairs with guanine

Two types of endocytosis are:

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

Passive processes that move substances across membranes:

require no ATP

The type of muscle tissue that can be controlled voluntarily is called ___________ muscles.

skeletal

The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is:

smooth muscle

Which type of tissue conducts electrochemical impulses

Nervous Tissue

Thymine

Pairs with adenine

Facilitated diffusion

Passive movement of molecules or ions across a plasma membrane by means of a transport protein located in the plasma membrane

Filtration

Physical or chemical separation process that separates solid matter and fluid from a mixture using a filter medium that has a complex structure through which only the fluid can pass

Pinocytosis

Process by which the cell takes in the fluids along with dissolved small molecules

Exocytosis

Process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane

Mitosis

Process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells (cell division) During mitosis one cell divides once to form two identical cells Major purpose: for growth and to replace worn out cells

The correct order of phases of the mitosis is:

Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Active Transport

the process of moving molecules across a cellular membrane through the use of cellular energy Used by cells to accumulate needed molecules such as glucose and amino acids Powered by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is known as primary active transport Cell expends energy to move a substance across the membrane against its concentration gradient by transmembrane proteins that function as carries

The nucleotides of DNA join in a complementary way in which adenine pairs with ______________ while cytosine pairs with ____________.

thymine, guanine

The molecules that contains an anticodon is:

transfer RNA (tRNA)

The step, during protein synthesis, of assembling proteins by decoding the information in messenger RNA is called ____________.

translation