Biolgy 2/ lab
How are animals and plants different? How are they the same? Be specific.
Differences: Plants are autotrophs, where animals are heterotrophs. Plants create energy from sunlight, where animals get their energy from consuming and digesting food. They have different cell structures. Similarities: They are both living organisms. They both grow, reproduce, and die. They both replicate their DNA during reproduction. They are both eukaryotic organisms. How are animals and plants different? Through the process of photosynthesis, they produce their own food in order to survive by utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide, and nutrients using plants. Animals, on the other hand, eat other living things to survive. How are they the same? Plants and animals are both living things. They eat, breathe, exhale, develop, move, and reproduce while also being sensitive to their surroundings. For energy, plants and animals require food, but they obtain it differently. Creatures consume plants and other animals, while plants produce food.
How do gametophytes of a moss plant reproduce? They are carried by the wind to a male or female plant nearby The female branches fall to the ground and produce spores A sperm from the male branch fertilizers an egg on the female branch An egg from the female branch fertilizes the sperm on the male branch
A sperm from the male branch fertilizers an egg on the female branch
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by HIV, which damages the cells in the body's immune system so that the body is unable to fight infection or certain cancers. transfer of a range of body fluid, including blood, breast milk, semen, and vaginal secretions, from infected individuals. HIV can also be passed from a woman to her child when she is pregnant and giving birth. HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV) Part of the Retroviridae family ~120-nm enveloped particles with a conical capsid Linear (+)ssRNA genome of ~9,700 bp Thought to have evolved from the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV); HIV is a distinct virus that infects humans Vaccines are currently being tested Show Relative Size HIV was first recognized in humans in the 1980s. The virus infects and destroys immune cells, which means that, as the infection progresses, people lose their ability to fight off disease. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) refers to the advanced stages of HIV infection, when a person's immune system is severely impaired. Because HIV can permanently incorporate its genome into that of a host cell, the infection lasts a lifetime. There is currently no vaccine against HIV, although numerous drugs can keep infection at bay and hinder disease progression. Nearly 38 million people worldwide were infected with HIV by the end of 2019, and an estimated 2 million new infections occur every year. Worldwide Prevalence of HIV Adult HIV prevalence (%) in 2014, by region Western Pacific: 0.1 Eastern Mediterranean: 0.1 South East Asia: 0.3 Europe: 0.4 Americas: 0.5 Africa: 4.5 Viral genomes and proteins assemble into new viruses at the cell surface (I), which leave the cell through a process known as budding (J). This process surrounds the virus in a piece of the cell membrane containing viral proteins, which becomes the virus's envelope.
Tree of Heaven
Ailanthus altissima, Simaroubaceae Common Name: Tree-of-HeavenScientific Name: Ailanthus altissimaPlant Origin: China Spreads rapidly by producing up to 350,000 seedlings in a year. Alters the natural succession from fields to deciduous trees to hardwood forest by dispersing seeds to open fields and taking over resources. Produces a toxin that inhibits the growth of other seedlings as it accumulates in the soil.
Based on the GRAM STAIN virtual lab you completed, why is the bacterial cell wall of such great importance? The cell wall is essential for bacterial viability All answers listed here are correct Antibiotics can target the cell wall The cell wall is involved in inducing disease in the infected host
All answers listed here are correct
Protista
Domain: Proitsta, now moving into the uni/multi cellular category, is well known for being called the junk drawer kingdom
Archaebacteria
Domain: Archaebacteria Very closly related to Eubacteria, Archaebacteria does not have peptidoglycan in it's cell walls. Archaebacteria live in extreme places like volcanoes, The Dead Sea, and sometimes even in places with no oxygen!
Fungi
Domain: Eukarya Mushrooms are very well known examples of Fungi, but did you know molds and even yeast are types of fungus?
Animaila
Domain: Eukarya This is the most complex kingdom pf them all. This kingdom is made up of all animals from bugs to whales to humans. These multi-cell creatures are all consumers, meaning they have to eat other things to gain energy.
Plantae
Donaim: Eukarya Plants. That's all this kingdom is, mulit-cellular plants that give the world precious oxygen and food for consumers.
Based on the GRAM STAIN virtual lab you completed, what would most likely occur if you drenched the bacterial smear in alcohol for 1 minute when doing the gram staining procedure? All purple stain would escape as the cell wall of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria would dissolve Everything would turn green The Gram-negative bacteria would decolorize, while the more robust Gram-positive bacteria would remain unaffected and retain its purple stain Everything would turn blue
All purple stain would escape as the cell wall of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria would dissolve
Amber
Amber is fossilized tree sap. Sometimes animals like insects or lizards get stuck in this sticky liquid. Their remains are found in the fossilized sap. العنبر هو نسغ شجرة متحجر. في بعض الأحيان تتعثر الحيوانات مثل الحشرات أو السحالي في هذا السائل اللزج. تم العثور على بقاياهم في النسغ المتحجر
Which of the following is NOT a kingdom of organisms? Amoeba Archaea Fungi Bacteria Plantae
Amoeba
Origin of chloroplasts
Analogous to mitochondria, chloroplasts resulted from a symbiotic event in which a photosynthetic bacterium (likely a cyanobacterium) was engulfed by a host eukaryote. Over time, the engulfed organism evolved to become a specialized photosynthetic organelle 1600-1400 million years ago
Based on the EVOLUTION: TAXONOMIC TREE OF LIFE virtual lab we did, let's see if you understood how those trees work. Using the image shown here, which kingdoms have the most recent common ancestor? Animalia and Plantae Animalia and Protista Animalia and Eubacteria Animalia and Fungi
Animalia and Fungi
List the 6 kingdoms discussed in the overview video. Make sure your answer uses the proper terminology.
Animals...>or Animalia plants,,,,>Plantae fungi,,,,>mushrooms, Protista Archaea,,,> Archaeabacteria, Bacteria.....>Eubacteria The Six Kingdoms of life would be: Plants, Animals, Protists, Fungi, Archaebacteria, Eubacteria.
Based on the GRAM STAIN virtual lab you completed, which circle shown here would contain bacteria? A contains bacteria. No answer text provided. B contains bacteria. There are no bacteria present.
B contains bacteria.
What type of meningitis is the most dangerous?
Bacterial Meningitis
4. Common mode of asexual reproduction in eubacteria:
Binary fission
Based on the EVOLUTION: TAXONOMIC TREE OF LIFE virtual lab we did, have a look at the following phylogenetic tree. Which of the following statements is true? Bacteria and Archea have a different common ancestor Fungi and slime molds are more closely related than plants and animals Branching points stand for the common ancestor of two diverging groups The length of the branches indicates time
Branching points stand for the common ancestor of two diverging groups
How can the doctor rapidly determine if there are bacteria in the cerebra; spinal fluid?
Collect a few ml of CSF and send it for a Gram Stain
Allium vineale
Common Name: Field GarlicScientific Name: Allium vinealePlant Origin: Europe Uses space, water, sunlight, and nutrients for its own growth, leaving little or none for native species. Quickly grows in areas where natural habitat has been altered. Once established, can be difficult to eradicate.
This is a picture of a coprolite, which is
Coprolites are fossilized poop. By studying them, we can learn about an animal's habitat and diet when it was alive.
What is the primary stain used, that colors all bacteria purple?
Crystal violet
3. Eubacteria capable of photosynthesis
Cyanobacteria.
The rock layers at Ghost Ranch preserved fossils from the entire age of the dinosaurs. The lowest layer holds fossils from the: Triassic Period (250-200 mya)
The rock layers at Ghost Ranch preserved fossils from the entire age of the dinosaurs. The lowest layer holds fossils from theعلى الحفريات من عصر الديناصورات بأكمله. تحتوي الطبقة السفلية على أحافير من: العصر الترياسي (250-200 م.م) صيح! كلما كانت الطبقة أعمق ، كانت الصخرة أقدم. في الجزء العلوي توجد صخور من الحجر الرملي من العصر الطباشيري. أسفل ذلك توجد منحدرات جوراسية ملونة باللونين الأحمر والأبيض. بالقرب من القاع توجد الأراضي الوعرة الترياسية الحمراء ، والتي تعود إلى 230 مليون سنة ، عندما ظهرت الديناصورات لأول مرة.
Great Oxygenation Event 2400-1400 million years ago
The time in Earth's history, about 2.4 Ga, when the concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere increased dramatically. Oxygen gas produced by cyanobacteria began to accumulate in the atmosphere
How are mosses and ferns alike? They both have fronds They both reproduce without light They both grow close to the ocean They both reproduce without seeds
They both reproduce without seeds
Which of the following is NOT true for protists? They can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic. They can be mobile or immobile. They can be autotrophic or heterotrophic. They can be unicellular or multicellular
They can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
EBOLA VIRUS
a filovirus responsible for Ebola; five species of the Ebola virus have been identified EBOLA VIRUS Part of the Filoviridae family, which also includes Marburg virus ~80-nm × 800-nm enveloped particles with a helical capsid Linear (-)ssRNA genome of ~19,000 bp Infects bats, humans, and other primates First vaccine against one species of Ebola virus was approved for adults in 2019 Show Relative Size Ebola virus (and its relative Marburg virus) is perhaps best known for its gruesome symptoms and high death rate in humans. This virus is zoonotic, which means it can be transmitted to humans from infected animals, such as bats. Outbreaks of Ebola virus infections occurred in Africa as early as 1976. But until 2014, they were short-lived and isolated to relatively small groups of people. In 2014, an Ebola outbreak in West Africa spread primarily across Sierra Leone, Guinea, and Liberia, killing more than 11,000 people over the course of two years. During this time, the virus also spread in several other countries, but was limited and quickly controlled. Historical Timeline of Ebola Virus Outbreaks Ebola virus's year of first appearance 1976 1994 1996 2000
Phenetics
classification based on degree of overall similarity between individuals
Mary Anning
discovered several species of extinct marine reptiles Mary Anning, Fossil FanaticWhile Mary Anning was growing up in England in the 1800s, her father taught her how to collect fossils. The cliffs near her home were loaded with spectacular specimens. When her father died, Mary and her mother began a fossil collecting business. At about age 11, Mary and her brother found the first complete Ichthyosaurus fossil. She also discovered a Plesiosaurus, Pteradactylus, and the fossil fish called Squaloraja. When Mary found a good fossil, she often left her dog behind to mark the spot while she fetched others to help her dig it out. As an adult, Mary was finally recognized as a great fossil collector by the scientific community of London.
What do spores become after they are released from sporopyhtes? liverworts cryptobiotics gametophytes rhizoids
gametophytes
Scientists have constructed the timeline of life on Earth from two main types of evidence: لأدلة الجيولوجية والأدلة الجينية. تعتبر الأحافير أكثر أنواع الأدلة الجيولوجية شيوعًا وتوفر لمحات مفصلة بشكل جميل عن الحياة القديمة ، على الأقل بالنسبة للكائنات الأكبر والأحدث. ومع ذلك ، فإن الكائنات المجهرية الرخوة لا تتحلل إلا في ظروف نادرة ، وقد أدت عملية الصفائح التكتونية إلى تدمير ودفن معظم الحفريات. لحسن الحظ ، يمكن للعلماء اللجوء إلى أنواع أخرى من الأدلة الجيولوجية لدراسة الحياة القديمة. وتشمل هذه الآثار الجزيئية ، مثل الكوليسترول والتوقيعات الكيميائية الأخرى ؛ النسب النظيرية الناتجة عن العمليات الحية ؛ السمات الموجودة في الحجر الجيري التي تعكس التفاعلات الميكروبية مع الرواسب ؛ وعلامات الظروف البيئية ، مثل تشكيلات الحديد ذات النطاقات. يتم إثراء سجل الحياة هذا الموجود في الصخور من خلال تحليل جينومات الحيوانات والنباتات والميكروبات التي تعيش اليوم - أحفاد الكائنات الحية الأولى التي سكنت كوكبنا.
geological evidence and genetic evidence. Fossils are the most familiar type of geological evidence and provide beautifully detailed glimpses of ancient life, at least for larger, more recent organisms. However, soft-bodied microscopic organisms fossilize only under rare circumstances and the process of plate tectonics has destroyed and buried most fossils. Fortunately, scientists can turn to other types of geological evidence to study ancient life. These include molecular traces, like cholesterol and other chemical signatures; isotope ratios resulting from living processes; features in limestone that reflect microbial interactions with sediments; and markers of environmental conditions, like banded iron formations. This record of life found in rocks is further enriched by analysis of the genomes of animals, plants, and microbes living today—the descendants of the first organisms that populated our planet.
imoprtant link
https://quizlet.com/170282482/exam-4-pre-exam-questions-flash-cards/
Where is moss least likely to grow? under a rock in a damp cave in a sunny field on a shady tree trunk
in a sunny field
Adaptation
inherited characteristic that increases an organism's chance of survival
Archaebacteria-
kingdom of unicellular prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycan The archaebacteria kingdom (Archaebacterium in Latin) is made up of single-celled organisms and the name of the kingdom means "ancient bacteria." Scientists actually believe that members of the archaebacteria kingdom were among the first life forms on Earth billions of years ago. These species lack cell structure and their genetic material is not contained inside of a nucleus. The cells of archaebacteria are called prokaryotes. Archaebacteria are known to be found in extreme environments including those that are very hot, those with no oxygen, and those that are highly acidic. Archaebacteria are separated from eubacteria because their cell structure is so different
Bangiomorpha pubescens
most ancient multicellular eukaryote fossil showing the capacity of sexual reproduction Bangiomorpha pubescens This fossil of a type of red algae is the oldest example of an organism belonging to an extant phylum. The fossil includes differentiated reproductive cells that are the oldest evidence of sexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction increased genetic variation, which led to an increased rate of evolution and the diversification of eukaryotes. 1200 million years ago
herbaceous plants
non woody plants with a soft stem Common Name: Broad-leaved Plantain Scientific Name: Plantago major Plant Origin: northern & central Europe Uses space, water, sunlight, and nutrients for its own growth, leaving little or none for native species. Quickly grows in areas where natural habitat has been altered. Once established, can be difficult to eradicate.
Vestigal structure
parts of an organism that are no longer functioning and do not affect survival structure that is inherited from ancestors but has lost much or all of its original function
What type of ecological role do the Cyanobacteria play? consumers parasites decomposers producers
producers
eubacteria kingdom
prokaryotic kingdom of bacteria with majority of organisms are beneficial and only a few are harmful Eubacterium in Latin) is made up of single-celled organisms and just like the archaebacteria, the species in this kingdom are lacking a nuclear membrane. The species within this kingdom vary as some have the ability to make their own food and others must find their food. Eubacteria can reproduce very quickly by dividing in two. Depending on the species of eubacteria, they can be beneficial or harmful to humans and other organisms. Some examples of species within the eubacteria kingdom include Streptococcus, which causes strep throat, as well as the bacteria that produces yogurt and some types of vitamins. Eubacteria- Like archaebacteria, eubacteria are complex and single celled. Most bacteria are in the EUBACTERIA kingdom. They are the kinds found everywhere and are the ones people are most familiar with. Eubacteria are classified in their own kingdom because their chemical makeup is different.
An important basis for classifying organisms together is similarity. Which of the following is common to prokaryotic cells? nucleolus nucleus mitochondria ribosomes
ribosomes
Which of the following is not an example of a fungi? yeast truffles mildew spirogyra
spirogyra
When mosses and ferns reproduce, what do the produce in the first cycle? spores egg fronds sperm
spores
Allopatric speciation
the process of speciation that occurs with geographic isolation The formation of new species in populations that are geographically isolated from one another.
Fossils
the remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. Definition: the process when organic material (bones, shells, leaves) is turned into stoneName Origin: from the Latin word fossilis, which translates into "something dug up"Researcher: German physician Georgius Agricola first used the term "fossil" in his book, The Nature of Fossils, published in 1546Significancterm-10e: Fossils are the key to understanding life in the past.
Phylogenetics
the study of evolutionary relationships among species the analysis of evolutionary, or ancestral, relationships between taxa
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
the two prokaryotic kingdoms
Some of the first to be discovered were called Extremophiles in recognition of the extreme environments in which they were found:
thermophiles, which live at high temperatures; hyperthermophiles, which live at really high temperatures (present record is 121°C!); psychrophiles, which like it cold (one in the Antarctic grows best at 4°C); halophiles, which live in very saline environments (like the Dead Sea); acidophiles, which live at low pH (as low as pH 1 and who die at pH 7!); alkaliphiles, which thrive at a high pH.
CORONAVIRUS
virus responsible for common cold CORONAVIRUS Coronaviridae family ~100-nm enveloped particles with a helical capsid Linear (+)ssRNA genome of ~30,000 bp Infects birds and humans and other mammals Vaccines are currently being tested Show Relative Size Coronaviruses are a family of viruses with many members. Diseases caused by coronaviruses are often respiratory in humans and gastrointestinal in other animals. Although less than 10 species of coronaviruses are known to cause disease in humans, they have caused several major outbreaks — including a 2002 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which was caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-1, and a 2012 outbreak of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), which was caused by a coronavirus called MERS-CoV. Both outbreaks were caused by transmission from infected animals (such as bats, civets, or camels) to humans, making these coronaviruses zoonotic viruses. In early 2020, a new coronavirus, called SARS-CoV-2, began to infect people across the globe. SARS-CoV-2 spread easily among humans who lacked immunity to the virus. This coronavirus causes a disease called COVID-19. COVID-19 initially overwhelmed hospitals in many countries and caused many deaths.
First vertebrates
were jawless fishe Early in the Cambrian period, a new group of animals appeared in the fossil record: tiny jawless fish, 2 to 3 cm long, with primitive vertebrae and a brain protected in a cranium. 530 million years as
Divergent evolution
when two or more species sharing a common ancestor become more different over time
Deep History of Life on Earth
Earth is over 4 billion years old, and scientists think there has been life on our planet almost since the beginning—for at least 3.5 billion years. For most of that long history microbial life was the only life present, and in many respects microbial processes still dominate many ecosystems today. A key development in Earth's history that made larger, more complex, multicellular life possible was a dramatic increase in oceanic and atmospheric oxygen. Scientists have constructed the timeline of life on Earth from two main types of evidence:
.Origin of eukaryotes 2400-2000 million years ago
Endosymbiosis theory of how prokaryotes developed membrane-bound organelles. A hallmark of eukaryotes is the presence of internal organelles, such as a nucleus and mitochondria, which are not found in prokaryotes. Genetic evidence has revealed that mitochondria in fact arose from a symbiotic relationship in which a bacterium was engulfed by another cell, perhaps an archaea. The origin of eukaryotes triggered a biological revolution, which set the stage for multicellularity and increased size and complexity. Today nearly all visible forms of life are the product of this amazing symbiotic association. أصل حقيقيات النوى السمة المميزة لحقيقيات النوى هي وجود عضيات داخلية ، مثل النواة والميتوكوندريا ، والتي لا توجد في بدائيات النوى. كشفت الأدلة الجينية أن الميتوكوندريا نشأت في الواقع من علاقة تكافلية حيث ابتلعت خلية أخرى بكتيريا ، ربما عتائق. أثار أصل حقيقيات النوى ثورة بيولوجية مهدت الطريق لتعدد الخلايا وزيادة الحجم والتعقيد. اليوم تقريبًا جميع أشكال الحياة المرئية هي نتاج هذه الرابطة التكافلية المذهلة.
Convergent evolution
Evolution toward similar characteristics in unrelated species
sedimentary rocks
Formed when particles of broken rock and organic materials are pressed and cemented together to form new rocks. Sediments are mud, sand, pebbles, shells, bones, leaves, and stems. Some rocks of this type can be sandstone, limestone, and gypsum. Name Origin: comes from the Latin sedimentum, which means "act of settling"Description: When rocks weather, they break down into little bits. After a very long time, these tiny particles can get pressed together to form new rocks.Significance: These rocks provide the most clues about the history of life on Earth.
Hans: Do you know what two groups that i am talking about are named?Gram-visible and Gram-invisible Gram-positive and Gram-negative Gram-cocci and Gram-rodsGram-variable and Gram-constant Gram-positive and Gram-negative
Gram-positive and Gram-negative
Based on the GRAM STAIN virtual lab you completed, what is the outcome of a well-executed Gram stain? Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative appear purple Gram-positive appear purple, Gram-negative appear pink Gram-positive appear pink, Gram-negative appear purple Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative appear pink
Gram-positive appear purple, Gram-negative appear pink
Grypania spiralis
Grypania spiralis The oldest eukaryotic fossils are from this organism that has the appearance of a type of algae. Proterozoic; oldest known multicellular eurkaryote; in rocks as old as 2.1-1.4 Ga 1800 million years ago
What is the Gram Stain Method?
Staining method used to differentiate bacterial species into two groups
Chemical evidence for life
The earliest evidence of life consists of rock samples containing organic compounds with an isotopic signature low in carbon-13. يتكون أول دليل على الحياة من عينات صخرية تحتوي على مركبات عضوية ذات بصمة نظيرية منخفضة في الكربون -13.
Sympatric speciation
The formation of new species in populations that live in the same geographic area The formation of a new species as a result of a genetic change that produces a reproductive barrier between the changed population (mutants) and the parent population. No geographic barrier is present.
Which of the following organisms is multicellular? Euglena Paramecium Kelp Volvox
Kelp
Biomarkers
Lipids, such as cholesterol, are well preserved in rocks and represent the oldest direct products of living organisms. المؤشرات الحيوية يتم حفظ الدهون ، مثل الكوليسترول ، جيدًا في الصخور وتمثل أقدم المنتجات المباشرة للكائنات الحية. a measurable substance in an organism whose presence is indicative of some phenomenon such as disease, infection, or environmental exposure.
Hans: Where are the lipopolysaccharides found?
The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
Based on the EVOLUTION: TAXONOMIC TREE OF LIFE virtual lab we did, what does a "tree of life" show? The time it takes for evolutionary changes to occur The relationships between members of the same species The relationships and connections between different organisms The mutually beneficial relationships between members of different species
The relationships and connections between different organisms
Modern Humans
Modern Humans Humans are the dominant form of life on Earth in terms of our effect on ecosystems. However, we have only been around for a tiny sliver of Earth's history, and the world we live in was—and continues to be—shaped by all the life that preceded us. For example, carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur are essential elements for all life on Earth, including human life, and the processes responsible for cycling these elements are at least in part driven by microbes. 0.2 million years ago 200,000 years ago
. The region inside the bacterial cell where DNA is f .
Nucleoid.
Origin of animals
Origin of animals The precursors of multicellular animals were likely single-celled protozoans. They evolved predatory feeding by ingestion, enabling rapid cycling of organic matter and higher energy production, which led to increased size and multicellular complexity. Animals begin to appear in the fossil record 635 million years ago, but genetic estimates suggest they evolved as early as 800 million years ago. Play Video 635 million years ago
INFLUENZA A VIRUS
Orthomyxoviruses. Enveloped, ssRNA, w/ segmented genome. Contain hemagglutinin (promotes viral entry) and neuraminidase (promotes progeny virion release) Ags. Responsible for worldwide influenza epidemics; pt at risk for fatal bacterial superinfeciton. Rapid genetic changes. INFLUENZA A VIRUS Part of the Orthomyxoviridae family, which also includes other types of influenza viruses ~100-nm enveloped particles with a spherical or oblong capsid Segmented (-)ssRNA genome of ~13,500 bp, consisting of eight segments Infects birds and mammals including humans and pigs Vaccine produced for new seasonal subtypes each year Show Relative Size There are four species of influenza viruses (A, B, C, D), which vary in the severity of symptoms they cause and in their host range. Influenza A and B viruses cause outbreaks of influenza (also known as the flu) almost every winter worldwide. The main types of influenza viruses are further divided into different varieties called subtypes. Influenza A viruses have a segmented genome, which means that their genome has multiple separate sections that are not joined to each other. When two or more influenza viruses infect a single cell, their genome segments can rearrange to produce a new combination of segments, giving rise to a new virus subtype. Every year, different subtypes of influenza A viruses infect humans, causing seasonal outbreaks of flu. Sometimes, dangerous subtypes emerge, such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic influenza, also called swine flu. This subtype had a combination of genome segments from human, avian, and swine influenza viruses. Viral genomes and proteins are assembled into new viruses (I), which leave the cell through a process called budding (J). This process surrounds the virus in a piece of the cell membrane containing viral proteins, which becomes the virus's envelop
Paleontologists were the first people to inhabit the area around Ghost Ranch.
Paleontologists were the first people to inhabit the area around Ghost Ranch. Fiction In fact, the area has a long and turbulent history, including the Anasazi Indians, Spanish conquistadors, and cattle rustlers. كان علماء الأحافير أول من سكن المنطقة المحيطة بـ Ghost Ranch. خيالي في الواقع ، تتمتع المنطقة بتاريخ طويل ومضطرب ، بما في ذلك هنود أناسازي والغزاة الإسبان وساربو الماشية
5. The structure used for conjugation between bacteria
Pilus
Convergent evolution
Process by which unrelated organisms independently evolve similarities when adapting to similar environments
A common characteristic of eubacteria?
Prokaryotic.
ome of the groups of bacteria that fall under the domain Eubacteria include
Proteobacteria Cyanobacteria Gram-positive bacteria Spirochetes Chlamydias
Rabies virus
RABIES VIRUS Part of the Rhabdoviridae family ~75-nm × 180-nm enveloped particles with a bullet-shaped helical capsid Linear (-)ssRNA genome of ~12,000 bp Infects humans, dogs, rodents, and other mammals Vaccine available Show Relative Size Rabies virus can infect a variety of hosts. The virus is most often transmitted to humans by infected dogs, but foxes, raccoons, skunks, and bats can all carry and transmit the virus. Rabies virus causes neurological symptoms including aggression, which may lead to biting and transmission via saliva. Once symptoms occur in a human, the infection is fatal. Rabies infections are thought to occur worldwide. However, the vast majority of deaths take place in Asia and Africa. This process surrounds the virus in a piece of the cell membrane containing viral proteins, which becomes the virus's envelope. budding Viral genomes and proteins are assembled into new viruses (I), which leave the cell through a process called budding (J). This process surrounds the virus in a piece of the cell membrane containing viral proteins, which becomes the virus's envelop
When dinosaurs evolved in this region, it was much farther south than it is today. During that period in history, the region was:
. a forest, with a tropical, humid climate Correct! Many streams and rivers flowed through the region, with trees and ferns growing along their banks. Nearby were giant conifers. In times of floods, these trees were uprooted, buried in deep mud and fossilized. Today, these "petrified trees" look like great Greek columns of marble. عندما تطورت الديناصورات في هذه المنطقة ، كانت أبعد جنوبًا مما هي عليه اليوم. خلال تلك الفترة من التاريخ ، كانت المنطقة: ب- غابة ذات مناخ استوائي رطب صيح! تدفقت العديد من الجداول والأنهار عبر المنطقة ، مع نمو الأشجار والسراخس على طول ضفافها. في الجوار كانت الصنوبريات العملاقة. في أوقات الفيضانات ، اقتُلعت هذه الأشجار ودُفنت في الوحل العميق وتحولت إلى أحجار. واليوم ، تبدو هذه "الأشجار المتحجرة" وكأنها أعمدة رخامية يونانية عظيمة
For how long will you drench the bacterial smear in crystal violet?
1 Minute (60 seconds)
The Age of Dinosaurs persisted for some ________ years.
155 million ge of Dinosaurs Dinosaurs first appeared during the Triassic Period about 230 million years ago and were the most prevalent large animals in the mid- to late Mesozoic Era (200 million to 66 million years ago). Over this time, they developed an incredible diversity of body shapes and sizes. They ranged in size from less than half a meter in length to over 23 meters. Some dinosaurs took to the air and their descendants became modern birds. 155 million years ago
Grypania spiralis
1st eukaryotic algae 2.1 bya The oldest eukaryotic fossils are from this organism that has the appearance of a type of algae. 1800 million years ago
Visible evidence for life
3500 million years ago Modern stromatolites are layered mounds composed of mineral sediments and organic compounds formed by successive generations of microbial communities. Geologists have found comparable mounds dating as far back as 3.4 billion years ago that appear to be formed by similar processes. These fossil stromatolites provide the oldest physical evidence for life on Earth. دليل مرئي مدى الحياة الستروماتوليت الحديثة عبارة عن تلال ذات طبقات تتكون من رواسب معدنية ومركبات عضوية تتكون من أجيال متعاقبة من المجتمعات الميكروبية. وجد الجيولوجيون تلالًا مماثلة يعود تاريخها إلى ما قبل 3.4 مليار سنة والتي يبدو أنها تشكلت من خلال عمليات مماثلة. توفر هذه الستراتوليت الأحفورية أقدم دليل مادي للحياة على الأرض
Cladistics
A phylogenetic classification system that uses shared derived characters and ancestry as the sole criterion for grouping taxa.
Earth formation تشكلت الأرض من تراكم الغبار والحطام بين النجوم. أثناء التراكم ، تم ضغط الكتلة المتنامية ، التي تسمى الأرض البدائية ، بفعل الجاذبية ، مما تسبب في زيادة درجة الحرارة. أدى هذا الارتفاع في درجة الحرارة ، إلى جانب الحرارة الإضافية التي يوفرها الاضمحلال الإشعاعي ، إلى تحول الأرض الأولية إلى كتلة منصهرة ساخنة. عندما بردت الأرض الأولية ، فإنها طبقت وفقًا للكثافة مما أدى إلى تكوين طبقات.
4.6 billion years ago Earth formed from the accretion of interstellar dust and debris. During accretion, the growing mass, called proto-Earth, was compressed by gravity, causing an increase in temperature. This rise in temperature and additional heat supplied by radioactive decay caused the proto-Earth to become a hot molten mass. As the proto-Earth cooled, it stratified according to density leading to a layered composition.
For how long will you drench the bacterial smear in safranin?
45 Seconds
Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction
65.5 million years ago -Meteor struck ocean, changed temperatures -Dinosaurs died out, mammal diversity increased and took over Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction The most well-known of the five mass extinctions marked the end of the dinosaurs. The world lost about 40% of genera and 76% of species. Multiple lines of evidence support the conclusion that a 10-km-diameter asteroid struck Earth. The impact caused massive climate change and ecological disruption, leading to mass extinction. The extinction of the dinosaurs opened new ecological niches for mammals to exploit. Play Video 66 million years ago انقراض العصر الطباشيري والباليوجيني الأكثر شهرة من بين خمسة انقراضات جماعية كانت بمثابة نهاية الديناصورات. فقد العالم حوالي 40٪ من الأجناس و 76٪ من الأنواع. تدعم العديد من الأدلة الاستنتاج بأن كويكبًا قطره 10 كيلومترات ضرب الأرض. تسبب التأثير في تغير مناخي هائل واضطراب بيئي ، مما أدى إلى الانقراض الجماعي. فتح انقراض الديناصورات مجالات بيئية جديدة للثدييات لاستغلالها. قبل 66 مليون سنة
Trilobites
A common animal that lived in Earth's oceans during the Paleozoic Era. They are most closely related to the modern Horseshoe Crab. Trilobites Trilobites are a large group of extinct arthropods that were numerous during the Cambrian explosion. They roamed the seas for approximately 250 million years before disappearing during the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. 525 million years ago لاثية الفصوص ثلاثية الفصوص هي مجموعة كبيرة من مفصليات الأرجل المنقرضة والتي كانت عديدة أثناء الانفجار الكمبري. جابوا البحار لما يقرب من 250 مليون سنة قبل أن يختفوا خلال الانقراض الجماعي العصر البرمي الترياسي
How long does it take to perform and analyze the Gram stain? 1 - 2 hours 48 hours24 hours A few minutes A few minutes
A few minutes
Eubacteria
A kingdom that contains all prokaryotes except archaebacteria Domain: Eubacteria This bacteria has cilia around the edges making it able to move. Eubacteria is the first on the list of the kingdoms, making it the least complex. They are prokaryotic, and can move in three different ways with: flagella, cilia, or by pseudopodia.
On Earth's surface, sedimentary is the most common type of rock.
Fact Sedimentary rock is found in every country on Earth!
Why does a fern have small gametophytes and large sporophytes? Ferns are not vascular and depend on the gametophytes for food. Ferns are sexual and depend on sporophytes to fertilize their gametophytes. Ferns are vascular and do not depend on the gametophytes for food Ferns are asexual and do not depend on the gametophytes to reproduce
Ferns are vascular and do not depend on the gametophytes for food
Most fossils are found in metamorphic rock. .
Fiction The best place to find fossils is sedimentary rock. Fossils form when living things become covered with layers of sediment. تم العثور على معظم الحفريات في الصخور المتحولة. خيالي أفضل مكان للعثور على الحفريات هو الصخور الرسوبية. تتشكل الأحافير عندما تصبح الكائنات الحية مغطاة بطبقات من الرواسب
Speciation
Formation of new species. the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
Based on the GRAM STAIN virtual lab you completed, why do we use positive and negative controls in the Gram stain? To verify that the Gram stain was performed properly. To distinguish between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. To exclude Gram-variable bacteria. To determine if an unknown sample is Gram-positive or negative.
To verify that the Gram stain was performed properly.
Based on the EVOLUTION: TAXONOMIC TREE OF LIFE virtual lab we did, which of the two trees shown below would be an example of a "ROOTED" tree? Tree "B" Tree "A" Neither Tree "A" or Tree "B" Both Tree "A" and Tree "B"
Tree "A"
Based on the EVOLUTION: TAXONOMIC TREE OF LIFE virtual lab we did, which of the two trees shown below would be an example of a "UN-ROOTED" tree? Both Tree "A" and Tree "B" Tree "B" Tree "A" Neither Tree "A" or Tree "B"
Tree "B"
What are the 8 levels of classification starting with the most BROAD and progressing to the most SPECIFIC and number your answers?
What are the 8 levels of classification starting with the most BROAD and progressing to the most SPECIFIC and number your answers? There are eight taxonomic divisions in biology. They are, in order of largest to smallest: 1-domain 2- kingdom 3-phylum 4-class 5-order 6-family 7-genus 8-species. domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species