Bot 107 Test 3

definitions of native and alien plants discussed in class

-alien= exotic; plants introudced to area outside their native range, purposefully or accidentally -native: a plant that has occured naturally in a particular region, ecosystem, or habitat without human introduction

uses of the breadfruit tree (artocarpus altilis)

-all parts of the tree yield latex that is useful for boat caulking -edible fruits -fruit is collected, and the outer skin removed for food -timber -kapa (bark) -sandpaper -plates -medicine etc.

major traditional, widespread uses of cannabis plants

-hempen fibers: can be used to make cloth, paper, and rope -vegetable oil: the oil can be used for lighting, for soap, and is now sometimes in paints, varnish, and linoleum -food: the seeds can be used for bird feed, and can be eaten by humans -mind-altering substances: important for rituals and ceremonies for thousands of years in Eurasia, Africa, and many other places -medicinal products: used for thousands of years to cure many things

geographical definitions of near oceania and remote oceania

-near oceania: comprises mainland New Guinea with surrounding islands such as the Bismarcks, up to the main solomon islands in the east -remote oceania: includes al lislands further eastward, i.e. Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji, as well as micronesia and polynesia.

plant sources of dues used in making kapa cloth in Hawai'i

-red: bark of noni (Morinda cirtifolia), amaumau fern (Sadleria cyatheoides), akaia (rubus hawaiensis) -yellow: olena or turmeric, noni (morina cirtifolia), holei (ochrosia spp) and ma'o (cotton) -blues/lavendar: uki'uki (dianella sandwicensis), popolo or hawaiian nightshade (solanum selsonii) -black: kukui nuts

use of retting and ginning in extraction of fiber from some plants

-retting: microbial action to separate fibers from softer plant tissue surrounding it; often accomplished by soaking fibers and letting softer tissue rot -ginning: mehcanical separation of fibers from seeds (e.g. cotton) using machines that tear fibers loose

scientific law

A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions

no final truths in science

There are no absolutes in science. no all-encompasing, categorical statements can be made about anything. even the basic assumptions of science are reconsidered, from time to time, by particular scientists, for rejection. No absolutes, no proofs, no final answers. there are only approximate truths. Whether a statement, theory, or framework is true or not depends on quantitative factors and how closely you examine or measure the results.

Canoe Plants that humans brought to Hawaiʻi on purpose in pre-contact times

`Ape (Elephant Ears) `Awa (Kava) `Awapuhi Kuahiwi (Wild Ginger) Hau (Hau) Ipu (Gourd) Kalo (Taro) Kamani (Alexandrian Laurel) Ki (Ti) Ko (Sugar Cane) Kou Kukui (Candlenut) Mai`a (Banana) Milo (Portia Tree) Niu (Coconut) etc.

scientific fact

a direct and repeatable observation of any aspect of the natural world

scientific theory

a well-tested concept that explains a wide range of observations (difference between fact, law, and theory: A fact refers to any phenomenon or action that is verified. A theory, however, is a bit different to a fact. A theory provides us with an explanation for what has been verified or observed.Laws are generalized observations about a relationship between two or more things in the natural world based on a variety of facts and empirical evidence, often framed as a mathematical statement, according to NASA)

origin areas of almost all "canoe plants" that reached Hawaiʻi in pre-contact times

asia, specifically southeast and eurasia

geographical origin of sweet potato in remote oceania

central and south america

plants cell qualities that make certain fibers strong enough to be used for cordage

fibers run the length of plant stem, made up of thick tough cell walls, and provides structure

ecological niche/plant life form of yams

important hawaiian dryland crop. yams were grown in the more dry and less productive lands (opposite of the kalo). leaf mulching was used to incresae growth, and they were used to support the uhi planted close by

definition and dangers of invasive species

invasice species are dangerous because they can overrun the local plants that are not used to the competition

prerequisites needed for successful early colonization of Hawaiʻi

invention and refinement of strategies for exploiting reefs, lagoons, and open waters. domestication of a set of typical crops, animals, and development of horticulture. development of sophisticated water-craft capable of carying people long distances.

accidental and/or purposeful search for and discovery of remote islands

just guess lol

Iʻe kuku use in traditional kapa cloth production

kapa is a fabric made by pouding the fibers of certain plants. the plants can be Wauke, Ulu, Mo'aloa, Mamaki, Akala, and Hau

traditional production of black dye in hawai'i

kukui nuts were used to produce the black dyes

plants discuessed in lecture or lab that produce plant fibers used for making cordage

ma'o (cotton), hemp, aha (coconut), hala, hau, olona, ahu'awa

expansion of austronesian speaking peoples, who fished & farmed in coastal S.E. Asia

many people believed the austronesian people originated from micronesia.

hemp fiber use historically in the British isles and Kentucky as described in class

medicine? no clue. so many uses.

a "cultural" biogeographical filter effect for people and plants

no clue

plants traditionally used to make sails for Pacific Islander canoes

pandanus aka screwpine

Transported landscape of plants and animals introduced by people to pre-contact Hawaiʻi

plants were introduced by boat mainly

environmental signals used to navigate by long distance voyagers in the Pacific Ocean

rising and setting sun guided them, looked at the albatross flight patterns, deepwater blue changing to green shows a reef is very near, and swell patterns

theoretical location of the original Austronesial languages discussed in class

southeast asia

Definition of Canoe Plants in the tropical Pacific region

the canoe plants were those that were brought over by the polynesian people. they were plants like coconuts, breadfruit, and hala.

coconut palm origins and arrival in Hawaiʻi

the coconut was one of the main canoe plants that were brought over. nicknamed the "tree of life" it was brought for the many uses it had. you can eat and drink from it, making roofing, sails, and even rope

Hōkū leʻa star and canoe

the early polynesians used the star Hoku le'a (Arcturus as the guidepost in their long journeys)

plant part of kava shrub that contains psychoactive substances

the rootstalk

traditional use of died Pandanus (hala) fruits

they could be used as a paintbrush for kapa

Psychoactive use of Kave (ʻawa) in the past and present

uses the rootstalk for the psychoactive effects. used to calm and has anti anxiety properties