Ch. 13 Learning curve, Biology of Organisms Ch.13 Leaning Curve, Bio 1010 Chapters 14-17, Bio Chapter 15, Biology of Organisms Ch.14 Leaning Curve, Biology Ch. 14, Biology launchpad chapter 15 questions USM
A population of ants on a median strip has 12 different alleles, A through L, of a particular gene. A drunk driver plows across the median strip, destroying most of the median strip and 90% of the ants. The surviving ants are homozygous for allele H. What is the impact of this event on the frequency of alleles A through L?
All of these (The frequency of alleles A through L has changed drastically. All frequencies except H are reduced to zero. H frequency is now 1.0. This event is an example of a bottleneck effect.)
Which of the steps of bacterial reproduction occurs first?
DNA is replicated
What is the genus name for humans?
Homo
Fitness is determined by the interaction between _____ and the environment.
Phenotype
Which of the following may not indicate homology between forelimbs of two organisms?
Similar functions of the bones
What are the non adaptive mechanisms of evolution?
They are mutations, genetic drift, and gene flow.
The key evolutionary milestone that separates and distinguishes land animals from fishes is:
no living fish has "true" limbs and land animals have two pairs of limbs.
Why do population biologists use the Hardy−Weinberg equation?
to compare population studies and determine if a population is evolving
Your physician had prescribed a β-lactam antibiotic for your sister. Your sister took biology in high school and is refusing to take the antibiotic because she says that it will affect osmosis in her cells. Which reason can you use to help your sister understand how the antibiotic will work?
β-lactam affects bacterial cell walls, and it can't affect human cells because they do not have cell walls.
If the genotype HH represents curly hair, Hh represents wavy hair, and hh represents straight hair, in a population where 20% of the population has curly hair, what is the genotype frequency of the people who have wavy hair?
%50
Which statement is true about a nonevolving population?
-Allele frequencies do not change over generations. -Genotype frequencies do not change over generations. -Individuals randomly choose mates. No mutations are occurring. all of these
What is responsible for genetic variation in bacteria?
-Mutations occur in the genome during binary fission. -Gene transfer from a different bacterial strain occurs. -Mutations produce new alleles, therefore new traits. *all of these*
A farmer has a herd of goats, which his family has been breeding for the last 100 years. The farmer is remarkably upset, however, because his herd demonstrates physical malformations (e.g., lack of horns, misshapen limbs, lack of hooves). Which statement is likely true of this herd of goats?
-Over the last 100 years, inbreeding has likely occurred in this goat population. -The malformations the farmer observes are likely the result of his goats carrying detrimental recessive mutations. -The farmer could introduce genetic diversity into his goat herd by breeding his goats with animals borrowed from other farms. -The farmer's goat herd demonstrates inbreeding depression. all of these
A researcher wants to establish a population of flies in his laboratory that is in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium. To this end, he should make sure which statement is true regarding his fly population?
-The fly population must be remarkably large in size (i.e., "infinite"). -The fly population cannot experience either gene flow or genetic drift. -Natural selection cannot be acting upon this fly population. -Individual flies within this population must be able to mate randomly. ALL OF THESE
A population of ants on a median strip has 12 different alleles, A through L, of a particular gene. A drunk driver plows across the median strip, destroying most of the median strip and 90% of the ants. The surviving ants are homozygous for allele H. What is the impact of this event on the frequency of alleles A through L?
-The frequency of alleles A through L has changed drastically. -All frequencies except H are reduced to zero. -H frequency is now 1.0. -This event is an example of a bottleneck effect. all of these
Which group is at high risk group for MRSA?
-children in day care centers -individuals confined mainly to hospitals -individuals on military bases all of these
A change in allele frequencies in a population over time in response to environmental pressure is characteristic of _____
-directional selection -diversifying selection -natural selection -stabilizing selection
Which of these is a stressor for city mice?
-pollution -living in crowded quarters -competition for sex -competition for food ALL OF THESE
Treating and preventing infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be accomplished by _____.
-reducing antibiotics in livestock feed -washing hands frequently -disinfecting common surfaces -researching new vaccines all of these
One hundred alleles out of a total of 1,000 alleles would be an allele frequency of:
0.10.
Genetic diversity is measured in terms of allele frequencies (the relative proportions of a specific allele in a gene pool). A population of 3,200 mice has 4,200 dominant G alleles and 2,200 recessive g alleles. What is the frequency of G alleles in the population?
0.34
Genetic diversity is measured in terms of allele frequencies (the relative proportions of a specific allele in a gene pool). A population of 3,200 mice has 4,200 dominant G alleles and 2,200 recessive g alleles. What is the frequency of recessive g alleles in the population?
0.34
What are the two Hardy Weinberg equations?
1. p^2 +2pq+q^2=1 2.P+Q=1
Beta-lactams include _____.
1. penicillin 2. cephalosporins 3. methicillin 4. cephalexin
What are the 5 mechanisms of evolution?
1.Genetic Drift 2. Mutations 3. Non-random mating 4. Gene Flow 5.Natural selection
What are the 5 Hardy Weinberg conditions?
1.Large population 2.Population must be isolated 3.No mutations 4.Random mating 5.No natural selection
MRSA sickens some 75,000 people in the United States each year and kills almost _____.
10,000
When an igneous rock is formed, what are the relative amounts of Uranium-238 and Lead-206?
100% Uranium-238 and 0% Lead-206
MRSA sickens some 94,000 people in the United States each year and kills almost
19,000
Drug-resistant staph strains first emerged in hospitals during the early _____.
1960s
Approximately how many species have been classified?
2 million
A population of aliens with similar genetics as humans is affected by a homozygous recessive condition known as "xbziq." This condition causes aliens to die at young ages because their digestive tracts are not able to effectively process food and obtain the necessary nutrients and energy from their diets. Approximately 2% of the newborn aliens have the xbziq condition. What is the carrier (heterozygote) frequency in the population?
24%
A population of aliens with similar genetics as humans is affected by a homozygous recessive condition known as "xbziq." This condition causes aliens to die at young ages because their digestive tracts are not able to effectively process food and obtain the necessary nutrients and energy from their diets. Approximately 2% of the newborn aliens have the xbziq condition. What is the carrier (heterozygote) frequency in the population?
24% The frequency of homozygous recessives (q2) is 2% (0.02). Therefore, the frequency of q is the square root of 0.02 = .1414. P = 1 - q = 0.86. The carrier frequency is 2pq = 24.1%
The oldest prokaryotic fossils date approximately _____ million years ago.
3,500
In a given population of mice, if there are 15 mice each with 2 alleles for each gene, there are _____ alleles for each gene.
30
Experts estimate that approximately _____ of the U.S. population (nearly 90 million people) is colonized by S. aureus.
30%−40%
The oldest moon rocks brought back from the Apollo missions are about _____ billion years old.
4.4-4.5
Scientists estimated that the age of Earth is approximately _____ billion years old.
4.54
The giant panda has six digits on its "hands." One of these is a "thumb." The thumb is derived from a wrist bone and appears to be a response to a diet rich in bamboo, which requires a thumb to "strip" before eating. The immediate ancestors to this panda will have _____ digits.
5
Which of the following puts a healthy person at greater risk for a MRSA infection?
A medical procedure that weakens the immune system; Undergoing a procedure that causes a break in the skin; Being a child whose immune system is still maturing; being elderly
Which of the following traits found in Tiktaalik are more amphibian-like than fish-like?
A mobile neck
What is the relationship between a population's gene pool and their genotypes?
A population's gene pool is the total collection of alleles. Two alleles put together from each parent creates the genotype for an organism so the genotypes of a population are based on the population's gene pool and what alleles are present in a certain population.
That Tiktaalik can do "pushups" is reflected in its:
Ability to hold its fin below the body; Ability to bend the fin outward; Ability to bend the elbow
The response of a population to environmental pressure so that advantageous traits become more common in the population over time is called:
Adaptation
Which statement is true about a nonevolving population?
All of these (Allele frequencies do not change over generations. Genotype frequencies do not change over generations. Individuals randomly choose mates. No mutations are occurring.)
A farmer has a herd of goats, which his family has been breeding for the last 100 years. The farmer is remarkably upset, however, because his herd demonstrates physical malformations (e.g., lack of horns, misshapen limbs, lack of hooves). Which statement is likely true of this herd of goats?
All of these (Over the last 100 years, inbreeding has likely occurred in this goat population. The malformations the farmer observes are likely the result of his goats carrying detrimental recessive mutations. The farmer could introduce genetic diversity into his goat herd by breeding his goats with animals borrowed from other farms. The farmer's goat herd demonstrates inbreeding depression.)
Illegal hunting for ivory in Africa causes the deaths of 85% of an endangered elephant population. When considering the future survival of this population, which of these is a concern for scientists?
All of these (an increase in the gene pool of recessive genes that may carry mutations decreased allelic diversity the ability of this population to exchange genes with neighboring populations inbreeding depression among survivors)
Which description is NOT a characteristic of genetic drift?
Allele frequencies do not change due to chance events.
Which of the following statements is/are true about a non-evolving population?
Allele frequencies do not change over generations; genotype frequencies do not change over time; Individuals choose mates with which they share many alleles
Which of the following occurs with respect to allele frequencies in a non-evolving population?
Allele frequencies do not change over time
Which situation occurs with respect to allele frequencies in a nonevolving population?
Allele frequencies do not change over time.
Chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth by interfering with the function of the essential bacterial cell structures are:
Antibiotics
You are fossil hunting in the Southeastern United States and find a fossil that appears to be an early member of the family Camelidae. The family includes llamas (some of which are native to South America) and camels. However, there are no camels or llamas in the Southeastern United States. Which of the following can explain your finding?
As North and South America were physically connected in the past, there could have been Camelidae in what is now North America, but they obviously didn't survive to the present time.
What are the domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Which group of organisms is likely to actually have the greatest number of species?
Bacteria, protists, and archaea
Which of the following have made Tiktaalik famous?
Because, of its fins
If penguins have adapted to survive in cold climates, why aren't they found in the Arctic?
Because, the ancestors of penguins evolved in what is now the Southern hemisphere, after it split from the Northern hemisphere.
Two organisms have inherited the same gene from a common ancestor. Why might this gene have different sequences in the two organisms?
Because, they are distantly related; Because, the gene has undergone mutations over generations in each group of organisms.
A type of asexual reproduction in which one parent cell divides into two is called:
Binary fission
Timber wolves in Wisconsin have gene pools with very few different alleles. Therefore, more defective, recessive traits are increasing in this wolf population. What are some steps that conservationists might consider to introduce new alleles into this population?
Bring in an unrelated population of female wolves and release them to breed with the Wisconsin wolves.
To what are polar bears most closely related?
Brown bears
In researching a paper for you non-majors biology class you come across a web site trying to raise money for conservation biologists who are studying a population of wolves in a national park. The money raised would be used to bring new wolves into the park for breeding purposes because the population in the park is currently experiencing inbreeding depression. How can this inbreeding depression be assessed?
By a large number of homozygous recessives
Early in development, a human embryo resembles a _____.
Cat embryo, Chick embryo, Fish embryo, Snake embryo
What are antibiotics?
Chemicals that kill bacteria, Slow bacterial growth, Chemicals that interfere with the functioning of essential bacterial cell structures
Which of the following is a high-risk group for MRSA?
Children in day care centers; Individuals in prison; Men who have sex with men; Certain ethnic groups
Fish in the Antarctic Ocean and fish in the Arctic Ocean have "antifreeze" that keeps their blood from freezing. Both species of fish have different antifreeze proteins. This is an example of:
Convergent evolution; Different genes evolving that code for different antifreezes.
Why was the classification of the kingdom Monera split into two domains?
DNA evidence showed that it was made up of two distinct groups of organisms, and based partly on the work of Carl Woese.
Which of the steps of bacterial reproduction occurs first?
DNA is replicated.
Which of the following is NOT involved in bacterial reproduction?
Daughter cells stay attached
Which step is NOT involved in bacterial reproduction?
Daughter cells stay attached.
Archeopteryx is a fossil that has jaws and teeth, clawed fingers, a long body tail, and wings with feathers. This is a transitional fossil between __________.
Dinosaurs and birds
S. aureus can be transferred from person to person by:
Direct contact with contaminated skin; The use of soap and towels; contaminated surfaces
The evolution of antibiotic resistance is an example of:
Directional selection
The type of natural selection in which organisms with phenotypes at one end of the spectrum are favored by the environment is:
Directional selection
What happened during the Cambrian explosion?
Diversification of animal diversity
A type of natural selection in which organisms with phenotypes at both extremes of the phenotypic range are favored by the environment is:
Diversifying selection
Which of the following categories contains the greatest number of organisms?
Domain
Different environments are responsible for:
Ecological isolation
Tiktaalik fossils have both fishlike and tetrapod-like characteristics. Which of the following characteristic(s) supports the body out of the water?
Elongated bony ribs; weight-bearing pectoral fins; ankles
A highly resistant antibiotic strain of S. aureus would reproduce:
Equally in the presence or absence of antibiotic
Which domain currently has the greatest number of classified species?
Eukarya
The change in allele frequencies in a population over time is called:
Evolution
Phylogenetic trees depict:
Evolutionary change
Methicillin is currently used to treat staph infections.
False
Reproductive isolation among a population of the same species is always detrimental to their survival.
False
Which of the following is NOT a tetrapod?
Fish
Differential survival and reproduction of individuals in response to environmental pressure that leads to change in allele frequencies in a population over time is called:
Fitness
A male from species A mates with a female from species B. Male A's sperm swims and finds the egg, but the sperm is unable to penetrate the egg. This is an example of:
Gametic Isolation
The total collection of alleles in a population is the:
Gene Pool
There are two populations of trout in a town, both of which inhabit a different lake. These lakes are connected by a stream, and trout from these two populations are able to breed with one another. This is an example of which of the following?
Gene flow
Random changes of allele frequency of a population between generations is an example of:
Genetic drift
Which of the following traits of Tiktaalik helped it to live in water?
Gills
The principle that in a non-evolving population both allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next, is the basis for:
Hardy- Weinberg equilibrium
The principle that in a nonevolving population, both allele and genotype frequencies remain constant from one generation to the next is the basis for _____. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium
The negative reproductive consequences for a population associated with having a high frequency of homozygous individuals possessing harmful recessive alleles is:
Inbreeding depression
Why is the Hardy−Weinberg equation important when it comes to public health issues?
It can be used to predict the frequency of recessive genetic conditions in a human population.
Why is the Hardy−Weinberg principle useful when studying population genetics?
It explains how alleles and genotypes behave in a nonevolving population, because the Hardy-Weinberg principle gives biologists a baseline to evaluate whether or not evolution is occurring in a population.
What is behavioral isolation?
It is different mating activities. One example is that the Prairie Chicken is not attracted to the mating display of the Ring-Necked Pheasant.
An island has a population of 10,000 birds and has 80% grey individuals and 20% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. Which of the following must be true about this population?
It is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
An island has a population of 10,000 birds and has 80% gray individuals and 20% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. Which statement must be true about this population?
It is in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium.
Which of these defines the founder effect?
It is one type of genetic drift.
What is genetic drift?
It is random changes in the allele frequencies of a populations between generations. Genetic Drift tends to be a lot more dramatic in smaller populations. An example of a genetic drift would be if the shelter of a fox didn't get taken out, but the shelter of a similar fox nearby got taken out so the original fox will reproduce and pass on its genes but the second fox will not reproduce so its genes won't get passed on.
What is a gene pool?
It is the total collection of alleles in a population
What is ecological isolation?
It is when a species can't reproduce because of different environments. The arctic and desert foxes are an example.
What is gene flow?
It is when alleles move from one population to another. For example if a finch with a large beak moved into a population with a bunch of finches with small beaks.
What is Gametic Isolation?
It is when gametes cannot unite. One example is that the gametes of a dog and a cat cannot unite to form a zygote.
What is hybrid inviability?
It is when gametes unite but viable offspring can't be formed.
What is temporal isolation?
It is when mating behaviors or fertility is at different times. The leopard and bull frogs are a examples because leopard frogs reproduce in spring and bullfrog in summer.
What is Mechanical isolation?
It is when mating organs are incompatible. One example is plants pollinated by the hummingbird vs plants pollinated by the Black Bee.
What is mutation?
It is when new alleles are created randomly in a population. For example if a 6 legged star fish appeared in a 5 legged population.
What is hybrid infertility?
It is when viable offspring cannot reproduce. A mule is one example.
A population of small fish is introduced into a large lake (Lake Grande). The lake has regions of different depths, from shallow to deep, with different oxygen levels and algal (fish food) populations. Another population of the same species of fish is introduced into a small, uniform pond (Wee Lac). After many generations, which body of water will have more species of fish?
Lake Grande
The fact that a human arm and a bird wing look different is that during the process of inheritance _____ are continuously introduced into the DNA of genes.
Mutations
Bacteria can become resistant to drugs by:
Mutations and acquiring "resistance genes"
There are five characteristics that a population must have to NEVER experience a change in allele frequencies. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
Natural Selection
Which of the following is an adaptive trait with respect to evolution?
Natural selection
The most severe disease that can result from MRSA is:
Necrotizing fasciltis
Which of the following hypothetical antibiotics would treat bacterial infections by interfering with bacterial reproduction?
One that decreases cell membrane synthesis
A farmer has a herd of goats, which his family has been breeding for the last 100 years. The farmer is remarkably upset, however, as his herd demonstrates physical malformations (e.g., lack of horns, misshapen limbs, lack of hooves). Which of the following statements is likely true of this herd of goats?
Over the last 100 years, inbreeding has likely occurred in this goat population; The malformations the farmer observes are likely the result of his goats carrying detrimental recessive mutations; The farmer could introduce genetic diversity into his goat herd by breeding his goats with animals borrowed from other farms; The farmer's goat herd demonstrates inbreeding depression
Which of the following is a stressor for city mice?
Pollution; living in crowded quarters; competition for sex; competition for food
Of the three populations described below, each of which has 1,000 members, which population has the highest genetic diversity? Note that only one gene is present and that this gene has three possible alleles: A1, A2, and a. Population A: 70% have A1/A1 genotype, 25% have an A1/A2 genotype, and 5% have an A1/a genotype. Population B: 50% have an A1/A1 genotype, 20% have an A2/A2 genotype, 10% have an a/a genotype. Population C: 80% have an A1/A1 genotype, and 20% have an A1/a genotype.
Population B
Of the three populations described below, each of which has 1,000 members, which population has the highest genetic diversity? Note that only one gene is present and that this gene has three possible alleles: A1, A2, and a. Population A: 70% have an A1/A1 genotype, 25% have an A1/A2 genotype, and 5% have an A1/a genotype. Population B: 50% have an A1/A1 genotype, 30% have an A2/A2 genotype, 20% have an a/a genotype. Population C: 80% have an A1/A1 genotype, and 20% have an A1/a genotype.
Population B
Which of the following would you find in the domain Eukarya?
Protists; humans & animals; plants; fungi
The periodic burst of species change as a result of sudden environmental change is called:
Punctuated equilibrium
An unstable form of an element that decays into another element by radiation is a(n):
Radioactive isotope
The most important method for dating rocks is ________ dating.
Radiometric
The use of radioactive isotopes as a measure to determine the age of rock or fossils is termed:
Radiometric dating
Treating and preventing infections by antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be accomplished by:
Reducing antibiotics in livestock feed; Washing hands frequently; Disinfecting common surfaces; Researching new vaccines
Which of the following is a harmful bacterium?
Salmonella
Which of these is a harmful bacterium?
Salmonella
You have a population of dogs with three alleles for teeth size: L (large), M (medium), and S (small). Individuals with SS, SM, SL have small teeth. Individuals with MM have medium teeth. Individuals with LL or LM have large teeth. After a strange viral disease infected the population of dogs, all of the small-teethed individuals did not survive. What will happen to the population after 10 generations? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
Small teeth will be missing
You have a population of dogs with three alleles for teeth size: L (large), M (medium), and S (small). Individuals with SS, SM, SL have small teeth. Individuals with MM have medium teeth. Individuals with LL or LM have large teeth. After a strange viral disease infected the population of dogs, all of the small-teethed individuals did not survive. What will happen to the population after 10 generations?
Small teeth will be missing.
A 150-nucleotide sequence of DNA from humans and five other vertebrates were analyzed, with the following results: Species A had 29 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA. Species B had 85 nucleotides that differed from human DNA. Species C had 5 nucleotides that differed from human DNA. Species D had 92 nucleotides that differed from the human DNA. Species E had 37 nucleotides that differed from human DNA. Which of the above is most distantly related to humans?
Species D
Species X has a gene A that has this as part of its sequence: ATGCTGCCTAGCG Which species is most closely related to species X, based on their gene A sequence?
Species D: ATTCCTGCCTAGCG
A type of natural selection in which organisms near the middle of the phenotypic range of variation are favored is:
Stabilizing selection
MRSA and drug resistance staph refer to:
Staph strains that are resistant to penicillins; Staph strains that are resistant to cephalosporins; Staph strains that are resistant to beta-lactams
Two species of mice breed at different times of the year. This is an example of which type of isolation?
Temporal
Illegal hunting for ivory in Africa causes the deaths of 85% of an endangered elephant population. When considering the future survival of this population, which of the following is a concern for scientists?
The ability of this population to exchange genes with neighboring populations; inbreeding depression among survivors
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that in a non-evolving population:
The allele frequencies and the genotypes are constant from one generation to the next
As a rock that is rich in Uranium-238 gets older, what happens to the relative amounts of Uranium-238 and Lead-206?
The amount of Uranium-238 decreases and the amount of Lead-206 increases.
A specific type of oyster is found in North American fossil beds dated to 100 mya. If similar oyster beds are found in European rock, in layers with a novel type of barnacle fossil, which of the following is true about the barnacles?
The barnacles are at least as old as the oysters.
Which of the following are features of both evolution and natural selection?
The change in allele frequencies over time in a population
Tiktaalik has been called a "fishapod"—part fish, part tetrapod. Which of the following applies to this statement?
The first tetrapods would have stronger hind limbs to support weight.
A scientist is studying a population of frogs in a pond. One day, copious amounts of pesticides are mistakenly released into the pond, killing off the majority of frogs (leaving only a few survivors). When the researcher revisits this pond five years later, he notices that the genetic diversity of this frog population has been dramatically reduced (compared to pre-pesticide levels). This is not an example of which of the following?
The founder effect
A population of ants on a medium strip has 12 different alleles, A through L, of a particular gene. A drunk driver plows across the medium strip, destroying most of the medium strip and 90% of the ants. The surviving ants are homozygous for allele H. What is the impact of this event on the frequency of alleles A through L?
The frequency of alleles A through L has changed drastically; A-L frequencies are reduced to zero; B frequency is now 1.0; This event is an example of a bottleneck effect
If a gene from organism A is NOT homologous to a gene in organism B, what does this mean?
The genes are not derived from a common ancestor
Which group of organisms has the most classified species?
The invertebrate animals
An antibiotic-resistant allele confers a fitness cost. What would you predict about the growth of the bacteria with the resistant allele compared to the growth of bacteria without the sensitive allele in the presence or absence of antibiotics?
The sensitive strain will have the highest fitness in the absence of antibiotic, and the resistant strain will have the highest fitness in the presence of antibiotic.
Bison and wildebeest are both large grazing animals with similar adaptations to life on relatively arid grasslands. Bison are found only in North America; wildebeest are found only in Africa. Which of the following best explains why they share similar adaptations but live on different continents.
Their common adaptations are due to the similarities in their environments, but they evolved on separate continents and have always been isolated from one another.
What are the adaptive mechanisms of evolution?
There is only one and it is natural selection.
Which of the following is TRUE of the Galapagos finches?
They are a good example of allopatric speciation; Each of the 13 species evolved from only one mainland species
What does it mean when we say that a human arm and a chicken wing are homologous?
They are derived from a common ancestor
Snakes share a common ancestor with limbed organisms. Why don't snakes have limbs?
They have vestigial limb buds that are homologous with the limbs of their limbered relatives.
A researcher is studying a population of mosquitoes in a lake. She is interested in two alleles of the same gene, D and d, in these mosquitoes. At the start of her study, she calculates the following genotype frequencies in the mosquito population: DD 0.6, Dd 0.17, and dd 0.23. When she re-samples this population 10 years later, she collects the following genotype frequencies: DD 0.4, Dd 0.3, Dd 0.3. What can the researcher conclude about this mosquito population?
This mosquito population is evolving and is not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
A researcher is studying a population of mosquitoes in a lake. She is interested in two alleles of the same gene, D and d, in these mosquitoes. At the start of her study, she calculates the following genotype frequencies in the mosquito population: DD 0.6, Dd 0.17, and dd 0.23. When she re-samples this population 10 years later, she collects the following genotype frequencies: DD 0.4, Dd 0.3, and dd 0.3. What can the researcher conclude about this mosquito population?
This mosquito population is evolving and is not in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium.
An organism that is trapped in hot lava in a volcanic eruption is more likely to be fossilized than an organism that dies in the middle of a tropical rain forest.
True
An organism's fitness depends on its environment.
True
By definition, a population is not evolving and is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium when it has stable allele frequencies and stable genotype frequencies from generation to generation.
True
Cities are active contributors to the evolutionary process.
True
Mating that occurs between closely related individuals is known as inbreeding.
True
The differences in strains of Staphylococcus are contained in its DNA.
True
Using the Hardy-Weinberg equation, if the actual genotype frequencies are different from the expected frequencies, then evolution has occurred.
True
Which of the following is the drug of choice when a serious MRSA infection is present?
Vancomyosin
An animal with a bony or cartilaginous backbone is a:
Vertebrate
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have _____ fitness in the presence of antibiotics.
Very high
Snail species A has a shell that spirals counterclockwise, but a mutation has caused multiple individuals in the population to have a clockwise shell. The genitalia of the two versions are incompatible. Is there a possibility that the individuals with the clockwise shells could become a new species?
Yes, because they are reproductively isolated from species A, if individuals with clockwise shells can mate with each other, this could cause speciation to occur.
The starting population of rabbits reproduces for several generations. In the resulting population, the frequency of the alleles for long hair versus short hair changed markedly. Did evolution occur in this case?
Yes, evolution occurred.
Zoos often construct extensive genetic profiles of their animals, maintain pedigree books, and trade or share animals for breeding purposes. A zoo with 12 pandas is considering importing a male panda from another zoo because it is worried that its population might not be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and is beginning to experience inbreeding depression. Do you agree with this recommendation?
Yes, the small population size and lack of gene flow are both concerns, and genetic diversity brought by a new panda is a good recommendation.
Zoos often construct extensive genetic profiles of their animals, maintain pedigree books, and trade or share animals for breeding purposes. A zoo with 12 pandas is considering importing a male panda from another zoo, because it is worried that its population might not be in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium and is beginning to experience inbreeding depression. Do you agree with this recommendation?
Yes, the small population size and lack of gene flow are both concerns, and genetic diversity brought by a new panda is a good recommendation.
MRSA is caused by _____.
a drug-resistant form of Staphylococcus aureus.
MSRA is caused by:
a drug-resistant form of Staphylococcus aureus.
If you were digging in the dirt in a region rich with horse fossils, where would you find fossils with three toes?
about mid-way between the deepest and shallowest fossils
The response of a population to environmental pressure so that advantageous traits become more common in the population over time is called _____.
adaptation
The change in foot structure of horses from ancestral species to modern species is indicative of:
adaptation to a prairie environment.
When a population shows an adaptation, it means that a population responds to an environmental pressure such that the presence of _____ traits _____ over time.
advantageous; increases
A population of ants on a median strip has 12 different alleles, A through L, of a particular gene. A drunk driver plows across the median strip, destroying most of the median strip and 90% of the ants. The surviving ants are homozygous for allele H. What is the impact of this event on the frequency of alleles A through L? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.
all of these
A scientist studying a species of duck (species A) finds that this species only occurs in one small lake. Despite similar lakes that occur several hundred miles to the north, the other lakes are inhabited by a similar, but different duck species (species B). Which statement could be true?
all of these
How does inbreeding in a population affect the gene pool of that group of organism
all of these
How does inbreeding in a population affect the gene pool of that group of organisms?
all of these
Illegal hunting for ivory in Africa causes the deaths of 85% of an endangered elephant population. When considering the future survival of this population, which of these is a concern for scientists?
all of these
Say a population of pheasants suddenly finds itself in a more crowded and polluted environment than it did previously. Which scenario might be true?
all of these
Which population of organisms would you expect NOT to be in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium, and thus to be evolving?
all of these
A researcher wants to establish a population of flies in his laboratory that is in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium. To this end, he should make sure which statement is true regarding his fly population?
all of these (The fly population must be remarkably large in size (i.e., "infinite"). The fly population cannot experience either gene flow or genetic drift. Natural selection cannot be acting upon this fly population. Individual flies within this population must be able to mate randomly.)
A scientist studying a species of duck (species A) finds that this species only occurs in one small lake. Despite similar lakes that occur several hundred miles to the north, the other lakes are inhabited by a similar, but different duck species (species B). Which statement could be true?
all of these (These two species mate at different times in the spring. Species A may not have the ability to move to other lakes due to distance. The habitat of the northern lakes is not suitable for species A. In the other lake, species A may be outcompeted for food and shelter by the other species B.)
Which population of organisms would you expect NOT to be in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium, and thus to be evolving?
all of these (a population of crocodiles living in the Nile River a population of killer whales living in the Atlantic Ocean a population of bacteria that is naturally occurring in a human's digestive tract a population of bed bugs living in an apartment building)
Which of the choices below might lead to you seeing a graph like this one?
an environment with soft hard seeds, where soft seeds can only be eaten by mice with small teeth, whereas hard seeds can only be eaten by mice with large teeth
Chemicals that either kill bacteria or slow their growth by interfering with the function of the essential bacterial cell structures are _____.
antibiotics
Antibiotics _____.
are chemicals that interfere with the functioning of essential bacterial cell structures
To what human structure is a bird wing homologous?
arms
Which of the following would be in the phylum Chordata with humans?
bats
Using the ratio of Uranium-238 to Lead-206 to date rocks works:
because Uranium-238 decays at a constant rate; for igneous rocks
Since the prairie chicken is not attracted to the ring-necked pheasant, this is an example of _____.
behavioral isolation
A type of asexual reproduction in which one parent cell divides into two is called _____.
binary fission
In researching a paper for your non-majors biology class, you come across a website that is trying to raise money for conservation biologists who are studying a population of wolves in a national park. The money raised would be used to bring new wolves into the park for breeding purposes because the population in the park is currently experiencing inbreeding depression. How can this inbreeding depression be assessed?
by a large number of homozygous recessives
How do β-lactam antibiotics kill sensitive bacteria?
by destabilizing the cell wall
What are the two major mechanisms by which bacterial populations generate genetic diversity?
by gene exchange and mutation
How does geographic isolation contribute to speciation?
by making it more difficult for members of the species to locate each other.
Beta-lactam antibiotics interfere with bacteria's ability to synthesize _____.
cell walls
If you carry staph of any strain but aren't sick, you are _____.
colonized
A sensitive S. aureus bacterium acquires a new gene that allows it to resist the effects of β-lactam antibiotics. What might the protein encoded by that gene do?
digest β-lactam antibiotics
The evolution of antibiotic resistance is an example of _____.
directional selection
What does plate tectonics influence?
distribution of organisms; local climate; evolution of species on land; evolution of species near land
What is inbreeding?
does not change the allele frequency within a population; Increase the proportion of homozygous individuals to heterozygous individuals
Different environments are responsible for _____.
ecological isolation
Methicillin is currently used to treat staph infections.
false
The ancestor of Tiktaalik had limbs that resembled:
fins
The relative ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment is known as _____.
fitness
Which of the following are examples of genetic drift?
founder effect and bottleneck effect
Which of these is an example of genetic drift?
founder effect and bottleneck effect
An island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% grey individuals and 2% black individuals. Generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. After a hurricane, 10,000 black moths are blown onto the island. The resulting change in gene frequency in the population is an example of _____.
gene flow
There are two populations of trout in an area, both of which inhabit a different lake. These lakes are connected by a stream, and trout from these two populations are able to breed with one another. This is an example of _____.
gene flow
A non-staph bacterium that is resistant to penicillin and a staph bacterium are found in the same host. After the bacteria grow and replicate, it is found that the staph bacteria is now penicillin resistant. This is likely due to _____ between the two bacteria.
gene transfer
Random changes of allele frequency in a population between generations is an example of _____.
genetic drft
Random changes in the allele frequency of a population between generations is the definition of:
genetic drift
Random changes of allele frequency in a population between generations is an example of _____.
genetic drift
The time it takes for half of an isotope to break down is its ______ life.
half
Organisms most likely to leave fossils:
have a bony skeleton and do not decompose immediately after death, but do not have feathers
The goat and sheep can mate, but the zygote formed does not survive. This is an example of _____.
hybrid inviability
Urey and Miller hypothesized that they could synthesize the building blocks of life by using:
hydrogen; methane; ammonia; water vapor
What is one human system that protects us from most infections?
immune system
Based on the fossil evidence, where did the ancestors of penguins evolve?
in New Zealand, at a time when New Zealand and Antarctica were in close proximity
Where is MRSA most likely to be a problem?
in the bloodstream
The negative reproductive consequences for a population associated with having a high frequency of homozygous individuals possessing harmful recessive alleles is _____.
inbreeding depression
The negative reproductive consequences for a population associated with having a high frequency of homozygous individuals possessing harmful recessive alleles is:
inbreeding depression
Inbreeding _____.
increases the proportion of homozygous individuals to heterozygous individuals
One of the significant findings with respect to Tiktaalik is that:
it provides a glimpse into the adaptations of vertebrate animals as they moved from water onto land.
A transitional fossil is important because:
it provides information about how a group of organisms evolved from one form to another.
The discovery of transitional fossils is important because:
it supports evolution and natural selection.
All of these statements are true about natural selection EXCEPT _____.
it works best in genetically uniform populations
The biological species concept defines a species as _____.
members of a population that interbreed and produce fertile offspring
Compared to modern-day horses, ancestral horses had:
more toes
What are two ways that genetic diversity can be reintroduced into a population?
mutation and gene flow
Bacteria can become resistant to drugs by _____.
mutations and acquiring "resistance genes"
Bacterial can acquire new genetic variation by:
mutations, acquiring new alleles, and gene transfer.
Adaptive mechanisms of evolution refer to _____.
natural selection
Differential survival and reproduction of individuals in response to environmental pressure that leads to changes in allele frequencies in a population over time is called _____.
natural selection
The feeding mouthparts of certain ants have undergone _____ such that different species' mouthparts are adapted for different food sources in their environment.
natural selection
The feeding mouthparts of certain ants have undergone _____, such that different species' mouthparts are adapted for different food sources in their environment.
natural selection
There are five characteristics that a population must have to NEVER experience a change in allele frequencies. Which of these is NOT one of them?
natural selection
Which hypothetical antibiotic would treat bacterial infections by interfering with bacterial reproduction?
one that decreases cell membrane synthesis
If the cell wall of Staphylococcus aureus fails to form properly, water will enter the cell by the process of _____.
osmosis
A scientist that studies ancient life by means of the fossil record is a
paleobiologist
The movement of the Earth's upper crust and mantle, which influences the geographical distribution of landmasses and organisms, is termed:
plate tectonics
Over time, which of the following caused changes in the land masses on Earth?
plate tectonics, temperature changes, and climate changes
A group of organisms of the same species living together in the same geographic area is called a(n) _____.
population
Of the three populations described below, each of which has 1,000 members, which population has the highest genetic diversity? Note that only one gene is present and that this gene has three possible alleles: A1, A2, and a. Population A: 70% have an A1/A1 genotype, 25% have an A1/A2 genotype, and 5% have an A1/a genotype. Population B: 50% have an A1/A1 genotype, 30% have an A2/A2 genotype, 20% have an a/a genotype. Population C: 80% have an A1/A1 genotype, and 20% have an A1/a genotype.
population B
As far as how many species there are on the planet Earth, species diversity, which of the following groups may be immeasurable?
protists, bacteria, and archaea
What term refers to mechanisms that prevent mating (and, therefore, gene flow) between members of different species?
reproductive isolation
Which of the four regions of the body contain species of staph that are considered helpful?
skin
A type of natural selection in which organisms near the middle of the phenotypic range of variation are favored is _____.
stabilizing selection
In humans, very large birth weight babies and very tiny babies do not survive as well as midrange babies. What kind of selection is acting on human birth weight?
stabilizing selection
Population genetics is the _____.
study of the genetic makeup of populations and how it changes over time
The process of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms on the basis of shared traits is called:
taxonomy
Two species of mice breed at different times of the year. This is an example of which type of isolation?
temporal
Different mating times, either seasonal or diurnal versus nocturnal, are examples of what type of isolation?
temporal isolation
The leopard frog mates in early spring and the bullfrog mates in early summer. This is an example of _____.
temporal isolation
The formula that calculates the frequency of genotypes and phenotypes that one would expect to find in a nonevolving population of mice is _____.
the Hardy−Weinberg equation
The Hardy−Weinberg principle states that in a nonevolving population _____.
the allele frequencies and the genotypes are constant from one generation to the next
What would you need to measure to be able to tell if a population was evolving?
the allele frequencies in the population over many generations
A scientist is studying a population of frogs in a pond. One day, copious amounts of pesticides are mistakenly released into the pond, killing off the majority of frogs (leaving only a few survivors). When the researcher revisits this pond five years later, he notices that the genetic diversity of this frog population has been dramatically reduced (compared to pre-pesticide levels). This is an example of _____.
the bottleneck effect
Which of these is a feature of both evolution and natural selection?
the change in allele frequencies over time in a population
A scientist is studying a population of frogs in a pond. One day, copious amounts of pesticides are mistakenly released into the pond, killing off the majority of frogs (leaving only a few survivors). When the researcher revisits this pond five years later, he notices that the genetic diversity of this frog population has been dramatically reduced (compared to pre-pesticide levels). This is not an example of which of the following?
the founder effect
What can inhibit the fossilization of a dead organism?
the presence of microorganisms
What permitted the evolution of complex eukaryotic organisms?
the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere
What is the environmental pressure in the case of antibiotic resistance?
the presence or absence of antibiotics in the environment
Which of these is decreased when there is stabilizing selection?
the range of phenotypic variation
What is phylogeny?
the study of the evolutionary history of organisms
What is biogeography?
the study of the geographic distribution of species
Which of the following pairs does NOT represent intermediate fossils?
the transition between fish and amphibians
A bottleneck is best described as a reduction in the size of an original population followed by an expansion in size as the surviving members reproduce.
true
An organism's fitness depends on its environment.
true
By definition, a population is not evolving and is in Hardy−Weinberg equilibrium when it has stable allele frequencies and stable genotype frequencies from generation to generation.
true
Even though mutation rates for bacteria and humans are identical, bacteria are able to adapt more quickly to their environment than are humans.
true
Mating that occurs between closely related individuals is known as inbreeding.
true
The differences in strains of Staphylococcus are contained in its DNA.
true
The study of mice in Manhattan, New York, offers a preview of what human activity will do to many other species.
true
There are more bacteria living in and on you than there are cells that make up the human body.
true
Using the Hardy−Weinberg equation, if the actual genotype frequencies are different from the expected frequencies, then evolution has occurred.
true
Which situation puts a healthy person at greater risk for a MRSA infection?
undergoing a medical procedure that weakens the immune system undergoing a procedure that causes a break in the skin being a child whose immune system is still maturing being elderly *all of these*
Which of these antibiotics is the drug of choice when a serious MRSA infection is present?
vancomycin
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have _____ fitness in the presence of antibiotics.
very high
