Ch.4 Common Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders

Angina pectoris can be made worse by

exercise or stress, since these things cause the heart to work harder

palpitations

feeling of the heart fluttering or beating in the chest.

peripheral edema

fluid buildup in the body; can cause swelling in the lower legs, ankles, feet, and, in severe cases, abdomen.

pulmonary edema

fluid buildup in the lungs; can interfere with gas exchange.

Plaque

in cardiology, fatty deposits in the coronary arteries.

Cardiomyopathy treatment:

includes medications to strengthen the heart and eliminate excess fluids

Coronary artery disease can cause:

increased blood pressure and decreased blood flow to the heart muscle

Heart valve disease: Valve damage may be caused by some ________ or valves may be impaired due to _______ defects

infections, congenital

Possible complications of blood clots: Clot can travel from

its original location and cause greater damage

The function of the heart valves is to

keep blood flowing properly through the heart

regurgitation

leaking of blood back into the chamber from which it is being pumped; also called backflow.

Possible complications of blood clots: mount and severity of damage depends on the

location of the clot and how quickly it is treated

Hypertension treatment can include:

medication, monitoring, and lifestyle changes

sputum

mucus coughed up from the lungs.

Hypertension can occur without _______ ______

noticeable symptoms

hemiparesis

paralysis on one side of the body.

Coronary artery disease also poses danger of _____

plaque loosening, traveling, and then blocking the flow of blood to crucial locations

In cardiomyopathy when the heart is enlarged it cannot

pump effectively

Prompt attention and treatment is essential for ______ caused by a stroke.

reducing the damage

Heart valve disease: Damaged or poorly functioning valves can allow

regurgitation (backflow)

Congestive heart failure can affect the

right or left side of the heart

Untreated hypertension can cause

stroke, heart failure, or kidney damage

cardiac output

the amount of blood pumped by the heart

Possible complications of blood clots: Tissue supplied by

the blocked vessel dies

If angina pectoris occurs without exertion or stress as a trigger its called:

unstable angina

In cardiomyopathy when the heart isn't pumping effective it can cause:

valve damage and can increase pressure on the blood vessels

hemiplegia

weakness on one side of the body.

When does coronary artery disease occur?

when arteries supplying the heart muscle become narrowed, thickened, and hardened by the buildup of fatty deposits

Heart valve disease:Regurgitation makes the heart

work harder to pump and can also increase the risk of blood clots

EKG technicians should be aware of these signs and symptoms of low cardiac output: Recognizing and reporting these signs and symptoms can:

- Fatigue - Changes in level of consciousness - Weak pulse - Cold or cyanotic extremities - Low blood pressure ** reduce the harm caused by MI and prevent cardiac arrest.

In cardiomyopathy the muscular layer of the heart is _____

enlarged

Untreated left sided CHF:

eventually causes right-sided CHF

Some patients having a heart attack will experience different symptoms. All of the following can be symptoms of MI:

- Shortness of breath - Lightheadedness - Fatigue - Flu-like symptoms - Female patients are more likely to experience - chest pressure and to deny that they are having a heart attack

Hypertension risk factors:

- Smoking - Obesity - Diet high in far or salt - Stress - Family history of hypertension - African American heritage

Blood clots may form when:

- When blood flows through damaged arteries - When blood pools in the heart or in the veins of the lower extremities - When a person has a medical condition that increases the risk of blood clots

Clots can also form within ________. These clots are also dangerous and can cause ______ or ______

- the arteries - myocardial infarction or cardiovascular accident.

DVT can be very dangerous if the clot moves _______. Symptoms may not be present until ________

- to the lungs - the clot moves to the lungs.

Congestive heart failure can be caused by:

different conditions (e.g., myocardial infarction, hypertension)

dysphagia

difficulty speaking.

thrombus

a blood clot or collection of plaque formed within a blood vessel.

embolus

a blood clot or loosened plaque that travels from its original site and can block blood flow.

pulmonary embolism

a blood clot or other blockage found in the lungs.

Hypertension can be

a chronic disease of its own or a sign of other diseases in the cardiovascular system

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

a condition in which a blood clot forms deep under the skin, usually in the legs.

Congestive heart failure

a condition in which the heart muscle is damaged and is no longer able to pump effectively; causes blood to back up in various parts of the body.

cardiomyopathy

a condition in which the muscular layer of the heart is enlarged, making the heart unable to pump effectively.

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

a condition that occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain; also called stroke.

cardiac arrest

a total loss of heart function.

ascites

abnormal fluid in the abdominal cavity.

Cardiomyopathy causes include:

advanced age, alcoholism, and heredity

congenital defect

an abnormality that occurred before birth.

Unstable angina may indicated that:

arteriosclerosis is getting worse and there is a greater chance of MI

occlude

block or plug up.

blood clot

blood that has become solid within the body.

Right sided CHF causes

blood to back up in the veins returning blood to the right atrium, and in organs that filter the blood, such as the liver and spleen

Left Sided CHF causes

blood to back up into the pulmonary veins

Ischemia can cause _____

chest pain (called angina pectoris) because the heart muscle is not receiving enough oxygen

unstable angina

chest pain that occurs at rest and/or in the absence of stress; can be a warning sign for myocardial infarction.

angina pectoris

chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.

ischemia

condition in which an embolus blocks a coronary artery, resulting in a lack of oxygen to the heart muscle supplied by that vessel.

arteriosclerosis

condition in which one or more of the coronary arteries becomes blocked, hardened, or narrowed by fatty deposits (plaque).

In cardiomyopathy: Fluid buildup in the lungs and body tissues results from

decreased circulation