Chapter 13 Global

self-serving bias

A bias in which people tend to attribute good deeds and successes to their own internal attributes but attribute bad deeds or failures to external factors.

self-enhancement

A collection of psychological processes by which individuals maintain or enhance their self-esteem.

independent construal of self

A sense of self that views the self as a bounded entity, clearly separated from relevant others.

interdependent construal of self

A sense of self that views the self as unbounded, flexible, and contingent on context. This sense of self is based on a principle of the fundamental connectedness among people.

fundamental attribution error

A tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but to explain one's own behaviors using external attributions; also known as correspondence bias.

dispositional attributions

Attributions about people's internal characteristics, traits, or personality.

situational dispositions

Attributions based on the situation or context.

external attributions

Attributions that locate the cause of behavior outside a person, such as other people, nature, or acts of God; these are also known as situational dispositions.

internal attributions

Attributions that specify the cause of behavior within a person; also known as dispositional attributions, because they are attributions about people's dispositions.

Terror management theory would suggest that self-enhancement is not a universal psychological process, but that individuals will universally work to bolster their self-esteem.

False

The self is by definition a conscious part of ourselves.

False

____ refers to a tendency to explain the behaviors of others using internal attributions but to explain one's own behaviors using external attributions.

Fundamental attribution error

Coexistence of private, public, and collective

Individualistic settings: private self > public & collective self Collectivistic settings: collective self > private & public self

Types of attributional style

Internal attribution: focus on disposition Also called dispositional attribution External attribution: focus on situation Also called situational attribution U.S: dispositional attribution > situational attribution Chinese & Hong Kong: situational attribution > dispositional attribution

Who used the independent vs. interdependent self-construal theory to describe two fundamentally different senses of self?

Markus and Kitayama

Types of identity

Personal identity Relational identity Collective identity > Cultural, ethnic, and racial identity

mutual self-enhancement

Self-enhancement that is achieved through the giving and receiving of compliments between partners in a close relationship.

____ refers to the cognitive and affective evaluations we make about ourselves.

Self-esteem

____ is the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal factors and one's failures to other factors (Bradley, 1978).

Self-serving bias

cultural reaffirmation effect

The amplified endorsement of home cultural values by bicultural individuals.

Which one of the following statements is correct?

The cultural values of people of different cultures differ depending on the specific context in which they are located

tactical self-enhancement

The idea that people of different cultures all self-enhance, but they choose to do it in different ways, i.e., tactically.

better than average effect

The tendency for individuals to underestimate the commonality of desirable traits and to overestimate their uniqueness.

self-effacement

The tendency to downplay one's virtues.

terror-management theory

The theory that suggests that, because humans have unique cognitive abilities, they are the only animals that are aware of the fact that we will die eventually, and we are afraid, terrified in fact, of that inevitable death. Because inevitable death is terrifying to us, we create psychological phenomena as a buffer against the terror of dying.

A fundamental attribution error can also be referred to as:

a correspondence bias

Sometimes one is not recognized as a member of a group to which he or she identifies. This is known as:

group identity rejection

Self-esteem ____ with objective standards of competence or performance

is not often correlated

Matsumoto, et al. (1996) administered an individualism-collectivism scale to Japanese university students, and classified the participants as either individualists or collectivists. They reported that:

over 70% of the Japanese respondents were classified as individualists

The theoretical framework that suggests that self-enhancement is a universal process, but that people of different cultures do it in different ways is called:

tactical self-enhancement

The ____ suggests that because humans have unique cognitive abilities, we are aware of the fact that we will die eventually and are terrified of that inevitable death.

terror management theory

Concerning the interdependent construal of the self, individuals may:

verify and confirm them in private through social comparison

Oyserman and colleagues (2002) conducted a meta-analysis involving 83 studies in which they demonstrated that European Americans ____ than African Americans or Latinos, and ____ than Japanese or Koreans.

were not more individualistic, not less collectivistic