Exam 2 psych 210

What is the central executive?

The attentional process that monitors incoming data. Allocates data to certain slave systems. Has limited processing capacity.

What is the constructive nature of memory?

The constructive nature of memory is the fact that memory is built upon: what is actually happening, and a person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

What is encoding specificity?

a) context-dependent (external) b) Mood/state dependent (Internal)

Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory? a) Classical conditioning b) Semantic memory c) Priming d) Procedural memory

b) Semantic memory

What is the procedural memory?

type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things

What is chunking?

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically

What is implicit memory?

our skills and conditioned responses. not conscious

What is long term memory?

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system

What are the types of explicit memory?

- free recall: no cues -serial recall: Info in order -cued recall: cues given (fill in the blank) -simple recognition: judge (true or false) -forced choice recognition (multiple choice)

How does encoding affect retrieval?

-Images help create connections -Self-reference effect: Memory is better if you are asked to relate a word to yourself. -Generation effect (organization): Generating material yourself, rather than passively receiving it, enhances learning and retention.

What is the information processing model called?

The Modal Model

How long does it take STM to decay?

18 sec

What is sensory memory?

Its the retention for a brief period of time of sensory information.

What is now print! theory?

research using the repeated recall task has shown that flashbulb memories are not like photographs. Unlike photographs, which remain the same for many years, people's memories for how they heard about flashbulb events change over time.

What is the visuospatial sketchpad?

stores visual and spatial information

What is working memory?

A limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as comprehension, learning, and reasoning.

iconic vs echoic memory

Echoic cued by category (#, word). Iconic cant Echoic has greater capacity (hear more) Echoic lasts longer(~5 sec). ~1 sec

Examples of chunking?

Ericcson: uses chunking to identify 79 pieces of info Chase and Simon: Chess experiment, Chunking is based on experience and knowledge

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Repeating information over and over to hold it in short-term memory longer.

Whats an example of iconic memory?

Wundts experiment with remembering letters Sperling discovered partial report procedure Info decays in less than 1 sec

What is elaborative rehearsal?

a method of transferring information from STM into LTM by making that information meaningful in some way

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a)iconic memory b)top-down processing c)a visual delay effect d)echoic memory

a)iconic memory

What is echoic memory?

auditory sensory memory

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is approximately a) 1-3 minutes. b) 15-20 seconds. c) 5-7 minutes. d) a fraction of a second.

b) 15-20 seconds.

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is a) stored. b) encoded, stored, and retrieved. c) retrieved. d) encoded.

d) encoded.

What is semantic memory?

facts and general knowledge

What is the phonological loop?

holds verbal and auditory information

What is episodic memory?

information about events we have personally experienced

What is declarative long term memory?

knowing something. conscious. episodic/semantic

What is explicit memory?

memories we are aware of

What is the capacity of Short term memory?

miller says 7 +/- 2 Digit span

What is schema theory?

people mold memories to fit information that already exists in their minds

What is memory?

the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.

What is the serial position curve?

the tendency of a person to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst

What is a flashbulb memory?

very vivid/strong memory created in moment of high emotion

What is iconic memory?

visual sensory memory

What is the duration of short term memory?

15-20 seconds

What are intrusions when retelling information?

Adding material, Filling up gaps, prior knowledge

What is coding in memory?

Can be visual, Phonological, or semantic.

What is the duration of LTM?

Declines over first 3-6 years, then stable for 30-35 years.

What is short term memory?

Its the system involved in storing small amounts of information for a brief period of time.

What are omissions when retelling information?

Leaving things out, random, selection to give gist

What is transfer appropriate processing?

Memory is enhanced if the tasks at encoding and retrieval match

What are the three parts of the phonological loop and their functions?

Phonological similarity effect: Letters that sound the same Word-Length effect: the memory for short words vs long words Articulatory suppression: when rehearsal is prevented by a sound "the, the, the"

According to Brown and Kulik's concept of flashbulb memory, people now in their early 20s do not hold a flashbulb memory for the attacks of 9/11 because a) in 2001 they were too young to realize how consequential the event was. b) kids do not encode eventskids lacked the background schema to encode the information about the events of 9/11. c) the now print mechanism only works in adults. d) all the answers are correct.

a) in 2001 they were too young to realize how consequential the event was.

Neisser proposed that a) narrative rehearsal explains flashbulb memory. b) all the options are incorrect. c) flashbacks to the event defines the nature of flashbulb memory. d) flashbulb memories occur as a result of a biological mechanism called now print.

a) narrative rehearsal explains flashbulb memory.

The primacy effect is attributed to a) recall of information stored in LTM. b) forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. c) recall of information still active in STM. d) a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.

a) recall of information stored in LTM.

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. a) recognition b) recall c) word-completion d) implicit memory

a) recognition

Experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ____ in LTM. a) retrieval cues b) elaborative rehearsal c) mass practice d) long-term potentiation

a) retrieval cues

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of _____ on memory. a) bias b) confabulation c) schemas d) scripts

c) schemas

Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves a)a smaller stimulus set b)a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. c)a smaller response set d)a shorter rehearsal period.

c)a smaller response set

The "magic number," according to Miller, is a) 7 and 11. b) lucky 13. c) 5 plus or minus 2. d) 7 plus or minus 2.

d) 7 plus or minus 2.

What is test-retest paradigm?

Compares recent memories to those obtained months or years ago.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a) transfer-appropriate processing. b) personal semantic memory. c) elaborative rehearsal d) episodic-based processing.

a) transfer-appropriate processing.

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble which of the following? a) "Which of the following words is related to "plant," TREE or SHOE." b) "Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E." c) "Report the first word that you associate with TREE." d) "Explain your earliest personal memory that relates to TREE."

b) "Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T _ _ E." word fragment completion

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a)PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN b) MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP c) BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY d) SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG

b) MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

What approach did Bartlett use to study memory? a) both qualitative and quantitative b)quantitative, counting the number of ideas recalled in the story c) qualitative, using correspondence between the actual story and its recall

c) qualitative, using correspondence between the actual story and its recall

A patient with impaired episodic memory would most likely have the greatest difficulty in a) remembering the meaning of some words. b) recalling where to find eating utensils in the kitchen. c) remembering where a best friend had moved. d) recognizing famous people.

c) remembering where a best friend had moved.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a) linking the new word to a previously learned concept. b) using it in a sentence. c) repeating it over and over. d) thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

c) repeating it over and over.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____. a)priming; interference b)interference; decay c)decay; interference d)decay; lack of rehearsal

c)decay; interference

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory. a) semantic; implicit b) implicit; episodic c) procedural; episodic d) episodic; semantic

d) episodic; semantic

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a) rehearsal cannot account for them. b) people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy). c) they are permanent and resist forgetting. d) extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

d) extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is A) forgotten. b) permanently stored. c) perceived. d) manipulated.

d) manipulated.

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention is focused on a) the category of a word. b) the pleasantness of a word. c) the meaning of a word. d) the number of vowels in a word.

d) the number of vowels in a word.

What are primary effects of implicit memory?

Facilitated processing of a previously presented picture

Which of the following is NOT an example of semantic memory? a) I remember that more than 33% of U.S. drivers have admitted to using a cell phone when driving. b) I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability. c) I remember that experiments have shown that talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

b) I remember the day we learned about how talking on cell phones can impair driving ability.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a) Repeating the words over and over in your mind b) Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned c) Deciding how many vowels each word has d) Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

b) Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following involves procedural memory? a) Recalling a childhood memory b) Reading a sentence in a book c) Knowing how it feels to be scared d) Knowing how an automobile engine works

b) Reading a sentence in a book

You have been studying for weeks for a nursing school entrance exam. You love the idea of becoming a nurse, and you have been enjoying learning about the material for your exam. Each night, you put on relaxing clothes and study in the quiet of your lovely home. Memory research suggests you should take your test with a _____ mind set. a) nervous b) calm c) excited d) neutral

b) calm

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations. a) misinformation b) constructive c) source d) event-specific

b) constructive

Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story illustrated the a) reminiscence bump. b) constructive nature of memory. c) misinformation effect. d) familiarity effect.

b) constructive nature of memory.

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a) takes longer to process. b) creates more connections. c) is more interesting. d) causes more rehearsal.

b) creates more connections.

People often report an annoying memory failure when they walk from one end of the house to the other for something and then forgetting what they went to retrieve when they reach their destination. As soon as they return to the first room, they are reminded of what they wanted in the first place. This common experience best illustrates the principle of a) the self-reference effect. b) encoding specificity. c) maintenance rehearsal. d) levels of processing theory.

b) encoding specificity.

Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a) organization b) highlighting c) making up questions about the material d) feedback

b) highlighting

If basketball legend Shaquille O'Neal wanted to remember his 16-digit credit card number, which of the following memory techniques would you recommend? a)He should picture each of the numbers in his head printed in a bright color. b)He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics. c) He should first memorize a few other sequences of 16 digits to gain some practice. d) He should visualize the front of his credit card showing a picture of him dribbling a basketball.

b)He should think of the numbers as a sequence of basketball statistics.

What is the primacy effect?

better recall for items at the beginning of a list. Located in LTM because of time to rehearse.

What is the recency effect?

better recall for items at the end of a list. located in STM

What is a difficulty in studying flashbulb memory? a) The now print biological mechanism is impossible to verify. b) All of the options are correct. c) People do not like to talk about emotional events. d) Accuracy is measured by consistency between reports.

d) Accuracy is measured by consistency between reports.

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear? a) Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second) b) Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace c) Inserting a 30-second delay before recall d) Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

d) Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event. b) It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. c) It is vivid memory for emotional events. d) It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

d) It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember a) a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. b) a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length. c) a long list of words than a short list of words. d) a list of long words than a list of short words.

d) a list of long words than a list of short words.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because a) elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM. b) saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding. c) talking makes the longer words seem even longer. d) saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

d) saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that a) it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. b) people use it strategically to enhance memory for events. c) it always leads to episodic memory for events. d) we are not conscious we are using it.

d) we are not conscious we are using it.

What process/processes schemas affect? a) encoding only b) encoding and retrieval only c) retrieval only d)encoding, storage, and retrieval

d)encoding, storage, and retrieval