Geology Exam Review 1: Chapters 1-4

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Metals in the Earth sank to the...

center

accreted means...

coalesced

We live on what type of crust?

continental crust

Lithosphere consists of the ... plus...

crust, uppermost part of the mantle

Where the pressure is greater, the mantle isn't as soft. Where is this in the mantle?

deeper

Oceanic crust is...

dense

Mantle rock is much more enriched in ... and ... than crustal rock.

iron, magnesium

Molten rock...to produce a primitive crust.

rose

Plastic layers are...and can...

soft, flow

The Nebula Theory refers to a rotating cloud called the...

solar nebula

The inner core is composed of...

solid iron and nickel

The mantle is...

solid rock

Breaking down the word lithosphere, it means...

sphere of rock

Large, outer planets begin to form from... (H2O, CO2, and others).

fragments of ices

Primitive atmosphere evolved from... in Earth's interior.

gases

Earth, being an inner, rocky planet is composed of...

heavy elements

Despite the extreme temperatures in the inner core, the pressure is great enough to...

keep it solid

The mantle is the ... part of the Earth by volume.

largest

The oldest moon rocks are...

4.47 Ga

Earth accreted about...

4.57 Ga

The solar nebula is composed of ... (hydrogen, helium, methane, water, etc.) and ... (rocky and metallic "dust")

volatiles, refractory material

The nebula began to contract about ... years ago.

5 billion

Oceanic crust is only about ... km thick.

7-10

Oxygen makes up about ...% of earth.

30

Iron makes up about ...% of earth.

35

Magnesium makes up about ...% of earth.

10

The crust is thin, making up only about ...% of the Earth's radius.

0.1-1.0

Continental crust is 4-5 times the thickness of oceanic crust- about ... km thick.

35-40

The outer ... km of the Earth is rigid.

100-150

Silicon makes up about ...% of earth.

15

The mantle is the ... km-thick layer around the core.

2,885

Ga means..., a billion years ago.

Giga Annum

What is Geology?

The science that pursues an understanding of the planet Earth

What does Historical Geology do?

Seeks an understanding of the origin of the Earth and its development through time.

What is the purpose of Physical Geology?

To examine the materials composing Earth and seeks to understand the many processes that operate beneath and upon its surface.

The plastic layer that the lithosphere floats on is the...

asthenosphere

The rock type of the oceanic crust is known as what?

basalt

Oceanic crust is...

below the ocean

Rigid layers can...

bend but will not flow

The core is composed mostly of...

iron

Oceanic crust rock is rich in what elements?

iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)

Continental crust is ... and mostly made of...

less dense, granite

The outer core is...

liquid iron

The outer layer of the earth is the...

lithosphere

The outer core is liquid iron and while temperatures are high enough to..., pressures are too ... to keep it locked as a solid.

melt the iron, low

Inner planets began to form from...

metallic and rocky substances

Early in Earth's history, it was essentially a...in space.

molten sphere

The rock is hot enough to flow like taffy in what part of the mantle?

near the crust

Mantle rock is known as...

peridotite

Pre-Sun means...

protoson

The crust is...

the rocky outermost layer of the Earth

Most researchers believe that Earth and the other planets formed at essentially...

the same time

Breaking down the word asthenosphere, it means...

weak sphere


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