Geology Final Prelude-5

The silicates are broken into several groups based on the way the silica tetrahedra are

arranged and bonded

The majority of new oceanic crust is created

at mid ocean ridges

which of the following is a mineral?

ice, which is water in the solid state

The lithosphere of the Earth will not flow because it

is too cool

Which of the following was NOT used as evidence for seafloor spreading

jigsaw puzzle fit of the continents

Marine magnetic anomalies can be used to estimate the

rate of seafloor spreading

Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding seafloor because

ridge rocks are hot and therefore are relatively less dense than the surrounding seafloor

Terrestrial planets are mainly composed of ________, while the giant planets are made predominantly of ________.

rock and metals; volatiles

Continents passively move apart as a result of __________, and they passively move together as a result of __________.

seafloor spreading; subduction

On either side of a mid-ocean ridge, the lithosphere begins to

sink because it cools and contracts

The rate of seafloor spreading exactly matches the rate of

subduction

The primary difference between lithospheric and asthenospheric mantle that gives rise to numerous different patterns of physical behavior is

temperature: the lithosphere is cooler than the asthenosphere

Which of the following statements is true of terrestrial planets as compared to the Jovian planets?

terrestrial planets are smaller

Scientists believe that the Moon formed due to a protoplanet colliding with the Earth. If this is the case, the Moon should have a composition similar to

the Earth's mantle

If a geologist discovered coal in a modern-day cold, snowy location, he or she could conclude that

the area was once covered with swamps and/or jungles

The discovery that each continent had different and separate apparent polar-wander paths, such as those in the figure below, proved that

the continents move

Younger oceanic crust will have __________ ocean sediments, whereas older oceanic crust will have __________ oceanic sediments.

thinner; thicker

The west coast of South America is a convergent boundary

true

On Earth, __________ percent of water is fresh (nonsaline); most of this fresh water resides primarily in __________.

3; glaciers and icecaps

which of the following is Not true concerning the color of minerals

A mineral's color reflects the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by the mineral

Distinctive rock sequences on South America terminate at the Atlantic Ocean but reappear on the continent of

Africa

Minerals are grouped into mineral classes primarily on a basis of

Chemistry, specifically the anions within the chemical formula

Properties of mineral identification

Color (least reliable), streak, luster, hardness, crystal habit, clevage

A geologist aboard a deep-sea research vessel has collected several drill cores of oceanic crust from the bottom of the ocean. The cores are collected in order from east to west along the bottom of the basin and are labeled A1, B1, C1, and D1, respectively. Core A1 has 2.88 meters (m) of clay and siliceous ooze covering 4.86 m of pillow basalt. Core B1 has 2.37 m of muddy, clay ooze covering 3.57 m of basalt. Core C1 has 2.11 m of clay and siliceous ooze above 3.2 m of basalt. Core D1 has 1.87 m of siliceous ooze over 2.54 m of basalt. Which core is closest to the mid-ocean ridge?

D1

Using the Mohs hardness scale below, which of the following statements is false

Diamonds are twice as hard as apatite

Which planets lie within the habitable zone of our Solar System?

Earth and Mars

What defines a mineral

Naturally occurring, homogeneous composition and structures, crystalline solid, definable chemical composition, inorganic

In a hot spot volcanic island chain, such as the Hawaiian Islands, which of the following is true

The ages and distance between volcanoes can be used to calculate plate velocities

The image below shows a view of a typical segmented mid-ocean ridge. Which letter below marks the location of the active transform fault?

b

How do magnetic anomaly patterns on the ocean floor best serve as evidence for seafloor spreading?

The symmetry on either side of mid-ocean ridges show that new crust is created then split apart

earth was originally of homogenous composition

True

Evidence of paleomagnetism can be found in

basaltic rocks

Which of the following is a mineral?

calcite

The image below shows a mineral specimen of quartz. What is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface on the sample?

conchoidal fracture

Which of these is NOT the result of plate tectonics?

convection in the outer core

which of the following is NOT a way in which specific rock types can be distinguished from one another

crystal shape

Transform boundaries occur MOST commonly perpendicular to __________ boundaries in order to break the __________ into segments so as to accommodate motion on a sphere.

divergent; mid ocean ridges

the distribution of ______ across the globe provides the primary indicator of boundaries between all tectonic plates

earthquakes

at transform plate boundaries,

earthquakes are common but volcanoes are absent

Which of the following choices lists atomic particles ordered from smallest to largest in size?

electron, proton, nucleus, atom

Atoms that are heavier than iron are generally produced by

explosions of supernovas

The two types of crust are known as lithospheric and oceanic

false

all minerals are compounds

false

which of the following minerals is a silicate

garnet

The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is

least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges

A great boost in seafloor exploration and a greater understanding of seafloor bathymetry werea result of

military needs during WW2

The figure below shows the hypsometric curve for the Earth. Which of the following can be concluded from the plot of this data?

most of the continents are between 0 and 1 km above sea level

Which class of minerals is highly conductive because of metallic bonding?

native metals

The planets orbit the sun along the __________ plane

orbital

Deformed (bent, stretched, or cracked) lithosphere occurs

primarily on the margins of tectonic plates

which common rock-forming mineral shows up in all three major rock types (igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic)

quartz

When a solution becomes oversaturated, new solid particles are said to

rapidly expand, causing an explosion