history quiz 1
the colosseum
("Flavian Amphitheater") 80 AD, vespasian begun its construction, christians were not necessarily killed in this one, but others
why did christianity spread
1. accepted all believers 2. gave hope to the powerless 3. appealed to those who were bothered by the lack of ethics in rome 4. offered a personal relationship w god 5. offered promise of life after death
before vespasian came into rule and after nero's suicide what short even occurred
a brief civil war
while caesar augustus is in rule he demands a census. what is a census?
a count of all the people and the revenue they make
what is a scapegoat
a person or group of people who are blamed for something they didn't do
what is a bio-anthropologist
a specialist who studies historical humans and certain details about them such as gender, diseases, etc
when and where was jesus born
about 3 or 6 BC in Bethlehem
who were the gentiles
anyone who was not a jew
paul
apostle who played a very key role in the spread of christianity throughout the roman empire
what changes in geography occured after the eruption of 79 AD
ash came in and created a shore in herculaneum, making it more inland
when did mt vesuvius first erupt
august 24, 79 AD
why did the jews not have to make sacrifices to the tutelary gods
because they are an ancient religion
how was herculaneum destroyed
by volcanic pyroclastic flows from vesuvius that buried it
who was emperor at the time of the birth of jesus
caesar augustus
greek word for savior
christ
apostle
close follower of jesus
trajan
emperor, puts down another jewish rebellion, slaughtered hundreds of thousands of gentiles
what kind of scientist would study organic materials preserved by pyroclastic flows
environmental archaeologist
what kind of scientists worked on herculaneum
environmental-archaeologists, bio-anthropologists, geologists, and others
mt vesuvius
erupted and destroyed the cities of pompeii and herculaneum in 79 AD, The eruption ejected a cloud of stones, ashes, volcanic gases, molten rock and pulverized pumice
pyroclastic flow
fast-moving current of hot gas and volcanic matter that moves away from a volcano
peter
first apostle who spread christianity through syria and judea
who did paul spread the message of christianity to
first the jews and then the gentiles
after the destruction of the temple in 70, which fortress was destroyed in 73
fortress of masada
when paul makes his own "church," who is it mainly composed of
gentiles
pax romana
golden age of rome, "roman peace," had the antonines (5 good emperors), peace and prosperity
tutelary gods
group of gods that take care of rome, all roman citizens (except for jews) were required to sacrifice to these gods
why was jesus put to death
he performed miracles and his fame grew, so the roman officials were scared he would begin a rebellion
bishop
head of all the churches in one area
pope
head of the christian church
what did titus's triumphal arch represent
his complete control of judea
while vespacian was becomeing emperor, who was taking care of the jewish rebellion
his son, titus
what was the role of priests in the early roman empire
important, part of political and military decisions
where is christianity mainly located at its beginning
in judea, which is under control of roman empire
where did christians originally meet
in the jewish synagogues, but the jews kicked them out even though they are technically the same religion
what is the threat today from mt vesuvius
it is still an active volcano
who fulfilled the christians' need to sacrifice
jesus
the first christians came from what group of people
jews
what king did rome put in charge of judea
king herod in 63 BC
nero
mentally unstable, he started the great fire of rome and when the people started to blame him he blamed the christians and committed suicide
what happened in 1944 AD
minor eruption of vesuvius, slowly moving lava enveloped city
what kind of religion do jews have
monotheistic
bay of naples
most unstable volcanic region in mediterranean
herculaneum
neighbored pompeii, stood in shadow of mt vesivius
how did emperor worship begin
octavius saw haley's comet go by, thought it was the Julius Caesar's soul becoming a god, emperor became chief god and was worshipped after death, make annual sacrifices to dead emperors
who is the main messenger of the christians
paul
to avoid divine punishment, priests must
perform the proper rituals
aqueducts
piece of roman engineering that provides water, the water would be split into different paths to lead to different places, aqueducts were important for regulating water pressure
differences between experiences in pompeii and herculaneum
pompeii was hit first and immediately incased and it was dark and smokey with lava, poisonous air. Herculaneum was hit second and hit by pyroclastic flow, preserving some organic matter.
details of daily life in herculaneum
public baths, sewers that ran underneath houses
constantine
roman emperor who ended persecution of the jews
pontius pilate
roman governor who made the decision to crucify jesus
what roman technology makes the spread of christianity easier
roman roads
because of misunderstandings, the christians become the _________ for something they didn't do
scapegoat
how do we prepare for future eruptions of mt vesuvius
scientists monitor every tremor
vulcanology
study of volcanoes
as rome expands and incorporates polytheistic nations, the only thing they require of the people is
that they make sacrifices to the tutelary gods
after the temple is destroyed, rome has complete control of judea. what was written during this time?
the gospels
significance in story of bakers and painters in herculaneum in event of eruption
the people were doing normal, everyday things when the eruption occured
why did the christians have to start making sacrifices to the tutelary gods
the roman empire recognized them as a new religion so they did not have the pass that the jews did
why was the destruction of the temple a turning point in jewish history
the temple was the only place jews could go to sacrifice, so that marked the end of animal sacrifice
when the jews want independence from the roman empire what do they do
they begin a revolt
if things are not going well in the roman empire, who do they blame and why
they blame the christians because they aren't sacrificing so the gods must be angry
what did tomb raiders do in the 1700s and 1800s in herculaneum
they bored tunnels to get to the tombs
jewish diaspora
they dispersing of the jews after they continued to rebel after being taken over by the roman empire
how did the romans punish the jews
they exiled them from their homeland, and put them to death or made them be killed by animals in the arena
once the christians are required to sacrifice to the tutelary gods, how do they continue to worship God
they meet in secret
what happened to the people who were hit by the eruption
they were enveloped in ash, making them preserved in time
why do the christians not originally have to make sacrifices to the tutelary gods
they were thought of as jews by the roman empire, and it wasn't until they were kicked out of the synagogue were they recognized as a new religion
preservation of organic material in herculaneum
things like wood and food were preserved by the pyroclastic flows which scorched everything, turning the materials (especially wood) into carbon (carbonization), preserving it
who was nero's successor after nero's suicide
vespasian
what could we figure out from the sewers in herculaneum
what citizens ate
what is the jew's most holy name for their god
yahweh
list the misconceptions people had about the christians
1. thought they were cannibals (communion- the eating of christ's "body" and the drinking of his "blood") 2. thought they were incestuous (would call each other brother and sister in christ before being married) 3. thought they were antisocial (they didn't take part in the big sacrifices to the tutelary gods) 4. thought they were seditious (meaning they were rebellious, they didn't sacrifice to the gods and opposed the views of the roman empire)
julio-claudian dynasty of emperors (14-68 AD)
1. tiberius - popular general, first successor to augustus 2. caligula - grandfather was tiberius, father was also popular general, caligula was raised in army camp, he was insane, cruel and didn't last long as emperor 3. claudius - began conquest of britian during reign 4. nero
how high was the eruption column of mt vesuvius
10 miles high
before the eruption of 79 AD, what event occurred that acted as an omen of the coming eruption
17 years earlier, an earthquake occured, but no one thought anything of it because they were used to more minor earthquakes
when were paul's missionary journeys
46-57 AD
compared to the 1944 eruption, how much more powerful wad the 79 AD eruption
50x more powerful
when was the jewish temple destroyed and by whom
70 AD, titus