ISSA Nutrition - Chapter 2: Cells, organ systems and Digestion
Q: Epithelial cells can be classified as squamous, cuboidal, or A. columnar. B. pyramidal. C. cylindrical. D. epidermal.
A. columnar
Q: The three types of muscle found in the human body are: cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and A. smooth muscle. B. striated muscle. C. respiratory muscle. D. endothelial muscle.
A. smooth muscle
Q: Which of the following is a pulpy, acidic fluid passing from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food? A. Bile B. Chyme C. Gastrin D. Pyloric acid
B. Chyme
Q: Which organ system works closely with the nervous system to produce, release, and regulate hormones? A. Lymphatic system B. Endocrine system C. Respiratory system D. Integumentary system
B. Endocrine system
Q: A thin polar membrane made of pairs of lipid molecules, is known as a(n) A. organelle. B. lipid bilayer. C. phospholipid. D. globular protein.
B. lipid bilayer
Q: How many organ systems are in the human body? A. 3 B. 5 C. 11 D. 15
C. 11
Q: Approximately what percentage of a cell's mass is compromised of water? A. 25% B. 50% C. 70% D. 90%
C. 70%
Q: Tendons and ligaments are made of A. fascial tissue. B. loose connective tissue. C. dense connective tissue. D. specialized connective tissue.
C. dense connective tissue.
Q: The small intestine is divided into three sections, in the following order: A. rectum, colon, and anus. B. colon, rectum , and anus. C. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. D. ileum, jejunum, and duodenum
C. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Q: Specialized cells on the pancreas, which secrete insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin are referred to as the A. hepatic portal. B. endocrine islets. C. pancreatic portal. D. islets of Langerhans.
D. islets of langherhans
bile
a bitter, greenish-brown alkaline fluid aiding in digestion; secreted by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
blastocyst
a bundle of 70-100 mostly undifferentiated human cells
phospholipids
a fatty acid linked through glycerol phosphate forming cell membranes
gastrin
a hormone-stimulation secretion of a gastric juice; secreting into the bloodstream by the stomach wall in response to food
interneurons
a neuron with its cell body, axon, and dendrites located entirely within the CNS
hepatic artery
a short blood vessel supplying oxygenated blood to the liver, pylorus of the stomach, duodenum, pancreas, and gallbladder
lipid bilayer
a thin polar membrane made of pairs of lipid molecules
macronutrients
a type of food required in large amounts in the diet - fat, carbohydrate, and protein
cholecystokinin
an endocrine secretion in the GI tract proteins and fats
secretin
an endocrine secretion in the GI tract regulating water balance and pH in the duodenum
amylase
an oral enzyme beginning the process of starch breakdown
circulatory system
an organ system consisting of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
vertebrates
animals with a vertebral column or spine
veins
blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart to remove waste and pick up more oxygen
arteries
blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues
cuboidal
box shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb
ventilation
breathing; inhalation and exhalation
hormones
chemical messengers in the body affecting growth, development, and metabolic activities
plicae circulares
crescent-shaped folds of the mucosa and submucosa
endocrine glands
ductless glands of the endocrine system with secretions moving directly into the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body
glandular epithelium
epithelial cells secreting specific water-based fluid, often containing proteins
transitional epithelium
epithelial cells that can change shape or stretch
capillaries
fine-branching blood vessels forming a network between the arterioles and venules, where transport of nutrients and oxygen or carbon dioxide occurs on a microscopic scale
saliva
fluid from the mouth containing water, mucus, and amylase
exocrine glands
glands of the endocrine system that have ducts carrying secretions to the surface - such as sweat glands or mammary (milk) glands
tissue
groups of cells having similar structure and acting together to perform a function
mucosa
innermost lining of the digestive tract in contact with food
autonomic nervous system
involuntary and controls the internal organs, including the heart and lungs as well as glands
liver
largest gland in the body
lymphocytes
lymphatic bodies within lymph nodes that consume foreign bodies
lymph nodes
lymphatic organs that filter and remove foreign particles
appendicular skeleton
made up of 126 bones and includes the bones of the appendages attaching to the axial skeleton
axial skeleton
made up of 80 bones in the adult human and includes the bones of the vertical axis of the body, such as the sternum, cranium, and vertebral column
striated muscle
muscle fibers having contractile units running parallel, appearing striped on a microscope
smooth muscle
muscle fibers responsible for involuntary muscle contraction in the organ systems
skeletal muscle
muscle fibers responsible for voluntary
cardiac muscle
muscle tissue found only in the heart
afferent nerves
nerve cells carrying a signal from the body to the brain (sensory)
efferent nerves
nerve cells carrying a signal from the brain to the body (motor)
neuroglial cells
nervous tissue found largely in the central nervous system that forms myelin, protects and supports neurons, and maintains homeostasis.
integumentary system
organ system protecting the body; composed of skin, hair, and nails
pancreas
plays a major role in digestion by secreting the digestive enzymes amylase, trypsin, peptidase (protease), and lipase
columnar
rectangular shaped epithelial cells that secrete and absorb in a basal layer
muscularis mucosa
smooth muscle in the GI tract moving food through
islets of langerhans
specialized pancreatic cells secreting insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin
gallbladder
stores bile for use in digestion
Organelles
structures in a living cell performing specialized metabolic tasks - manage process ranging from the replication of genetic material to excretion of waste and energy production
central nervous system (CNS)
the brain and the spinal cord
nervous tissue
the cells of the nervous system controlling body movement and body function
muscular system
the collection of the muscle fibers throughout the human body with the main function of contractibility
alimentary tract
the digestive system is divided into the alimentary tract and accessory organs. The alimentary tract includes all the organs the food travels through.
digestive system
the digestive system is the path through which all food passes to provide nutritional value to the cells. the process of food breaking down varies by macronutrient, but all food travels the same route through the digestive system
internal respiration
the exchange of gases between blood and tissues
submucosa
the layer of the GI tract with lymphatic and blood vessels and nerves
cell membrane
the lipid bilayer enclosing human cells
colon
the longest part of the large intestine; removes water from waste matter
stomach
the muscular pouch used for mechanical and chemical digestion in the alimentary tract
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord (extremities)
nerve cells
the neurons transmitting nerve signals
anus
the opening at the end of the alimentary tract where waste exits the body
endocrine system
the organ system producing, releasing, and controlling hormones
urinary system
the organ system producing, storing, and eliminating fluid waste or urine
reproductive system
the organ system responsible for human reproduction. 1. produce sperm and ova 2. transport and sustain sperm and ova 3. grow and develop offspring (females) 4. produce sex hormones
respiratory system
the organ system responsible for respiration - internal and external - and gas exchange
lymphatic system
the organ system working in conjunction with the circulatory and immune systems to prevent disease and maintain fluid balance
accessory organs
the organs supporting digestion but are not directly part of the digestive system
epidermis
the outermost layer of skin - the external layer creating a waterproof barrier and giving the skin its physical tone
serosa
the outermost layer of the GI tract serving as a barrier
gastrointestinal tract (GI)
the part of the human digestion consisting of stomach and the mouth
esophagus
the piece of the alimentary tract connecting the throat to the stomach
epithelialization
the process of replacing epithelial cells to maintain a protective barrier
chyme
the pulpy, acidic fluid passing from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partially digested food
dermis
the skin layer below the epidermis containing hair fllicles, connective tissue, sweat glands, blood vessels, and lymph vessels
subcutaneous layer
the skin layer serving to insulate; technically part of the hypodermal layer
interstitial space
the space between cells
rectum
the space between the colon and anus where fecan matter is
somatic nervous system
the system carrying impulses to and from the skeletal muscle, through the spinal cord, and to or from the brain, which allows the body to react to the external environment
peristalsis
the systematic series of smooth muscle contractions that move food through the GI tract
hypodermis
the third skin layer made of adipose and connective tissue
pharynx
the throat - a passageway transporting food, water, and air
cellular metabolism
the use of oxygen with cells for specific activities
squamous
thin, flat, epithelial cells allowing molecules to easily pass through
villi
tiny hairlike projections often on the surface of mucous membranes
connective tissue
tissue supporting, binding, or connecting other tissues in the body
hepatic portal vein
vein conveying blood to the liver from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, and intestines
hydrophobic
water hating; repelling by water
hydrophilic
water loving; attracted to water
