Kin 270-Final Exam
Cells that depolarize in response to movement are
hair cells
Which of the following are not located in the fovea?
rods
Which of the following is most responsible for black/white vision?
rods
Which of the following is most sensitive?
rods
Can autonomic activity be affected by conscious thought?
yes
Both rods and cones have proteins that change shape when hit by specific photons.
true
T/F: CSF can travel through a continuous path from the left lateral ventricle to the central canal of the spinal cord.
true
T/F: Imagine that you can sense when a friend is sad even when they are on the other side of the world. In order for this to be true, an molecule in your body must change shape in response to your friend's emotion.
true
T/F: There is a continuous path from the left lateral ventricle to the central canal of the spinal cord.
true
The voltage within both rods and cones changes when the cells are hit with light of the appropriate wavelength.
true
There is a primary gustatory cortex.
true
There is a primary olfactory cortex.
true
there is a primary olfactory cortex
true
The fastest reflex causing muscle relaxation would involve
two synapses
Where are cells that detect acceleration in a car?
vestibule
If we cut only the left lateral spinothalamic tract above T6, would the patellar reflex still be active in the left leg?
yes
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause ___________ in airway smooth muscle
relaxation
There is no air in a vacuum. We can hear sound in a vacuum (like space)
false
Where is the density of photoreceptors greatest?
the fovea
Blood pressure initially drops when we stand up from the couch. We must maintain blood pressure to maintain oxygen concentration at our brain. Increased cardiac output/heart rate raises blood pressure. How does our body respond to standing up from watching TV? Order the events below, ignoring events that do not occur.
1. a structure changes shape as blood pressure changes 2. neurotransmitter is released at a synapse between two neurons. 3. epinephrine is released at the heart 4. heart rate increases
How many ventricles are found in the brain?
4
Of the steps below, which is the first to occur when we decide to contract the biceps brachii muscle?
A graded depolarization in the muscle fiber
Which of the following occurs first if we are to become aware of a mosquito on our arm?
A graded potential in the peripheral nervous system
Where does integration of sensory information from different pathways occur?
A multimodal association area
People who are seasick may feel better while looking at the horizon. The part of the brain responsible for this correction must be
A multimodal association area.
Imagine the situation pictured below. Myosin molecules are stuck to a glass plate in a solution containing naked actin filaments (thin filaments without troponin or tropomyosin). The solution looks like the sarcoplasm. Which of the following would have to be added to the solution for myosin to make the thin filaments move. Choose every correct answer.
ATP
When we begin to contract our hamstrings, what happens to the rate of action potential generation in neurons innervating the quadriceps?
Action potential generation slow
Signals for a sense of taste travel through only a single cranial nerve
false
A lesion that cuts the left dorsal column would block
Awareness of fine touch from the left side of the body
A lesion that cuts the left lateral white matter would block
Awareness of pain and temperature from the right side of the body below the lesion
Signals from the right eye travel to only the left primary visual cortex.
false
The stomach is innervated by ____________ neurons
Both sympathetic and parasympathetic
What causes relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber
Calcium is pumped away from myofibrils
Gray matter consists mostly of
Cell bodies and unmyelinated axons
Cell bodies of third-order sensory neurons are located in the
Central nervous system
Cell bodies of upper motor neurons are located in the
Central nervous system
A spinal reflex causing contraction of skeletal muscle involves neurons in the
Central nervous system only or Both central and peripheral nervous systems
Coordination of motor signals is a primary responsibility of the
Cerebellum
Parietal lobes
Cerebellum
When a person gets drunk, they lose motor coordination even though they retain voluntary control of skeletal muscle contraction. Given this information, you suspect getting drunk particularly affects the
Cerebellum
The ventricles in the brain are filled with
Cerebrospinal fluid
Sound is converted to action potentials in the
Cochlea
Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in cold-sensing neurons?
Cold-sensing neurons would initially fire rapid action potentials, but the rate of action potentials would gradually slow.
Which of the following are located in the fovea?
Cones
A "gradient" occurs when one area is different from another. Which of the following requires the input of energy?
Creating a gradient.
Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, cold sensing neurons would initially
Depolarize quickly
Which of the following exerts force necessary to focus on objects close to the eye, like while reading?
Elastic components in the lens
Many choice: Endergonic chemical reactions occur in the body because
Enzymes can capture energy stored in chemical bonds (like ATP), Enzymes can change shape and Enzymes catalyze the reaction.
CSF is manufactured by
Ependymal cells
Signals from cells that detect smell travel to the brain passing through the
Ethmoid
A lesion that cuts the left dorsal column would cut
First order sensory neurons
Our primary motor cortex is located in the
Frontal Lobes
Complete multimodal processing of visual signals involves activity in the
Frontal lobes, Parietal lobes, Temporal lobes and Occipital lobes
When we accelerate from a stoplight, which of the following cells depolarizes?
Hair cells
Many choice: Which of the following senses converts movements into a graded membrane potential?
Hearing
Which of the following chemicals cause a change in voltage in cells in our tongue?
Hydrogen ions, Sodium ions, Carbohydrates and Bitter molecules like quinine
Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, warm sensing neurons would initially
Hyperpolarize rapidly
The master regulator of autonomic activity is located in the
Hypothalamus
The primary control center for the autonomic nervous system is located in the
Hypothalamus
Water loss from a third degree burn would be classified as
Insensible perspiration
Many choice: Axons in which of the following pathways cross at the level of the entering spinal nerve?
Lateral spinothalamic
When a person has a stroke that particularly affects the ability to speak even though they can understand, you suspect damage to the
Left frontal lobe
A stroke the specifically affects the ability to understand language would damage
Left temporal and parietal lobes
Many choice: Which of the following could cause a graded membrane potential in a peripheral nerve?
Light, Mechanical stretch, Vibration, Chemicals and Change in temperature
Many choice: Cranial nerves may be
Sensory only, Motor only and Mixed
If a patient exhibits no muscle tone and an inability to contract skeletal muscle, you would suspect a problem with
Lower motor neurons
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the lung would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?
Maintaining blood oxygen levels
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the small intestine would directly interfere with which of the following processes?
Maintaining blood sodium levels and Maintaining steady body fluid levels
Which of the following requires the input of energy?
Maintaining higher extracellular sodium concentrations than intracellular.
Which of the following is an example of homeostasis?
Maintaining higher extracellular sodium concentrations than intracellular. ("Extracellular" means outside a cell. "Intracellular" means inside a cell.)
Sound is a ___________ signal
Mechanical
Many choice: Spinal nerves may be
Mixed
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the femur would directly interfere with which of the following processes? Assume all other bones are intact.
Moving the legs
White matter consists mostly of
Myelinated axons
Which of the following would transmit signals the fastest?
Myelinated large diameter fibers
Of the steps below, which is the last to occur when we decide to contract the biceps brachii muscle?
Myosin binding to actin
Can a lower motor neuron cause a graded hyperpolarization at the motor end plate?
No
Does epinephrine cause depolarization of all target tissue?
No
Humans maintain calcium homeostasis. Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the small intestine. Must parathyroid hormone act in the skin to decrease the amount of UV radiation necessary to convert pre-vitamin D3 to vitamin D3?
No
Humans must maintain consistent levels of body fluids. Is it necessary for the skin to have receptors that change shape when body fluid volume changes?
No
Pain-sensing neurons are slowly adapting. If we were exposed to a painful stimulus over time, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in nociceptive neurons?
Nociceptive neurons would continuously fire rapid action potentials
Our primary visual cortex is located in the
Occipital lobes
The simplest processing in the central nervous system involves
One synapse
Our primary somatosensory cortex is located in the
Parietal lobes
Cell bodies of first-order sensory neurons are located in the
Peripheral nervous system
Moving sodium out of a cell
Requires the input of energy
If we could not feel someone touch our lateral malleolus (fibula), you would suspect damage to axons that belong to spinal nerve
S1
A lesion that cuts the left lateral spinothalamic tract would cut axons of
Second order sensory neuron
Where are cells that detect rotation of the head?
Semicircular canals
Which of the following senses converts the presence of airborne chemicals into a graded membrane potential?
Smell
Which of the following exerts force necessary to focus on distant objects?
Smooth muscle in the ciliary body
Which of the following changes shape to regulate the amount of light hitting the retina?
Smooth muscle in the iris
Many choice: Which of the following are components of the peripheral nervous system?
Spinal nerves, Autonomic ganglia and Cranial nerves
The hypothalamus is damaged during heat stroke. Which of the following autonomic changes would occur?
Sweat rate would decrease.
A postganglionic neuron with a long axon is probably
Sympathetic
Blood vessels in the arm are innervated by ___________ neurons
Sympathetic
Many choice: Thyroid stimulating hormone (abbreviated TSH) travels through the bloodstream and affects some cells but not others. Without being given any further information you know that
TSH binds to structures and causes them to change shape.
Where are cell bodies lower motor neurons?
The anterior gray horn of the spinal cord
The relay center for sensory signals in our brain is in the
The diencephalon
Where are cell bodies of first order sensory neurons in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?
The dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion)
Where are cell bodies of first order sensory neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
The dorsal root ganglion (spinal ganglion)
Where are cell bodies of second order sensory neurons in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?
The medulla
Where are axon terminals of lower motor neurons?
The neuromuscular junction
A sensor in the feedback loop that elevates blood calcium:
The parathyroid glands
Sound travels in the form of
Vibrations
What part of our brain first becomes conscious of being touched on our big toe?
The postcentral gyrus
Where are axon terminals of third order sensory neurons?
The postcentral gyrus
Where are cell bodies of second order sensory neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
The posterior gray horn of the spinal cord
Where are cell bodies upper motor neurons?
The precentral gyrus
If we tap the patellar tendon with a hammer, which of the following happens first?
The quadriceps contracts
Where are cell bodies of third order sensory neurons in the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?
The thalamus
Where are cell bodies of third order sensory neurons in the spinothalamic tract?
The thalamus
Which of the following is the first to move in response to sound?
The tympanic membrane
When we begin to contract our hamstrings, what happens to the average voltage in dendrites of neurons innervating the quadriceps?
The voltage drops
We see dim objects best when we do not look straight at them.
True
If a patient exhibits hyperreflexia and spastic paralysis, you would suspect a problem with
Upper motor neurons
A lesion that cuts the left lateral white matter as depicted above would block
Voluntary control of muscle on the left side of the body
Temperature sensing neurons are rapidly adapting. If we were to place our hand in cold water, what would happen to the rate of action potentials fired in warm-sensing neurons?
Warm-sensing neurons would initially hyperpolarize and cease to fire action potentials, but they would gradually increase the rate of action potential generation.
GTP is a high energy molecule like ATP, but we have not studied the function of GTP in cells. GTP binds to proteins and changes their function. Even without further information you know that
When GTP binds a protein, it changes shape.
A lesion that cuts the left dorsal column would block
Would not block motor control
For reciprocal inhibition to occur, must an interneuron be involved?
Yes
If we cut only the left lateral corticospinal tract above T6, would the patellar reflex still be active in the left leg?
Yes
Cell bodies of second-order sensory neurons are located in the
central nervous system
If we cut only the left lateral spinothalamic tract above T6, could we feel a hammer tap to our right patellar tendon? (Assume that "feeling" the tap would include receiving signals from any mechanoreceptor located in the area, including pain, touch, proprioception, etc...).
Yes
Must humans have structures that change shape in response to changes in extracellular fluid tonicity?
Yes
Which of the following would occur if the skin were simple squamous epithelium?
a. Gas exchange (breathing) through the skin would increase. b. Bacterial infections would increase. c. Insensible water loss would increase.
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of the spinal cord would dramatically interfere with which of the following processes?
a. Maintaining adequate blood flow to leg muscles (requires changing vessel diameter) b. Sensing changes in temperature in the toes c. Standing on one leg d. Wiggling muscles in the toes
All reflexes must involve the central nervous system.
false
Cell bodies of lower motor neurons are located in the
central nervous system
Which of the following cells provides the biggest response to blue light?
cones
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause ___________ in blood vessel smooth muscle
contraction
Many choice: Axons of parasympathetic nerves travel in
cranial nerves - marked wrong (sacral)
Acetylcholine release at the heart would ___________ heart rate
decrease
Acetylcholine release in parasympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate
decrease
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
decrease heart rate
Beta 2 adrenergic receptors cause ____________ calcium release in airway smooth muscle
decreased
If acetylcholine release increases in parasympathetic ganglia, it probably __________ in sympathetic ganglia.
decreases
All long autonomic reflexes involve synapses in the hypothalamus.
false
All motor neurons have cell bodies in the central nervous system.
false
Acetylcholine release in sympathetic ganglia would ___________ heart rate
increase
An injury that affects spinal nerves T1 and T2 could decrease our ability to
increase heart rate
Beta 1 adrenergic receptors
increase heart rate
Alpha 1 adrenergic receptors cause ____________ calcium release in blood vessel smooth muscle
increased
Portions of our brain that coordinate conscious and subconscious thought belong to the
limbic system
Many choice: Disrupting the structure of leg muscles would directly interfere with which of the following processes?
moving the legs
Does acetylcholine always cause depolarization of its target cell?
no
Must a reflex include an interneuron?
no
The primary visual cortex is located in the
occipital lobes
The fastest reflex causing muscle contraction would involve
one synapse
Many choice: Which of the following senses converts the presence of chemicals into a graded membrane potential?
smell and taste
In the negative feedback loop that restores body temperature when we get hot, the effector consists of
sweat glands
Which of the following senses converts the presence of dissolved chemicals into a graded membrane potential?
taste
The axon terminals of neurons in the optic nerve are located in the
thalamus
Many choice: Axons of sympathetic nerves travel in
thoracic nerves and lumbar nerves
