PATHO MIDTERM

1. Necrotic death of brain tissue usually produces ... What kind of necrosis.

LIQUEFACTIVE

Dysfunction of which organ would lead to clotting factor deficiency?

LIVER

Diseases due to type IV hypersensitivity? (All that apply.)

Leprosy, tuberculosis, and herpes simplex infections.

Regarding iron-deficiency anemia, what laboratory features are typically decreased? (All that apply.)

MCV MCH MCHC

Clinical manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia include

MUSCLE WEAKNESS AND CARDIAC DYSRHYTHMIAS

Dramatic hypotension sometimes accompanies type I hypersensitivity reactions because?

Massive histamine release from the mast cells leads to vasodilation

Apoptosis is a process that results in cellular .... What?

NATURAL CELL DEATH CELL SUICIDE

Breast cancer in women who have the breast cancer gene is?

Occurs at an early age

The nurse understands that which is the correct description of a Korotkoff sound?

PHASE 2 - MURMING OR SWISHING SOUNDS

Angina caused by coronary artery spasm is called what kind of angina?

PRINZMETAL VARIANT

A patient with pure left-sided heart failure is likely to exhibit.... WHAT?

PULMONARY CONGESTION WITH DYSPNEA

Which is not a manifestation of acute arterial obstruction?

PURPUA - PURPLE SPOTS ON SKIN

Which clinical findings describe the typical presentation of ALL (acute lymphoid leukemia)? (All that apply.)

Pain in long bones infection fever bruising

A newborn has melena, bleeding from the umbilicus, and hematuria. The newborn most likely experiencing WHAT?

Vitamin K deficiency

The nurse is educating a patient about the disease with anemia of chronic renal failure. Which statements made by the nurse are correct regarding the patient's treatment? (All that apply.)

a. "Since your glomerular filtration is 13 mL/min, you'll be started on dialysis." b. "Your hematocrit is 29%, so you're going to start on erythropoietin therapy." c. "Your hemoglobin is 9 g/dl, so you'll need erythropoietin therapy." d. "You're going to need iron, folate, and B12 therapy to help improve your blood counts."

A patient experiences anaphylactic shock. The nurse expects to observe which signs and symptoms in the patient? (All that apply.)

a. Hypotension b. Urticaria c. Angioedema d. Wheezing

The urinary signs and symptoms of acute renal failure associated with the progressive stage of shock are which of the following? (All that apply.)

a. Oliguria b. increased serum creatinine.

Septic shock is commonly associated with Gram-negative infections and Gram-positive organisms that enter the body through which body systems? (All that apply.)

a. genitourinary tract. b. gastrointestinal tract. c. respiratory tract. d. skin.

A patient with myeloma. The nurse teaches the patient about the multiple tumor sites that can develop with this cancer. The possible tumor sites in myeloma include the (All that apply.)

bone lymph nodes liver spleen kidneys

Risk factors for atherosclerosis include....WHAT?

hyperlipidemia

The effects of excessive cortisol production include....WHAT

immune suppression.

Myasthenia gravis is a type II hypersensitivity disorder that involves...WHAT?

impaired muscle function

Empyema is defined as an

infection in the pleural space

Disseminated intravascular coagulation may be treated with heparin therapy to. DO WHAT?

inhibit clotting factor consumption.

Persistence of the alarm stage will ultimately result in WHAT?

permanent damage and death.

Bacteria cause injury to cells by which mechanisms? (All that apply.)

producing exotoxins producing endotoxins. producing destructive enzymes evoking an immune reaction.

First-degree heart block is characterized by... WHAT

prolonged PR interval

RhoGAM is given to an Rh-negative mother in order to prevent...WHAT

stops your blood from making antibodies that attack Rh-positive blood cells.

The pain characteristics of chronic venous insufficiency include which of the following? (All that apply.)

ACHING AND CRAMPING IN THE AFFECTED AREA RELIEF WITH ELEVATION TO THE AREA RELIEF WITH AMBULATION (WHEN PAIN IS IN LEGS)

High blood pressure increases the workload of the left ventricle because it increases..?

AFTERLOAD

Selye's three phases of the stress response include all the following except

ALARM REACTION STAGE OF RESISTANCE (ADAPTAION STAGE) STAGE OF EXHAUSTION

A common characteristic of viral pneumonia is.....WHAT?

Dry cough

A disease that is native to a particular region is called?

ENDEMIC

Which viruses have been implicated as cancer-causing agents? (All that apply.)

Epstein-Barr Human T-cell leukemia Human immunodeficiency

Burkitt lymphoma is most closely associated with WHAT?

Epstein-Barr virus

The prothrombin time (PT) and INR (international normalized ratio) measure the integrity of WHAT?

Extrinsic pathway

What is involved in the release of plasminogen activators? (All that apply.)

Factor XII HMWK Kallikrein Thrombin

A patient with CML (chronic myeloid leukemia). The patient may experience which of these symptoms? (All that apply.)

Fatigue weight loss sweats bleeding abdominal discomfort (enlarged spleen )

Pneumocystis is a term that refers to a....WHAT?

Fungal pneumonia secondary to HIV

Tumor markers (All that apply.)

HELP IDENTIFY PARENT TUMOR CHARACTERISTICS

A patient presents to the emergency department with a diastolic blood pressure of 132 mm Hg, retinopathy, and symptoms of an ischemic stroke. This symptomology is likely the result of. WHAT??

HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS

Which viruses are associated with human cancers? (All that apply.)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

The hallmark manifestation of acute respiratory distress syndrome is...WHAT?

Hypoxemia

The principle Ig mediator of type I hypersensitivity reactions is.....WHAT?

IMMUNOGLOBULIN E (IgE)

A low mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) are characteristic of which type of anemia?

IRON DEFICIENCY

Allergic (extrinsic) asthma is associated with ... What?

IgE medicated airway inflammation

Chronic bronchitis often leads to cor pulmonale because of?

Increased pulmonary vascular resistance

What roles does inflammation play in cancer development? (All that apply.)

Inflammation can help the cancer cell to resist chemotherapeutic agents. During inflammation, damaged cells divide more frequently, increasing the rate of cancer growth.

Reperfusion injury to cells...How?

Involves formation of free radicals

The cause of the most common form of anemia is WHICH ONE?

Iron deficiency

After suffering a heart attack, a middle-aged man is counseled to take a cholesterol-lowering medication. This is an example of?

TERTIARY PREVENTION

Patients presenting with symptoms of unstable angina and no ST segment elevation are treated with .... What?

ANTIPLATELET DRUGS

COPD leads to a barrel chest because it causes...to WHAT?

Air trapping

Massive release of histamine with consequent vasodilation and hypotension occurs with what type of shock?

Anaphylactic

Side effects of chemotherapy include (All that apply.)

BONE MARROW SUPPRESSION

Which involves bleeding associated with vascular or platelet defects? (All that apply.).

Bleeding that occurs immediately after trauma Bleeding that involves skin or mucous membranes Bleeding that is brief in duration

Which form of leukemia demonstrates the presence of the Philadelphia chromosome?

CML ( chronic myeloid leukemia)

A case study .... patient diagnosed with hypertension, returns to the clinic 6 weeks later. The reports "moderate" adherence to the recommended lifestyle changes and has experienced a decreased from 165/96 to 148/90 mm Hg in blood pressure. What is the most appropriate intervention for this patient at this time?

CONTINUE LIFESTYLE MODIFICATIONS ONLY

Primary treatment for myocardial infarction (MI) is directed at ... What?

DECREASING MYOCARDIAL OXYGEN DEMANDS

Which alteration can lead to edema?

Decreased lymphatic flow

A newborn patient is diagnosed with hemolytic disease. The nurse may expect to find what signs and symptoms. (All that apply.)

Petechial hemorrhages Hepatomegaly Splenomegaly Kernicterus

A serious complication of deep vein thrombosis is ???

Pulmonary embolus

Which causes of shock are considered to be obstructive? (All that apply.)

Pulmonary embolus, Cardiac tamponade, Tension pneumothorax

A patient experiencing shock may exhibit which signs and symptoms? (All that apply.)

Pulse of more than 100 beats/minute, Fast and deep respirations

Anemia related to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency is characterized by what laboratory features? (All that apply.)

RBC counts of 500,000 to 750,000 cells/mm3 WBC counts of 4000 to 5000 cells/mm3

Atherosclerotic plaques with large lipid cores are prone to WHAT?

RUPTURE

A patient with stage III non-Hodgkin lymphoma and is preparing to undergo treatment. Which treatments may be used to treat this patient's cancer? (All that apply.)

Radiation Bone marrow transplant Chemotherapy Monoclonal antibody therapy

Emphysema results from destruction of alveolar walls and capillaries, which is because of?

Release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells

A case study!!! A patient exposed to group A hemolytic Streptococcus developed a pharyngeal infection. Clinic examination: oral temperature of 102.3°F, skin rash, dysphagia, and reddened throat mucosa with multiple pustules. Complaints of sore throat, malaise, and joint stiffness. A throat culture is positive for Streptococcus, and antibiotics have been prescribed. The etiology of the disease is....WHAT?

STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION

One of the cardinal features of sickle cell anemia includes acute and chronic dysfunction of which organs? (All that apply.)

Spleen Bones Brain Lungs

Malignant neoplasms of epithelial origin are known as ... What?

carcinomas

Chronic activation of stress hormones can lead to (All that apply.)

cardiovascular disease depression impaired cognitive function autoimmune disease

Aldosterone may increase during stress, leading to (All that apply.)

decreased urinary output increased sodium retention decreased blood pressure

Viruses differ from most bacteria in that they act in which of the following ways? (All that apply.)

enter the host cell use the host's metabolic processes to survive and replicate do not produce toxins

Infectious injury often results from which of the following? (All that apply.)

exotoxins. endotoxins. self-destruction of cells. enzymes from white blood cells.

Your patient's red blood cell count is slightly elevated today. This might be explained by (all that apply.)

gender difference situational factors normal variation illness

Secondary immune deficiency problems may be caused by what? (All that apply.)

surgery high blood sugar. corticosteroids. low protein level.