Private Pilot Study Guide

Supplemental Oxygen

(1) 12,500 feet (MSL) up to and including 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen for that part of the flight at those altitudes that is of more than 30 minutes duration; (2) At cabin pressure altitudes above 14,000 feet (MSL) unless the required minimum flight crew is provided with and uses supplemental oxygen during the entire flight time at those altitudes; and (3) At cabin pressure altitudes above 15,000 feet (MSL) unless each occupant of the aircraft is provided with supplemental oxygen.

Power Setting Selection

(75%,65%,55%) using the cruise performance chart in Section 5 of the airplane's operating manual and record it on the NavLog (note the Fuel burn in GPH)

ELTs: Operations/Limitations Tests

-12 calendar months, battery replacement: 1 hr cumulative use OR 50% battery life remaining) -Test should be conducted only in the first five (5) minutes of any hour and then only for a maximum of three audio sweeps of the transmitter. -Emergency Locator Transmitter: designed to transmit a distress signal on 121.5,

Convective Outlook

-48 hour forecast for thunderstorm activity -Day 1 panel shows forecast for the first 24 hours -Day 2 panel shows forecast for the second 24 hours -Categories of activity are divided into slight, moderate, and high

Energy Management

-An airplane's altitude and airspeed are two inseparable forms of energy. Together, they make up the airplane's total mechanical energy. -the airplane's total mechanical energy is distributed between altitude (potential energy) and airspeed (kinetic energy)

Mountainous Terrain

-An area of changing terrain, where the changes of elevation exceed 3000' feet within a distance of 10nm. -be aware of the tallest mountain height to avoid it

ATC Deviations

-Can deviate from ATC instructions to meet whatever the emergency is, but you have to let ATC know ASAP -you might have to submit a written report about what happened to ATC, but only if they ask you to

Altitudes and Obstacles

-Check if you are on a correct VFR cruising altitude for your route -If flying 0 - 179, fly an odd altitude plus 500 ft. -If flying an even altitude, fly an even altitude plus 500 -Avoid obstacles by looking at sectional and finding the little blue box ~ tells you how high you have to fly to avoid all obstacles in that area... take highest obstacle in quadrant and round it up and add 100 feet Over Congested Areas: an altitude of 1,000 feet above the highest obstacle within a horizontal distance of less than 2,000 feet; Over Populated Areas: an altitude of 500 feet AGL; Over Open Water or Sparsely Populated Areas: an altitude allowing for a linear distance greater than 500 feet from any person, vessel, vehicle, or structure;

Surface Analysis Chart

-Depicts weather conditions during the valid time on the chart -Prepared every 3 hours -Shows locations of high and low pressure systems and fronts

Emergency Equipment

-ELT

Limitations

-No private pilot may act as pic of an aircraft for compensation or hire unless the flight is incidental to a business & does not carry pax or property for compensation or hire. A PPL cannot pay less than the pro rata share of operating expenses of a flight with passengers (you have to pay at least 1/3rd of the costs if there are 3 people in the plane) A PPL CAN act as a PIC of a charitable, nonprofit, or community event flight if the sponsor & pilot comply with 91.146

Radar/Radar Summary Chart

-Produced 35 minutes past every hour with SD's -Graphically depicts radar weather reports -Does not detect all cloud formations

Dead Reckoning

-This navigation technique is based on mathematical calculations of time, speed, distance and direction. -used to predict movement of aircraft -you use a compass, plotter, and nav log

Prognostic Charts

-Valid from the surface to 24,000 feet -Displays areas of low visibility, icing, and turbulence -Issued 4 times a day -Panels on the left forecast 12 hours ahead and the right panels forecast 24 hours ahead -Upper panels show nonconvective turbulence, freezing levels, IFR, and MVFR -Lower panels show fronts and pressure centers, precipitation, and thunderstorms

Icing Probability and Severity

-Visible moisture is required for icing to occur -Rime ice - Typical in stratus clouds, instantaneous freezing of supercooled water droplets when they strike the aircraft -Clear ice - Generally occurs in freezing rain. The droplets slowly freeze as the flow across the aircraft and glaze the surface. Clear ice is the most dangerous because it adheres the most and is difficult to remove. -Mixed ice - Mix between Rime and Clear ice. -Reported as Light/Moderate/Severe/Extreme just like turbulence

Emergency Descent

-a maneuver for descending as rapidly as possible to a lower altitude or to the ground for an emergency landing -could be caused by a fire or an engine failure -The objective is to descend the airplane as soon and as rapidly as possible within the structural limitations of the airplane

Applying UTC and Time Zones

-also known as Zulu time -Central Standard Time: subtract 6 hours from UTC -different for other time zones, changes for daylight savings time! It will be subtract 5 for Daylight saving times!

Climate Extremes (Hot/Cold)

-bring suitable clothes for wherever you're flying over

Loss of Oil Pressure

-can be caused by low oil pressure or a problem with the oil leaking out -constitutes as an emergency -oil lubricates certain parts of the engine and absorbs heat

Wind and Effects

-can cause wind shear, which can be hazardous to flight -dictates what runway will be used -gives potential for crosswind and turbulence

Fuel Starvation

-mixture is too lean -can be caused by blockage, vapor lock, contamination by water, malfunction of the fuel pump or incorrect operation, leading to loss of power or engine stoppage

Density Altitude

-pressure altitude corrected for nonstandard temperature -As temperature and altitude increase, air density decreases. -In a sense, it's the altitude at which the airplane "feels" its flying.

Meteorology (i.e. Weather Theory)

-the branch of science concerned with the processes and phenomena of the atmosphere, especially as a means of forecasting the weather. -the climate and weather of a region.

Load Factors

-the force on the airplane represented in gravity -A load factor of one, or 1 g, represents conditions in straight and level flight, where the lift is equal to the weight. Load factors greater or less than one (or even negative) are the result of maneuvers or wind gusts -Affects the Stall Speed: The more g's presented on the airplane, the higher the stall speed

Engine Roughness or Overheat

-the mixture is leaned out too far -bad magneto -moisture/debris in the fuel -fuel injector is clogged -out of oil

Time, Speed, and Distance

-use E6B flight computer and how to read it... have flight plan before hand and be able to explain how you got your calculations

Route Planning and Checkpoints

-what makes a good checkpoint? -VFR flight plan

Minimum Fuel

-you can tell this to ATC and give them a heads up that you need to land soon and can't be doing anything special or really wait, but you can't use it to your advantage, either

Special Flight Permit

1 - Contact the local Flight Standards District Office(FSDO) 2 - Fill out a form(purpose of flight, itinerary, crew, airworthiness issues, other information)

Inoperative Equipment

1 - Fix it 2 - Get a special flight permit (ferry permit) 1 - Contact the local Flight Standards District Office(FSDO) 2 - Fill out a form(purpose of flight, itinerary, crew, airworthiness issues, other information) 3 - Use PIC Initiative 1 - Aircraft must not be under an MEL(Minimum Equipment List) 2 - Aircraft must not be LARGE(defined by FAR Part 1) or turbine powered 3 - Inoperative item must not be required by 91.205 4 - Inoperative item must not be required by AD 5 - Inoperative item must not be required by POH(kinds of operations AND W&B equip. list) 1 - Decide if the flight can be made safely 2 - Deactivate the item if possible 3 - Denote it with a placard

Communications (Emergency)

1.) Aviate; Navigate; Communicate- MAYDAY -tell the controller where you are and what's wrong

Compensation

14 CFR 61.113 No person who holds a private pilot certificate may act as pilot in command of an aircraft that is carrying passengers or property for compensation or hire; nor may that person, for compensation or hire, act as pilot in command of an aircraft.

Airspeed Limitations

250 KTS - Below 10,000 MSL 200 KTS In the airspace underlying Class B In a VFR corridor through Class B At or below 2,500 AGL, within 4 NM of a class C or D primary airport

High Drag vs Low Drag

????

Inspections

A - Annual & Airworthiness Directives (12 calendar months) V - VOR check (30 days, IFR) 1 - 100 Hour (for hire) A - Altimeter/Static/Encoding systems (24 calendar months, IFR) T - Transponder (24 calendar months) E - ELT (Inspected: 12 calendar months, battery replacement: 1 hr cumulative use OR 50% battery life remaining)

Enroute Weather/Weather Sources

Area Forecast is a good source. Call Flight Service Station or Flight Watch

Gear and Physical Needs

Be prepared for wherever you are flying over -if stranded in a forest, have something to start a fire, warm clothes, a survival pack, etc. -if over water, have a life jacket or raft, etc.

Lost Procedures

C - Climb - to increase visibility and communication range C - Communicate - who are you going to talk to? C - Confess - let them know you're lost C - Comply - do what they tell you C - Conserve - reduce your fuel burn by reducing throttle and leaning the mixture

CWA

CWA- Center Weather Advisory -Unscheduled weather advisory issued by ARTCC -Alerts pilots of adverse weather conditions within the next 2 hours

Activating/Closing Flight Plans

Call Fort Dodge on 122.05

Landing Gear or Flap Malfunction

Can land with no flaps, but you have to come in at 70 kts. -C172 gear does not retract

Carburetor or Induction Icing

Carburetor Icing: turn on carb heat (we don't have carburetors) --there is humid air, and the temperature drop in the venturi causes the water vapor to freeze. Induction Icing: the build-up of ice in the fuel induction system and can affect all types of piston engined aeroplanes, helicopters and gyroplanes.

Glide Speed vs. Distance

Cessna 172- 68 knots for best glide speed

Class C Airspace

Dimensions: 5 nm core at surface than 10 nm radius shelf that begins at 1,200 agl, both extending up to 4,000 agl Equipment: two way radio, transponder with altitude reporting inside and above Class C airspace Entry Requirements: established two way radio communications VFR Wx Minimums: 3 SM, 500 below, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal

Class E Airspace

Dimensions: begins at 14,500 up to 18,000 and above 60,000, also starts at 1,200 AGL, 700 AGL, or anywhere else depicted by FAA Equipment: none Entry Requirements: none VFR Wx Minimums: Below 10,000: 3SM, 500 below, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal Above 10,000: 5SM, 1,000 below, 1,000 above, 1 SM

Class A Airspace

Dimensions: begins at FL 180 and extends up to and including FL 600 Equipment: IFR equipped Entry Requirements: Must be on IFR Flight plan VFR Wx Minimums: none

Class B Airspace

Dimensions: individually tailored shelves, like an upside wedding cake - surface up to 10,000, 30 NM for Mode C Equipment: two way radio, transponder with altitude reporting within Mode C veil Entry Requirements: must hear tail number and that you are clear to enter Class B airspace VFR Wx Minimums: 3 SM Visibility, Clear of Clouds

Class D Airspace

Dimensions: individually tailored, begins at surface and extends to 2,500 AGL Equipment: two way radio Entry Requirements: establish two way radio communications VFR Wx Minimums: 3 SM, 500 below, 1,000 above, 2,000 horizontal

Diversion

Diversion -why are you diverting and where is the best place to divert to? Does it have fuel, services, etc?

Documents (On Board + On Person) and ID Requirements

Documents On Board: ARROW A- Airworthiness Certificate R- Registration (Federal and State) R- Radio Operators O- Operating Manuel (POH) W- Weight and Balance On Your Person 1.) Government Issued Photo ID (Driver's License) 2.) Medical 3.) Pilot Certificate

Medical Certificates

Duration: 61.23 - To exercise ppl privileges you must hold at least a 3rd class medical certificate which is valid for 60 calendar months under 40 yrs of age. 40 or older it's valid for 24 calendar months.

Partial or Complete Power Loss

Engine Failure Procedure AIRSPEED - 68 KIAS FUEL SELECTOR - BOTH FUEL SHUTOFF (Full In) ON MIXTURE - RICH FUEL PUMP - ON

FA

FA- Area Forecast -Covers general weather for a wide region -Good source for enroute weather and can help determine weather at airports without TAF's

FD

FD- Winds and Temperature Aloft -Provides an estimate of wind direction in relation to True North -Wind speed is in knots and temp is in C -Wind is not forecasted within 1500 feet of the station, and temps are not forecast for the 3000 foot level or within 2500 feet of the station -Wind above 100 knots is encoded by adding 50 to the direction and subtracting 100 from the speed 7701 = 270 at 101 kts

Currency

Found in FAR 61.57 -made at least three takeoffs and three landings within the preceding 90 days, -person acted as the sole manipulator of the flight controls -takeoffs and landings were performed in an aircraft of the same category, class and type....checkrides count toward flight review

GPS/RAIM/WAAS

GPS- G1000 --- how many sallies do you need in the air at one time? 5 in view at all times -need four to give you a 3D picture -24 in orbit RAIM- Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) is a technology developed to assess the integrity of global positioning system (GPS) signals in a GPS receiver system. WAAS- Wide Area Augmentation System is an air navigation aid to augment the Global Positioning System (GPS), with the goal of improving its accuracy, integrity, and availability.

Logbook/Record Keeping

Have to keep a record in logbook if; -must log all time that is towards a certificate or rating, or for currency (1) Date; (2) Total flight time; (3) Location & Destination; (4) Type & ID of aircraft; (5) Name of safety pilot if required; (6) Type of experience "solo, pic, sic, etc..."; (7) Conditions of flight "day/night, imc/simulated";

METARs/UAs

METARS come out every hour UA- regular report

Overwater Operations

No person may take off an airplane for a flight over water more than 50 nautical miles from the nearest shore unless that airplane is equipped with a life preserver or an approved flotation means for each occupant of the airplane.

Preventative Maintenance

Pilots are able to fix things that could break in the future, this avoiding an accident, but they must check 14 CFR Part 43 for the list of what they can or cannot do work on. A pilot can change the oil, for example. Switch the tire.

Pitot/Static Systems Malfunction

Pitot- runs airspeed Static- runs vertical speed, altimeter, and airspeed -use pitot heat/alternate static port to solve problem Your Static Ports Clog And Your Pitot Tube Is Open = if you climb, indicated airspeed decreases if you descend, indicated airspeed increases Your Pitot Tube Clogs, And Your Static Ports Are Open = if you climb, airspeed indicator starts to speed up. You're now flying slower than indicated.. The opposite happens if you descend... acts as an altimeter Pitot/Static both completely iced over = airspeed won't change

Privileges

Private Pilots have night flying privileges, but with certain expectations; -three hours of night flight training -include a cross-country flight of more than 100 nautical miles total distance -10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop Trick question: for annual, passengers can't pay, only pay for flight Passengers -three takeoffs and landings within 90 days

Weather Depiction Chart

Shows favorable and adverse weather for the charts duration

SFRA

Special Flight Rules Area ~ Washington D.C. Each pilot operating within 60NM of the DC VOR must complete the Special Awareness Training course on the FAA website to learn about the procedures for flying in the DC area and carry with them a certificate of completion.

SUA

Special Use Airspaces NSA (National Security Alert Area) - pilots are asked to avoid flying lower than 2,000 AGL through these areas (nuclear plants, etc) Warning Area - located on the coast and can extend 3 NM outward that contains activity that may be hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft (navy stuff) Alert Area - high volumes of pilot training or unusual aerial activity Restricted Area - contains activities hazardous to aircraft, need permission from controlling agency to enter MOA - VFR pilots should exercise extreme caution due to ongoing military air combat tactics, intercepts, aerobatics, formation flying, and low altitude tactics at high speeds Prohibited Area - flight in these areas is prohibited Controlled Firing Area - not depicted on sectional charts, contain activities hazardous to nonparticipating aircraft, but spotters will suspend the activity immediately if an aircraft approaches

Required Equipment

T - Tachometer for each engine O - Oil pressure M - Manifold pressure gauge for each "altitude" engine A - Airspeed indicator T - Temperature gauge for each liquid cooled engine O - Oil temp gauge for each air cooled engine F - Fuel guages F - Flotation gear - if for hire beyond gliding distance from shore L - Landing gear position indicator lights A - Altimeter (does not need to have an adjustment for pressure) M - Magnetic direction indicator (compass) E - Emergency Locator Transmitter S - Seat belts (for each passenger over 2 yrs of age)

TAF

TAF- Terminal Aerodrome Forecast -Valid for a 24 hour period and are issued 4 times a day -Format is similar to METAR's

True Airspeed

TAS -the speed of the aircraft relative to the airmass in which it is flying.

Closed/Unsafe NOTAMs

Tell the pilot if there is something that will be closed/unsafe when flying or landing at an airport. Check NOTAMS before flight, know how to read them, be prepared to make an alternate plan if things are closed.

TFRs

Temporary Flight Restrictions (type of NOTAM) Do not fly through TFR's. Some TFR's can be flown through IF a clearance is obtained. TFR's information can be obtained from many sources, but the only current and up to date source is 1-800-WX-BRIEF!!! airshows

Other Airspace

Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) - Class D airports with approach radar similar to what Class C airports have. Unlike Class C, pilots are not required to participate in the TRSA/contact the approach controller before entering. Pilots are only required to contact the tower before entering the Class D airspace. There is no reason not to participate in radar services however, and you are encouraged to contact the controller to receive radar services. Military Training Routes (MTR's) - MTR's are depicted on sectionals by light grey lines and special identifiers. An "IR" prefix means the route is flown in accordance with Instrument Regulations. A "VR" prefix means the route is flown under Visual Regulations. 4 numbers indicates the route is flown completely below 1,500 AGL. 3 numbers indicates the route has at least one segment above 1,500 AGL. Examples: VR1520, VR209, IR3405, IR502

Ground-based Navigation

The VOR and ILS??? VOR- radio navigation station enabling aircraft with a receiving unit to determine their position and stay on course by receiving radio signals transmitted by a network of fixed ground radio beacons. ILS- precision runway approach aid based on two radio beams which together provide pilots with both vertical and horizontal guidance during an approach to land Instrument Landing System + Omni Directional Radio Range

Planned vs. Actual Calculations

Tolerances: its a minute or two off, its fine... can redo calculations in the air if its way different from what you thought

UUA

UUA- Urgent PIREP

Class G Airspace

Uncontrolled! Dimensions: begins at surface and extends up to the lower limit of the overlying airspace Equipment: none Entry Requirements: none VFR Wx Minimums: Below 1,200: Day: 1 SM, clear of clouds Night: 3 SM, 500/1000/2000 Between 1,200 - 10,000 Day: 1 SM, 500/1000/2000 Night: 3 SM, 500/1000/2000 Above 10,000 5 SM, 1,000/1,000/1 SM

First Class Medical

Under 40 12 months Over 40 6 months

Second Class Medical

Under 40 12 months.. reverts to third class once this expires Over 40 12 months

Third Class Medical

Under 40 60 months Over 40 24 months

Structural Icing

Use the boot, climb/descend to an altitude that doesn't have ice, land when you can to take care of it -clear, rime, and mixed

Pilotage

Using a current map, choose symbols or checkpoints you will be able to locate from the air

Magnetic Compass Errors

V - Variation D - Deviation M - Magnetic Dip O - Oscillation N - Northerly Turning Error A - Acceleration Error

Fuel Planning

VFR Day/Night (not UD) -enough fuel to make it to your destination plus another 30 minutes (UD is an hour) -enough fuel to make it to your destination plus another 45 minutes (UD is an hour and a half)

Vacuum/Pressure and Associated Flight Instruments Malfunction

Vacuum system runs the Turn Coordinator, Attitude Indicator, and Heading Indicator -run by vacuum pump

WA

WA- AIRMET -Issued every 6 hours with amendments as necessary -Phenomena of operational interest to all aircraft and that are potentially hazardous to smaller aircraft -Issued for moderate icing (Zulu), turbulence (Tango), IFR (Sierra), sustained winds of 30 kts or more.

WS

WS- SIGMET -Issued for hazardous weather not associated with convective activity -Significant for all aircraft -Includes severe icing, turbulence, CAT, dust storms, sandstorms, visibility less than 3 miles, and volcanic ash -Unscheduled and last for 4 hours but if it relates to hurricanes, it becomes valid for 6 hours

WST

WST- Convective Sigmet -Issued for hazardous convective weather which is significant to all aircraft -Bulletins are issued 55 minutes past the hour unless a special update bulletin is required -They are valid for 2 hours from the time of issuance

Radar Services/Assistance

a terminal radar service area (TRSA) is a delimited airspace in which radar and air traffic control services are made available to pilots flying under instrument flight rules or (optionally) visual flight rules for the purposes of maintaining aircraft separation

Calibrated Airspeed

corrected for altitude and non-standard temperature

Radar Assistance/Transponders

helps separate all IFR and participating VFR traffic???

Freezing Level

represents the altitude in which the temperature is at 0 °C (the freezing point of water) in a free atmosphere. Will you get ice, scenario question. have pitot heat on at 40 degrees F. Get lowest freezing level chart on foreflight. also probability icing chart

Pressure Altitude

the height above a standard datum plane (SDP), which is a theoretical level where the weight of the atmosphere is 29.92

Stabilized Approach

the pilot establishes and maintains a constant angle glide path towards a predetermined point on the landing runway.

Inadvertant Door or Window Opening

It's all good, doesn't really effect things, just close it when you get the chance

Emergency Procedures

Know Procedures for... *Engine Failure *Engine Fire *Electrical Fire *Cabin Fire *Wing Fire

Inoperative Trim

Left, Right Left Grab the trim tab on the yoke Grab the trim tab on the side counsel -Disconnect the circuit breaker for the trim

Sectional and Symbology

Look at Foreflight for entire list

Electrical Malfunction

Look on Emergency Checklist sheet

Terms: MC, TC, TH, MH, CH

MC- Magnetic Course.... what FF gives you, already calculated lines of variation TC- True Course... drew a line on sectional from Dubuque to somewhere, thats true course TH- True Heading... the direction the longitudinal axis of the airplane points with the respect to true north MH- Magnetic Heading: corrected for magnetic variation CH- Compass Heading: heading read from the compass

NOTAMS (D and FDC)

Notice To All Airmen: a notice containing information (not known sufficiently in advance to publicize by other means) concerning the establishment, condition, or change in any component (facility, service, or procedure of , or hazard in the National Airspace System) the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations. -D NOTAMS: normal FDC: amended NOTAM, TFRs will show up in these

Drugs and Alcohol/IMSAFE

OTC Drugs -ask the medical examiner who issued your medical certificate (AME) Alcohol -8 hours bottle to throttle -can't have overhanging effects (no hangover) -BAC is less than .04 I- Illness M-Medication S-Stress A-Alcohol F-Fatigue E-Emotion/Eating