PSY 3341 final review

attachment

A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion and is characterized by affection and a desire to maintain proximity.

unconscious/implicit memory

- procedural tasks (motor/muscle memory/skills; balance and equilibrium - cerebellum - develops first

roles of older siblings

- provide emotional support - provide care taking - teachers/ role models - social interaction

What is continuous reinforcement?

- reinforcing every response - increases numbers of response (rapid acquisition) - used when first learning new behavior

What is partial reinforcement?

- reinforcing only some responses - prevents extinction (used to maintain behavior) - ratio or interval

Stage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions

- repetition with variation - new ways to solve problems - pat/ hit/ scoop water

What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule?

- unannounced pop-quiz - slow steady responding

authoritarian outcomes

- unhappy/ withdrawn - ok in school - best for workers society, army - goodness of fit

Baddeley's Working Memory Model

- updated dual-store memory - added working memory (temporarily stores info while actively operating on it)

What is the Premack principle?

- uses activity as a reinforcement - one activity... (something you like doing) ... can act as a reinforcement for another activity Example: boy plays baseball when he cleans his room

Progression of memory during adolescence

-memory strategy of elaboration is mastered -develop & refine advanced learning -perform cognitive operations fast -older teens perform better than young teens on highly complex cognitive tasks that require them to use recalled info -better metamemory/metacognition

William Perry's Dualistic Thinking

-multiple thinking: awareness of duplicity -relativism: compare merits of competing views -commitment: commit to certain viewpoint

Sensorimotor substages

1. reflexive schemes (1st mo) 2. primary circular reactions (1-4 mo) 3. secondary circular reactions (4-8 mo) 4. coordination of secondary circular reactions (8-12 mo) 5. tertiary circular reactions (12-18 mo) 6. beginning of thought (18-24 mo)

When do babies perceive the visual cliff?

2 months (Joseph Campus)

discriminating social responsiveness

2-3 mo to 6-7 mo - show preferences for familiar companions - still friendly to strangers

When does color detection mature?

2-3 months

lifts head 90 degrees

2-3 months

What is the age Progression of digit span?

2-3 years- 2 digits 7 years- 5 digits 13 years- 6-7 digits

kicks ball forward

20-24 months

What is the visual acuity of a 1 month baby?

20/120 vision on the standard eye chart

goal-corrected partnership

3 years and older - taking parents goals and plans into consideration - adjusting behavior accordingly - lasts a lifetime

rolls over

3-4 months

Age progression for recall?

4 years: 11-12 objects 8-10 years: 12 objects adult: 12 objects

Age progression for recognition?

4 years: 2-4 objects 8-10 years: 6-9 objects Adults: 10-11 objects

Any language has about how many phonemes?

40 to 80

rehearsal

5 years: 10% 7 years: 50% 10 years: 80%

disorganized attachment

5-10% - no exploration, confused by stranger - separation anxiety is variable - reunion is confused

What percent of a newborn's sleep is spent in REM?

50% of sleep is REM - Sleep 70% of the day 6 months old: 25-30% of sleep is REM Children & adults spend 20% of sleep in REM

walking, reliable pincer grasp

6 months- 1 year

true attachment

6-7 mo to 3 yrs - follows mom and protests when she leaves - greets mother when she comes back - become attached to other figures as well (father, siblings, etc)

When do babies fear the visual cliff?

6-7 months

crawling, standing with support

6-8 months

sitting unsupported

6-8 months

What is ADHD and its symptoms?

A disorder characterized by attentional difficulties, impulsive behavior, and overactive of fidgety behavior - Inattention, impulsivity, hyperactivity

extended family household

A family unit composed of parents and children living with other kin such as grandparents, aunts and uncles, cousins, or a combination of these. Compare with nuclear family.

autoritative parenting

A flexible style of parenting combining high demandingness-control and high acceptance-responsiveness in which adults lay down clear rules but also take their children's views into account and explain the rationale for their restrictions.

induction

A form of discipline that involves explaining why a child's behavior is wrong and should be changed by emphasizing its effects on other people. Most effective

love withdrawal

A form of discipline that involves withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves.

What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior (or behavior potential) that results from a person's experiences or practice - allows us to adapt to our environment

authoritarian parenting

A restrictive style of parenting combining high demandingness-control and low acceptance-responsiveness in which adults impose many rules, expect strict obedience, and often rely on power tactics rather than explanations to elicit compliance.

Wechsler scales

A set of widely used, individually administered intelligence tests that yield verbal, performance, and overall IQ scores.

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that elicits a particular response without prior learning/naturally triggers a response

What is plasticity?

An openness of the brain cells (or of the organism as a whole) to positive and negative environmental influence; a capacity to change in response to experience

Vocabulary spurt

Around 18 months when a child has mastered about 30-50 words, the pace of word learning quickens dramatically

Syntax

Arranges words into sentences

PNS?

Peripheral Nervous System - Voluntary/Skeletal - Automatic - Motor - Somatic sensory - Autonomic (ANS)

examples of permanent survival reflexes

Permanent - breathing, eyeblink (defensive), pupillary (protecting retina)

Lexicon

Personal dictionary in your head

hypothetical-deductive reasoning

Piaget's formal operational concept that adolescents have the cognitive ability to develop hypotheses, or best guesses, about ways to solve problems

assimilation

Piaget's term for the process by which children interpret new experiences in terms of their existing schemata. Contrast with accommodation.

- Makeshift combination of two languages for practical tasks - No grammar - No consistent word order - No prefixes or suffixes - No tense

Pidgin

Who came up with PAD

Pinker/Chomsky

When does memory consolidation occur?

REM sleep

What happens to "sensory thresholds" as you get older?

Rise of the threshold with age = sensitivity to low levels of stimulation is lost

What was the conditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

Salivation after bell is rung

giftedness

The possession of unusually high general intellectual potential or of special abilities in such areas as creativity, mathematics, or the arts.

power assertion

a method of child rearing in which the parent uses punishment and authority to correct the child's misbehavior

child effects model

a model of family influence in which children are believed to influence their parents rather than vice versa

parent effects model

a model of parenting effects that assumes that parents cause the characteristics that we see in their children

recognition

ability to identify a previously encountered stimulus (ex. multiple choice question) - recognition is better for memory

what is meant by short term memory being both funnel and a filter?

Filter: selects what info we process Funnel: the funnel through which info must pass to get into long term memory

Modulation of meaning

From free to bound morphemes Ex: 'ing', 's', 'the', 'a'

Biological causality of death

ages 11-12; death is failure of internal biological processes

Universality of death

ages 3-5; death is inevitable and happens to all living things; but it may be temporary and reversible; think they will be cold and hungry in their coffin

Finality of death

ages 5-7; cessation of life and all life's processes; everything stops

Irreversibility of death

ages 5-7; death can't be undone

empty nest syndrome

alleged period of depression in mothers following the departure of their grown children from the home

Passive euthanasia

allowing death to occur

Financial DPA

allows someone else to control your financial matters (bank accounts, etc.) if you cannot

Healthcare DPA

allows someone else to make important healthcare decisions when you cannot

Neurocognitive disorder

also called dementia; characterized by impairments in memory and other primary symptoms

S.A.M.E.

sensory, afferent, motor, efferent (Afferent, incoming sensory - interneuron - efferent, outgoing, motor)

working memory

the active form of short term memory *EX: add the numbers of your phone number together and find the sum

negatively associated with age

the association with extraversion

Brain pathology of NCD

bet-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are characteristics of people with NCD

attachment and intellectual competence

children who were securely attach tend to be more curious, self directed, and eager to learn

attachment and social competance

children who were securely attached tend to be more sensitive towards the needs of others and are more popular and socially competant

Interacting with dying person

create a comfortable environment, be present, don't avoid the topic of death, the person may be worried or feel like a burden

secure adult attachment

exhibits a coherent valuing of attachment; freedom to evaluate past and current relationships - low anxiety/ avoidance

Women's friendships

expressive

tempermant

fairly stable modes of responding to the environment

Uta Frith found that 3-5 year old autistic children do not always show evidence of understanding that other people may have thoughts different from their own. In one study, 80% of autistic children did not pass the _________ test. For example, if Sally puts a ball in BASKET and leaves, then Anne moves the ball to a BOX, they believe Sally will look for the ball in the BOX (even though Sally didn't see Anne hide it).

false belief test

unconditional positive regard

feeling loved and accepted for who we are, not our achievements - this leads to a small gap b/w self-concept, idealized self

Growth spurts

girls: 12-12.5 years, reaches adult height @16 yrs boys: 13.4-13.9 yrs, reaches adult height @18-20 yrs

preconventional morality

goodness and badness depends on consequences and rules are external. - avoid punishment - gain rewards (instrumental hedonism)

family national guard

grandparents

chunking (organization)

grouping into meaningful categories; chunking is breaking a long number into manageable subunits

Scheme (schema)

groups of similar thoughts or actions that are used repeatedly in response to the environment

parenting characteristics of those in lower SES experiencing economic hardship

lower-class and working-class parents tend to place more emphasis on obedience and respect for authority - Financially stressed parents tend to be less warm and nurturant, more authoritarian, and less consistent

central executive (working memory)

manipulates info; sends to and retrieves from long term

autobiographical memory

memory of everyday event that the individual has experienced

why is memory better in adults than children?

memory strategies are mastered; develop & refine advanced learning; better metamemory/metacognition

external memory

memory that uses cues from the environment to aid remembrance of ideas and sensations - EX: calenders, written notes, establishing set routine, pill boxes

intelligence quotient (IQ) formula

mental age/chronological age x 100 - average is 100

Uta Frith word for theory of mind

mentalizing

What is the autobiographical/reminiscence memory bump?

more memories of - recall or more positive memories than negative of teenage years and 20s - pattern beginning in 30s/40s

Cerebellum

motor coordination, balance, muscle memory, IMPLICIT/UNCONSCIOUS memory (walking or biking)

who is clive wearing?

music man; cannot form new memories or remember long term memories (anterograde & retrograde) but has ability to utilize skills learned before accident; implicit memory still intact

White matter

myelinated axons

Living will

not a legal document; "If I am found to have an irreversible, non-curable condition..."

Agnosia

not knowing; don't recognize people close to you

prospective memory

remember to do something in the future - some researchers find decline in prospective memory with age

late formal operational thought

through accommodation, intellectual balance is restored as adolescents test their reasoning against reality (13+)

TOT

tip of the tongue; feeling of knowing

personal fable

type of thought common to adolescents in which young people believe themselves to be unique and protected from harm

defense mechanisms

unconscious strategies used by the ego to relieve tension and protect us from the conflict and anxiety that arises due to id impulses

relativistic thinking

understanding that knowledge depends on its context and the subjective perspective of the knower

Infant attachment

undiscriminating social responsiveness, discriminating social responsiveness, true attachment, goal-corrected partnership

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

used for adults

they have problems with their frontal lobe

why do kids with ADHD have trouble with effortful control?

Euthanasia continuum

withholding treatment, withdrawing support, causing/hastening death

Apraxia

without movement

Aphasia

without speech

Average cost of funeral

$3,000-$5,000

examples of early survival reflexes

(as baby grows, they disappear) - rooting, sucking, swallowing

undiscriminating social responsiveness

(birth to 2-3 months) - infants responsive to voices, faces, and other social stimuli, any human interests them

When does brightness detection mature?

2 months

Phoneme

- A basic unit of sound - The sound system of the language - Corresponds to letters of the alphabet

Limbic system

- A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres (subcortical structures) - Hypothalamus: fight or flight, food/hunger/thirst, sex, body temperature (right under hippocampus) - Amygdala: emotional memory, fear and aggression, - Hippocampus: memory, encoding context, conscious memory (explicit)

What the punishment guidelines?

- ASAP - Intensity - Consistently - Be otherwise warm - Explain yourself - Reinforce alternate behavior - Alternative responses (TIME OUT, rephrase politely)

As a child, what were high achievers like?

- Active hobbies - Independence was encouraged - Success were praised & rewarded - Consumed by a passion - First borns & 'only'

What is token economy?

- An item that can be traded for a reinforcer - Each token is a step toward a reinforcer Example: chart with stars, poker chips, point system

Language development 4 months

- Babbling - Consonant + vowel - Play with words - dadada, bababa

Language development 3-5 weeks

- Cooing - Repetition of vowel like sounds - oooo, aaaa, eeee - Practicing with voice

Under what conditions do older adults have trouble understanding speech?

- Decrease in complexity of sentences - No big words - Hearing impairments

Special protections of CNS

- Dura membrane (CNS is encaged w/ this) - floating in CSF (shock absorber, fluid, protects from pull of gravity) - surrounded by cranial and spinal bones (cushioning disks in between vertebrae)

What are some examples of household language?

- Food - Body parts - Routines - Social - Modifiers

What is applied behavior analysis?

- Intense, systematic - Identify:behavior to be targeted and environmental conditions contributing to behavior - Obtain baseline - Do a functional analysis - Develop a treatment plan - Reassess for effectiveness Example: shaping social/language skills in autistic children

Language development 8-10 months

- Jargoning - Advanced babbling with intonations - Keep phoneme discrimination only for the ones they hear (lose phoneme discrimination for sounds they do not hear)

Language development 2-3 years

- Language explosion - Full sentences with complete grammar - Articulation difficulty may persist

What factors predict a better adjustment to parenting

- Parents who have good problem-solving and communication skills, are in good mental health, and find adaptive ways to restructure their lives to accommodate a new baby adjust well - parents who have realistic expectations about parenthood and about infants and children tend to adjust more easily than those who have an unrealistically rosy view -a sense of self-efficacy - social support

Generative grammar

- Mental set of rules - A code to translate between orders of words and combinations of thoughts - Enables us to get the correct information from the words: Who did what to whom

What else was child-directed speech called in lecture?

- Motherese - Infant Speech Register

Language development One year

- One word - Household language - Holophrases - Syncretic speech

Frontal

- PFC: association area, thinking, motor inhibition, attention, creativity, visual working memory, SMELL (olfactory sense goes directly to brain) - Motor cortex: voluntary control of muscles, fine motor movement and strength - Broca's area: speech production

What is peer acceptance based on?

- Physical attractiveness - Academic or physical competencies - Social competencies

What should parents do?

- Stress independence - Doing things well - Use authoritative style

Pragmatics

- Talking to and with someone - Acknowledging the audience - Turn taking - Language in social context

Language development Two years

- Telegraphic speech - Two word sentences

Brain stem

- Thalamus: sensory relay center - RAS: arousal, wakefullness, and sleep - Medulla oblongata: necessary for life, heart rate, respiration, blood pressure, breathing

Semantics

- The relationship between words and things - Things that change the meaning of words

Child-directed speech

- The speech adults use with infants and young children - Short, simple sentences spoken slowly in a high pitched voice

Criticisms of Piaget

- Underestimated young minds - Wrongly claiming that broad stages of development exist - Failing to adequately explain development - Giving limited attention to social influences on cognitive development

Language development Birth

- Various cries - May mimic style of language - Expression of emotional state - Cries may have 'melody' of language

Language development 7 1/2 months

- Word segmentation: in a string of sounds, they can pick out a target word - Which syllables usually go together - ALL phonemes recognizable

What is systematic desensitization?

- a type of behavioral therapy based on the principle of classical conditioning (Wolpe) - aims to remove the fear response of a phobia, and substitute a relaxation response to the conditional stimulus gradually using counter conditioning

formal operations main points

- abstract logic - hypothetical, deductive - mental actions on IDEAS - systematic - metacognition - idealistic

Binet-Simon IQ Test (france)

- attempting to identify school children needing special help - Age graded - chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance

Preoperational lack of conservation

- centration - irreversible thinking - static thought

What promotes moral growth?

- clarification & awareness of your position - parents with higher levels of moral reasoning - "Other role taking" - knowledge of alternative ways of thinking - discussions with peers - "Education breeds tolerance" - living in a complex society (goodness of fit model)

testing effect

- david myers - more will be remembered the more you test yourself on it compared to just reading and reviewing

moral development

- deciding/ knowing what is right and what is wrong (cognition) - Action (behavior) - Feelings: pride/ guilt (emotions)

creativity boosters

- develop expertise: pursue an interest, abstract thinking - incubation time: sleep on it - mental wandering: aimless daydreaming - experience in other cultures/ ways of thinking: improve mental flexibility

child risk of abuse

- difficult/ hyperactive - serious medical issues

Stage 3: Secondary Circular Reactions

- direct their activities outside themselves - shaking rattle

Stage 4: Coordination of Secondary Schemes

- goal oriented - more complete acts - combine actions to solve problems - put down object and grab another - intentional

Temporal lobe

- hearing and language, categorize/organize - Wernicke's area: speech comprehension - Hippocampus: memory - Amygdala: fear

What are some things that promote development of theory of mind?

- imitation of others (mirror neurons) - pretend play (18-24 mo) - emotional understanding

The adolescent brain

- increase in dopamine bc of hormones (reward orientation - myelination and maturation of PFC not complete

phases of dating

- initiation phase - status phase - affection phase - bonding phase

Child abuse signs and symptoms

- injury does not match explanation - bruises in various stages of healing - inappropriate sexual behavior - regression, clinging, specific fears - heightened aggression and hostility - compulsive compliance with vigilance - flat affect, apathetic - noncompliance, passivity and withdrawl - failure to thrive

3 approaches of disciplining children

- love withdrawl - power assertion - induction

Bronfenbrenner systems

- microsystem - mesosystem - exosystem - macrosystem - chondrosystem

To develop morality infants must...

- moral emotions—learning to associate negative emotions like guilt with violating rules, and learning to empathize with people who are in distress, and - self-control—becoming able to inhibit one's impulses when tempted to violate internalized rules -18-24 mo

How do mothers and fathers differ in their interaction with their children?

- mothers spend more time directly caring for children - mothers spend most time caregiving (offering food, changing diapers, ect) - fathers spend most time playing with child

Damon's Theories

- none - equality - merit - need - multipule claims

Describe the changes in vision with old age.

- pupils become smaller (greater difficulty when lighting is dim & when it suddenly changes) - pupils slower to dilate - dark adaptation is slower - lens become less denser and less flexible - yellowing of lens - lens and gelatinous liquid behind lens are less transparent - visual acuity decreases - sensory receptor cells in the retina may die or not function as efficiently as they did before - retina change = decreased visual field/loss of peripheral vision = tunnel vision

what three types of tasks do older adults have trouble with

- slower problem solving - spatial orientation - decreased numeric ability

peripheral nervous system

- somasensory input: allows feel/touch sensations - motor output: voluntary/skeletal movements - Autonomic NS: sympathetic (fight or flight), parasympathetic (rest and digest) - adrenaline, norepinephrine, epinephrine

Stage 2: Primary Circular Reactions

- stage of first habits - repeating interesting/ rewarding acts centered on body - thumb sucking, kicking, blowing spit bubbles

Multiple etiologies of NCD

-Alzheimer's -vascular -Lewy body -Prion disease -Fronto-temporal -Parkinson's -Huntington's -HIV -TBI -substance/medication induced

Dodge's Information Processing theory

1) encoding of cues 2) interpretation of cues 3) clarify goals 4) response search 5) response evaluation/ decision 6) behavior enactment

Dodges brain areas for moral development

1) frontal lobe: response inhibition and rational thought 2) Limbic system for guilt and pride

Mildred Parten's types of engaging in play

1) solitary play 2) parallel play 3) associative play 4) cooperative play

Helena Marchand postformal thinking

1) understanding that knowledge is relative, not absolute 2) accepting the world is full of contradictions 3) attempting to integrate contradictions into a wider understanding

Weiner's Attribution Theory Achievement can be attributed to what 4 things?

1. Effort 2. Ability 3. Level of task difficulty 4. Luck

4 steps of Information Processing

1. Encoding 2. Consolidation 3. Storage 4. Retrieval

Weiner's Attribution Theory Casual dimensions of behavior

1. Locus of control 2. Stability 3. Controllability

Patricia Bauer's 4 autobiographical memory

1. personal significance 2. distinctiveness or uniqueness 3. affective or emotional intensity 4. life phase

Spinal cord has 2 functions....

1. conduit/cable 2. reflex connections

resistant attachment

10% - anxious - stranger anxiety - very upset by the separation - reunion is ambivalent

Vocabulary development from 1-2 years

12 months: first few words 14 months: 10 words 19 months: 50 words 24 months: 200-300 words

walking independently

12-14 months

Avoidant attachment

15% - explores, but play is not constructive - indifferent

scribble w/ crayon

16 months

walking up steps

17-22 months

Rovee-Collier memory

2 mo.- 2 days 3 mo. -7 days 6 mo. -14 days 18 mo.- 90 days

secure attachment

65-70% - easy going - upset with separation but can be comforted - mothers are secure base, outgoing with strangers

beginning to walk holding on

9-12 months

Brain development and weight

@ birth: 25% of adult weight @ 2 yrs: 75% of adult weight @ 5 yrs: 90% of adult weight

What is ABC?

A = antecedent - environmental stimuli & events that precede the behavior B = behavior - specific response the individual makes C = consequence - stimuli & events immediate following the behavior

In school, what is a 'mastery orientation'?

A child's desire to become competent on a task

In school, what is 'performance orientation'?

A child's desire to complete an assigned task within the given conditions

Define language

A communication system in which a limited number of symbols can be combined according to agreed upon rules to produce an infinite number of messages

What is retinitis pigmentosa (RP)?

A group of hereditary disorder that all involve gradual deterioration of the light-sensitive cells of the retina - can cause tunnel vision

oxytocin

A hormone that plays important roles in facilitating parent-infant attachment as well as reducing anxiety and encouraging affiliation in other social relationships.

Agreeableness

A in OCEAN

permissive/indulgent parenting

A lax style of parenting combining low demandingness-control and high acceptance-responsiveness in which adults love their children but make few demands on them and rarely attempt to control their behavior.

What is a conditioned response?

A learned response to a stimulus that was not originally capable of producing the response

mental age (MA)

A measure of intellectual development that reflects the level of age-graded problems that a child is able to solve; the age at which a child functions intellectually.

Interactional (transactional) Model

A model of family influence in which it is the combination of a particular kind of child with a particular kind of parent that determines developmental outcomes.

reconstituted family

A new family that forms after the remarriage of a single parent, sometimes involving the blending of two families into a new one.

Strange Situation Test

A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment - mary ainsworth

neglectful/uninvolved parenting

A parenting style low in demandingness-control and low in acceptance-responsiveness; uninvolved parenting.

What are cataracts?

A pathological condition of the eye involving opacification (clouding) of the lens that can impair vision or cause blindness

secure base

A point of safety, represented by an infant's attachment figure, that permits exploration of the environment.

What is habituation?

A simple form of learning that involves learning not to respond to a repeated stimulus; - a method of assessing infant perception - learning to be bored by the familiar/losing interest - decreased response to a stimuli - stimulus discrimination

What is REM sleep?

A state of active, irregular sleep associated with dreaming; rapid eye movement associated with it

false-belief task

A type of task used in theory-of-mind studies, in which the child must infer that another person does not possess knowledge that he or she possesses (that is, that other person holds a belief that is false). - 85% of age 4 children pass - indicates development of self desire - recognize that incorrect beliefs influence behavior

Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME) inventory

A widely used instrument that allows an observer to determine how intellectually stimulating or impoverished a home environment is.

id, superego and ego

According to Freud, what are the three parts of the personality?

A desire for significant accomplishment: for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for attaining a high standard

Achievement motivation

What happens in the frontal lobes during REM?

Activation-synthesis: dreams

What does the spinal cord do?

Afferent (incoming) sensory Efferent (outgoing) motor Reflex connections

What is an age related change in the retina that results in poor vision (esp. in the center of the visual field)?

Age-related macular degeneration - damage to the cells in the retina responsible for central vision

Damon's Theory: None

Aint got no justice - ill get it because I want it - I get 4 cookies because im 4

Fast mapping

Allows children to use sentence context to help them make an educated guess about world meaning

fearful attachment

An attachment style in which individuals are high in both attachment anxiety and avoidance: they fear rejection and thus shun relationships, preferring to avoid the pain they believe is an inevitable part of intimacy. - high anxiety and high avoidance

What is the visual cliff experiment?

An elevated glass platform that creates an illusion and is used to test the depth perception of infants

What is a 'wug'?

An imaginary cartoon creature created and first used by psycholinguist Jean Berko Gleason to test people's ability to use the English plural morpheme

What is a conditioned stimulus?

An initially neutral stimulus that elicits a particular response after it is paired with an unconditioned stimulus that always elicits the response

imprinting

An innate form of learning in which the young of certain species will follow and become attached to moving objects (usually their mothers) during a critical period early in life.

developmental quotient (DQ)

An overall score that combines subscores in motor, language, adaptive, and personal-social domains in the Gesell assessment of infants.

What is an operant/operant response?

Any response that "operates" on the environment - behavior happens first (we operate on our environment) - we are then rewarded or punished - Engage in behaviors that are rewarded; avoid behaviors that are punished

What is behavior modification?

Applying operant principles to changing specific needs

Describe the development of attention from infancy to adolescence.

As children get older... 1) their attention spans become longer 2) become more selective in what they attend to 3) better able to plan and carry out systematic strategies for using their senses to achieve goals Infancy: - selective attention: deliberately concentrating on one thing while ignoring something else - with age, attention becomes more selective and less susceptible t0 distraction - @ 2 yrs, able to form plans of actions --> guides what they focus on and what they ignore - systematic attention Adolescence: - longer attention spans - improved considerably between childhood and adulthood (b/c of increase myelination of the portions of the brain that help regulate attention) - become more efficient at ignoring irrelevant information - can divide their attention more systematically between two taskswwe

fluid intelligence

Aspects of intelligence that involve actively thinking and reasoning to solve novel problems. Contrast with crystallized intelligence.

John Bowlby

Attachment theory. Identified the characteristics of a child's attachment to his/her caregiver and the phases that a child experiences when separated from the caregiver.

How do newborns view patterns/what do they prefer?

Attracted to moderately complex patterns - prefers a clear pattern like a bold checkerboard

Echoic memory

Auditory, more likely to remember the last work on the list

Children with what disorder have trouble with Theory of Mind?

Autism

What is operant conditioning?

B.F. Skinner - a learner's behavior becomes either more or less probable depending on the consequences it produces - acquiring and modifying "voluntary" or non-reflexive behavior by the application of reinforcers of punishers - organisms behave in ways that bring them desirable consequences or help them avoid unpleasant ones

How do babies use common motion (@ 4 months) to help identify contour or figures?

Babies are attracted to displays that are *dynamic or contain movement* - newborns can and do track a moving target with their eyes (although it is imprecise, unless the target it moving slowly) - infants also look longer at moving objects and perceive their forms better than stationary ones - expects all pars of an object to move in the same direction at the same time and USE COMMON MOTION in determining what is or is not part of the same object

What tactile sense can babies detect?

Babies can detect and react to touch or pressure, heat or cold, and painful stimuli

What is the social cognitive theory (observational)?

Bandura - claims that humans are cognitive beings whose active processing of information plays a critical role in their learning, behavior, and development - learning by observing the behavior of other people (models)

What is the Bobo Doll experiment and who performed it?

Bandura - experiment set to demonstrate that children could learn a response neither elicited by a conditioned stimulus (classical conditioning) nor performed and then strengthened by a reinforcer (operant conditioning) - An adult models aggressive behavior towards the clown doll and the child imitates the behavior (aggression-frustration model)

When are the highs of marriage?

Before children and after empty nest

What is the process of hearing?

Begins when moving air molecules enter the ear and vibrate the eardrum; these vibration are transmitted to the cochlea in the inner ear and are converted to signals that the brain interprets as sounds

What was the conditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

Bell

Receptive language

Comprehension

What is biological predisposition?

Biological constraints on learning Garcia- Bright, noisy, tasty water

_________________ is ahead of production

Comprehension

What are some functions of sleep?

Brain is active - Internal stimulation from PGO spikes - Visual, auditory, motor areas active - PFC active Memory - Primed hippocampus - Theta waves & repetitive firing Hippocampus - Part of the limbic system - Memory structure Theta waves - Regular repeating waves @ 6 cycles per second - Produced by areas of the hippocampus & surrounding cortex Awake animals produce theta rhythm during behaviors learned for survival Asleep animals produce theta waves during REM sleep Cell in the hippocampus fire longer (more times) in response to a single stimulus during theta wave production Complex tasks learned better with REM sleep By activating theta rhythm, PGO spikes prime the hippocampus to "save" information Theta waves function as signal enhancer Memory consolidation of the days events

Conscientiousness

C in the Big 5

What are the 2-3 month milestones?

Brightness (rods) - detects 5% change at 2 months Color (cones) - mature at 2-3 months - now perceives shades of colors Scanning - explore figure interiors - prefers "normal faces"

What are the brain areas for language?

Broca's area: speech production and articulation Wernicke's area: speech comprehension

bioecological model

Bronfenbrenner's approach, in which the individual develops within and is affected by a set of nested environments, from the family to the entire culture.

rule governed play

By age five or six, children begin to prefer rule-governed pretending and formal games. Piaget suggested that this preference for rule-governed play indicates that they are about to make the transition to the next stage of cognitive development, concrete operations, in which they will acquire an understanding of rules.

What tastes do babies prefer?

Can distinguish sweet, bitter, salty, and sour tastes BUT PREFER SWEETS - flavor preferences are highly responsive to learning/may be influenced by early tastes that are exposed during infancy

socioemotional selectivity hypothesis

Carstensen's notion that our needs change as we grow older and that we actively choose to narrow our range of social partners to those who can best meet our emotional needs.

Echoing

Children learn to use language by repeating what they hear around them

What are the three learning behaviors and who had thought of them?

Classical: Watson (and Rosalie Raynor) Operant: B.F. Skinner Observational: Bandura

Syncretic speech

Consistent use of a word or phrase to stand for an object or idea

What is figure/ground contour?

Contour: the amount of light-dark transition or boundary area in a visual stimulus - light/dark edges - babies prefer bold patterns with shape contrast - at 3 months

Recasting

Correcting learners' errors in such a way that communication is not obstructed

What is common motion?

Could also be known as the "Law of Common Fate" by Gestalt - states that humans tend to group similar objects together that share a common motion or destination

- Full complex language with grammar - Produced by children exposed to Pidgin - Kanzi (bonobo or pygmy chimp) - Is a true language

Creole

parental risk of child abuse

Cycle of abuse: Only 10% have severe mental illness, BUT, 30% of those abused as children will abuse their children. Current abuse: Women battered in their romantic relationships could be the man not the women. Personality (intrapersonal): insecure, low self esteem. Personality (interpersonal): unrealistic expectations about child's behavior, low tolerance for normal child behavior.

What is an example of syntax in different languages?

English order - Adjectives first before nouns Spanish order - Nouns first

Labeling

Describing someone or something in a word or short phrase

What is a interval (time) reinforcement schedule?

Dependent on "amount of time" that has passed (and a response being made) - fixed interval- pay day, pain meds - scalloping with post-reinforcement pause

What is a ratio (number) reinforcement schedule?

Dependent on amount of work - fixed ratio- piece work - variable ratio-slot machines

The motive to actively interact and control one's environment

Effectance motivation

What do high achievers believe causes success or failure?

Effort and ability

Who performed the visual cliff experiments?

Eleanor Gibson & Richard Walk

Telegraphic speech

Eliminating unnecessary words such as prepositions

How do you know when a person is in REM sleep?

Eyeball movement

What is the function of the amygdala?

Fear Recognition of what to avoid

What did Pavlov do?

First discovered classical conditioning - demonstrated how dogs, who have an innate (unlearned) tendency to salivate at the sight of food, could learn to salivate at the sound of a bell if, during a training period, the bell was regularly sounded just as a dog was given meat powder

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

Fixed mindset

What was the unconditioned stimulus in Pavlov's experiment?

Food

Intelligence is held by the ____________

GROUP not the individual and is closely tied to the language system

Spearman's g factor

General intelligence: if skilled in one area, skilled in others as well. Idea that skills cluster

strange situation test german babies

German infants make few emotional demands on their parents and are often classified as avoidantly attached - parents encourage independence

The idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow

Growth mindset

What does Clive Wearing have in common with Henry M?

HM= the person learned to drive the car but couldn't remember doing so; Clive Wearing=play the piano but will not remember doing so (implicit memory intact)

William stern

He invented the concept of an intelligence quotient (IQ) - germany

What did Kyle do?

He stepped on it because he did not want the bug to go back to its' friends

What is the function of the temporal lobe?

Hearing Memory Personality Categorization & organization Speech comprehension Wernikie's area

Word order

How to put words together to form sentences

proximal processes

In Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory, the important recurring, reciprocal interactions between the individual and other people, objects, or symbols that move development forward (for example, parent and child reading bedtime stories together nightly).

adaptation

In Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, a person's inborn tendency to adjust to the demands of the environment, consisting of the complementary processes of assimilation and accommodation.

accommodation

In Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, the process of modifying existing schemes to incorporate or adapt to new experiences. Contrast with assimilation. In vision, a change in the shape of the eye's lens to bring objects at differing distances into focus.

cognitive equilibrium

In cognitive theory, a state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas.

What is vicarious reinforcement?

In observational learning, the consequences experienced by models, because of their behavior, that affect the learner's likelihood of engaging in the behavior - model is rewarded

What is vicarious punishment?

In observational learning, the tendency to engage in a behavior is weakened after having observed the negative consequences for another engaging in that behavior - model is punished

resistant parental style

Inconsistent, frequently unresponsive.

What is glaucoma?

Increased fluid pressure in the eye that causes damage to the optic nerve and can cause a progressive loss of peripheral vision, and ultimately, blindness

What do low achievers believe causes success and failure?

Luck and task difficulty

social referencing

Infants' monitoring of companions' emotional reactions in ambiguous situations and use of this information to decide how they should feel and behave.

Pinker/Chomsky: Language Aquisition Device (LAD) "The machinery is there, just flip a few mental switches"

Interactionist

Preoperational stage main points

Intuitive thought - symbolic capacity - egocentric - language explosion - basic classification - animism/ anthropomorphism

What is the LAD?

Language Acquisition Device - Enables infant to acquire and produce language

scaffolding

Jerome Bruner's term for providing structure to a less skilled learner to encourage advancement.

Who is Thorndike and what did he believe?

Law of Effect - the response to a stimulus is affected by the consequence of that behavior - trial & error learning results in some behaviors (those follows by a good consequence) being "stamped in", while others (those follows by discomfort or unpleasant consequences) are stamped out - behavioral response is affected by the consequence of that behavior - behavior changes because of its consequences - rewarded behavior is likely to reoccur

Constructivism (Piaget)

Leaning result of social interaction, children construct understanding in context of their activities, early langage is egocentric, brain learns when ready, progress from concrete to more abstract, from figurative to operative, exploratory, discovery learning (in classroom)

What is latent learning?

Learning occurs but is not evident in behavior; children can learn from observation even though they do no imitate (perform) the learned responses - learning that occurs but is not exhibited until there is reinforcement or an incentive to do so

What did Watson do?

Little Albert Experiment (classical conditioning - fears are not innate and can be learned) Rat was presented to Albert and showed no fear --> after presenting rat to Albert, Watson bangs a steel rod with a hammer (UCS) for fear (UCR) --> during conditioning, stimuli of the rat and the loud noise were presented together several times --> Watson present the rat without the bang --> Albert begins to whimper and cry (white rat - CS; fear after rat- CR) --> same response is generalized with furry items *emotional responses can be learned*

Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

Logical-mathematical, intrapersonal, interpersonal, linguistic, visual-spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical

Motivation to succeed based on the pleasure one will experience from mastering a task

Mastery motivation

Holophrases

May use word plus gesture, intonation, emphasis and/or context to convey meaning

Parts of the brain stem and functions?

Medulla Oblongata - Vegetative functions - HR, Resp, BP Reticular activating system (RAS) - Arousal, wakefulness & sleep Thalamus - Sensory Relay Center

What is the function of the hippocampus?

Memory

child abuse

Mistreating or harming a child physically, emotionally, or sexually, as distinguished from another form of child maltreatment, neglect of the child's basic needs. - differential power balance

What is SORC?

Model for conceptualizing a behavior S = stimulus or "antecedent" factors which occur before target behavior O = organismic variables relevant to target behavior R = the response = the target behavior C = consequences of target behavior

What are some lateralizations for babies?

More likely to turn their heads right 1/4 prefer the right hand in their grasp reflex More left hemispheric response to speech sounds Right handedness more popular (left hemisphere) - males more likely to be left handed - genetics play a role, though for left handedness experiences can be a factor

What does the cerebellum do?

Motor Coordination 'Unconscious' or 'Procedural' Memory

Primitive reflexes:

Moro - startle, throws arm up/out and bring them in quickly Babinski - curling toes and spreading them apart Grasping - stimulated by something in babies hand

Smallest unit of language that carries meaning

Morpheme

adult moral reasoning

Most at stage 3/4, a minority at stage 5

What soothes newborns?

Mother's voice, their own amniotic fluid, and their mother's breast milk

nuclear family

Mother, father and children living as a unit - aka immediate family

Similar stages in any language, brain structures for language, relatively few errors

Nature (Inborn)

Damon's Theory: Multiple claims

Need, merit and equality considered for fair share

What is the corpus callosum?

Nerve fibers that connect the brain's two hemispheres - brain/body connections are crossed

Primitive reflexes

No clear adaptive value, evolutionary remnants, disappear with age. May reaaper with frontal lobe damage

Example of bottom-up processing?

Nose smells something funky (response in body) --> repulsion (emotion)

Some exposure to spoken language seems necessary

Nurture (Learned) (Environmental view)

First state to legalize assisted suicide

Oregon

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

PFC/Association "Personality" Strategy formation Associative learning Risk taking, rule breaking Motor inhibition Smell Motor Voluntary Speech Production Broca's Area

PGO spikes?

PGO: pontine - geniculate - occipital - Brain stem - thalamus - visual cortex Originate in brainstem area (pons) Activates visual cortex & motor cortex Inhibits motor neurons in spinal cord Stimulates rapid eye movements Causes theta rhythm in hippocampus

prosocial behavior

Positive actions toward other people such as helping and cooperating.

What kind of tasks do high achievers select?

Prefer moderately difficult tasks and realistic challenges

Infant Traits / Attributes Relating to High IQ

Preference for Novelty (7mo) Rapid Information Processing Rapid Habituation Fast Motor Reaction Times (correlated with higher IQ scores up to age 11 or 12) SAT and GRE (+.86)

What are the states of infant sleep?

Quiet sleep Active sleep - w/ movements & irregular breathing Drowsy Non-alert waking Alert waking

What is equipotent?

Principles of learning should apply across different behaviors and across different species ("organisms")

What is presbycusis (truncated range hearing)?

Problems of the aging ear, which commonly involve loss of sensitivity to high-frequency of high-pitched sounds - hearing aids can help

What is presbyopia?

Problems of the aging eye, especially loss of near vision related to a decreased ability of the lens to accommodate to objects close to the eye - loss of accommodation - caused by the thickening of the lens - cope by moving newspaper further away to read, getting reading glasses

Expressive language

Production

- Change the sound, change the meaning - The melody, phrasing, timing, emphasis

Prosody

characteristics of gifted children

Rapid learning Extensive vocabulary Good memory Long attention span Perfectionism Preference for older companions Excellent sense of humor Early interest in reading Strong ability with puzzles and mazes Maturity Perseverance on tasks

What was Rosenzweig's experiment about?

Rats raised in a large cage with a few other rats for company wheels for exercising, and blocks to play with develop more neurons, more connections between neurons, and more glial cells supporting neurons than rats raised in isolation *plasticity*

What was Greenough's experiment about?

Rats that grow up in enriched environments with plenty of sensory stimulation develop larger, better-functioning brains with more synapses than rats that grow up in barren cages *plasticity*

Expanding

Re-wording a child's utterance, which may be incomplete or short, into a complete sentence

What is the olfactory capability at 1 week?

Recognition of mother by smell from breast-fed babies

Babinski reflex

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

What are theta waves, what do they do, and where are they seen?

Regular repeating waves @ 6 cycles per second Produced by areas of the hippocampus & surrounding cortex During REM

What is shaping?

Reinforcing successive approximations of behavior

Famous people who died of Alzheimer's

Robin Williams

reflex have two parts

STIMULUS that triggers it, and MOTOR RESPONSE

What is was unconditioned response in Pavlov's experiment?

Salivation

Example of top-down processing?

Seeing a sign that has missing letters (sensory), but still being able to make out the words because of PRIOR knowledge I l_ke c_tt_n ca_dy!

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualization Esteem Love/belonging Safety Physiological

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

Sensory Association areas Math (angular gyrus - left) Body image Spatial ability & drawing Contralateral neglect (right)

sexual child abuse

Sexual assault or sexual exploitation of a minor

intellectual disability

Significantly below-average intellectual functioning with limitations in areas of adaptive behavior such as self-care and social skills, originating before age 18 (previously known as mental retardation). - mild - moderate - severe - profound

What is the Skinner box?

Skinner would give a reward or punishment towards the birds or rats in the Skinner box, while teaching them a trick (light, food)

social-conventional rules

Standards of conduct determined by social consensus that indicate what is appropriate within a particular social setting. Contrast with moral rules.

moral rules

Standards of conduct that focus on the basic rights and privileges of individuals. Contrast with social-conventional rules.

Context Risk of Child Abuse

Stress: young parent, major life changes, low education, no social supports, no respite care, physical discipline encouraged, deteriorating neighborhoods with transient occupants.

Damon's Theory: equality

Strict equality - everyone gets equal share - problems if it cant be divided

What is SVO & SOV?

Subject Verb Object Subject Object Verb

ANS?

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight - Mobilizes for emergency - Accelerates - Diffuse/widespread - Adrenaline - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine Parasympathetic - Rest & rejuvenate - Slows/digests - Discrete - Acetylcholine

dynamic assessment

Systematic examination of how easily a student can acquire new knowledge or skills, perhaps with an adult's assistance.

What is time-out?

Technique for the control of problem behaviour based on operant conditioning principles

Modulating morphemes express what?

Tense: past, present, future

What was the experiment that Fantz performed and what was the outcome of it?

Testing the visual perception on infants Outcome: infantss preferred to look at the picture that seemed more of a human face rather than the scrambled one

What does the left side of the brain do?

The LEFT hemisphere controls the right side of the body (ie right hand) Right visual field to LEFT brain Math Speech/Words/Lists Explains, gives reasons Laughter Motor to and sensory from right body & right visual field

openness to experience

The O in the Big 5

What does the right side of the brain do?

The RIGHT hemisphere controls the left side of the body (ie left hand) Left visual Field to RIGHT brain Spatial/Pictures/Diagrams Faces Emotional tone Motor to & sensory from left body & left visual field

What is visual accommodation?

The ability of the lens of the eye to change shape to bring objects at different distances into focus - 6 months-1 year

What is discrimination?

The ability to distinguish one stimuli from another, responding only to the CS

What is acuity?

The ability to perceive detail - ability to distinguish two points close together - sharpness - newborn: poor, 20/600 & prefers bold patterns w/ sharp contrast, closeness (8" from face)

Creativity

The ability to produce novel responses or works; see also divergent thinking. - novel but appropriate thinking

What is intermodal/cross-modal perception?

The ability to use one sensory modality to identify a stimulus or a pattern of stimuli already familiar through another modality - developed around 3-6 months

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

The axons connecting Broca's area to Wernicke's area

10 environmental factors that effect IQ

The child is a member of a minority group Head of the household is an unemployed or low-skilled worker Mother did not complete high school The family has four or more children Father is absent from the family The family experienced many stressful life events Parents have rigid child-rearing values Mother is highly anxious or distressed Mother has poor mental health or diagnosed disorder Mother shows little positive affect toward child

Family Systems Theory

The conceptualization of the family as a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each of which affects and is affected by every other part, and each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole.

What is transduction? Related to?

The conversion of one form of energy to another/process that converts a sensory signal to an electrical signal to be processed in a specialized area in the brain - changing, encoding, or transducing that energy into neural signals *sensation*

desire psychology

The earliest theory of mind: an understanding that desires guide behavior (for example, that people seek things they like and avoid things they hate). Contrast with belief-desire psychology. - age 2

What is extinction?

The gradual weakening and disappearance of a learned response when it is no longer reinforced Lessening of a conditioned response - Classical: occurs when the UCS is no longer paired with the CS - Operant: occurs when behavior is no longer reinforced

What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a rest period

What is perception?

The interpretation of sensory input - selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information - enables recognition and makes meaning of objects and events - based on "higher level" information (prior knowledge or experience or wiring) - making meaning *top-down processing*

What is hearing acuity?

The keenness or sharpness of hearing - is good at birth - more developed than vision - orient to soft sounds; startles & retreats from loud sounds (reflexive at birth; voluntary control at 4 months) - recognizes mother's voice - prefer relatively complex sounds

In the mother-child conversation in the book, what did the mother want Kyle to do with the bug?

The mother wanted him to release the bug

early formal operational thought

The newfound ability to think in hypothetical ways produces thought that is unconstrained, too subjective, and too idealistic; assimilation is the dominant process. Struggle systematically with multiple variables (11-13)

parental imperative

The notion that the demands of parenthood cause men and women to adopt distinct roles and psychological traits.

Example of a morpheme

The parts "un-" "break" and "-able" in the word "unbreakable"

middle generation squeeze

The phenomenon in which middle-aged adults sometimes experience heavy responsibilities for both the younger and the older generations in the family. - sandwich generation

contact comfort

The pleasurable tactile sensations provided by a parent or a soft, terry cloth mother substitute; believed to foster attachments in infant monkeys and possibly humans.

What is a sensory threshold?

The point at which low levels of stimulation can be detected - dim light being seen - faint tone being heard - slight odor being detected

What is sensation?

The process by which information is detected by the sensory receptors and transmitted to the brain/detection of physical energy from the environment by sensory receptors - Also is the starting point in perception - Based on properties of stimulus - properties of the stimulus + transduction *bottom-up processing*

What is dark adaptation ?

The process by which the eyes become more sensitive to light over time as they remain in the dark/process in which the eyes adapt to darkness and become more sensitive to the low level of light available - occurs more slowly in older individuals than in younger ones - less sensitive/glare

What is negative reinforcement?

The process in operant conditioning in which a response is strengthened or made more probable when its consequence is the removal of an unpleasant stimulus from the situation (taking something away to increase behavior - something you will be glad is gone) - alarm goes off, pressing the snooze button, alarm noise stops

What is negative punishment?

The process in operant conditioning in which a response is weakened or made less probable when its consequence is the removal of a pleasant stimulus from the stimulus (taking something away to decrease behavior - you will be sorry it is gone) - Getting in a fight with sibling over toy, the mother take the toy away

What is positive reinforcement?

The process in operant conditioning whereby a response is strengthened when its consequence is a pleasant event (applying something increase behavior - something that you like) - candy, food

What is positive punishment?

The process in operant conditioning whereby a response is strengthened when its consequence is an unpleasant event (applying something to decrease behavior - something you don't like) - late to work, driving over the speed limit, gets pulled over and receives a ticket

What is bottom-up processing?

The process in which sensation is stimulated before the brain is active in decision-making - pressure waves of sound, temperature differences (heat, cold), chemical molecules for smell, wavelengths of light *sensory information/body response --> emotion --> brain/thoughts/beliefs

What is top-down processing?

The process in which the brain makes use of information that has already been brought into the brain by one or more sensory systems - rules the brain to interpret sensory information The Gestalt - the "percept" - a unified whole - things being grouped perceptually because the stimuli occur close to one another in time and space - ex: leaves and branches merging into trees, and trees merging into forests

What is accommodation?

The process of modifying existing schemes to incorporate or adapt to new experiences - Piaget's cognitive development theory - Perhaps you will need to invent a new name for this animal (dog) or ask what it is and revise your concept of four-legged animals accordingly

What is an example of a phoneme distinction?

The r and l distinction in Japanese Rice and lice sound the same

What function does the right hemisphere do?

The right hemisphere is much better at deciphering prosody and accentuation

Flynn effect

The rise in average IQ scores that has occurred over the decades in many nations

ideational fluency

The sheer number of different (including novel) ideas that a person can generate; a measure of creativity or divergent thinking.

What is size constancy?

The tendency to perceive an object as the same size despite changes in its distance from the eyes - an object keeps its same size no matter its distance from our eyes - change in size of image on retina is cue to depth - visual cliff experiment

crowded nest

The term for the family home when the children move back in with mom & dad after graduating from college - sort of a second adolescence

belief-desire psychology?

The theory of mind reflecting an understanding that people's desires and beliefs guide their behavior and that their beliefs are not always an accurate reflection of reality; evident by age 4.

theory of mind

The understanding that people have mental states (feelings, desires, beliefs, intentions) and that these states underlie and help explain their behavior.

What is a unconditioned response?

The unlearned response elicited by an unconditioned stimulus/natural response

empathy

The vicarious experiencing of another person's feelings.

Damon's Theory: Merit

They earned it

Damon's Theory: Need

They need it

social cognition

Thinking about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior of the self and other people.

convergent thinking

Thinking that involves "converging" on the one best answer to a problem; what IQ tests measure. Contrast with divergent thinking.

divergent thinking

Thinking that requires coming up with a variety of ideas or solutions to a problem when there is no one right answer. Contrast with convergent thinking.

crystallized intelligence

Those aspects of intellectual functioning that involve using knowledge acquired through experience. Contrast with fluid intelligence.

relationship between IQ and occupational success

Those with higher intelligence obtain more education and training and they use this knowledge to tackle more demanding jobs, which leads to a faster and steeper rise to the top of the occupational ladder

What is the TOT phenomenon?

Tip of the tongue You cannot retrieve a word from memory, but you know you know it

Child-directed speech is used in a dynamic social context - this helps infants and children understand how language is used, but also why?

To share ideas and communicate within one's social group

Joint attention

Two people paying attention to the same thing, intentionally and for social reasons

three mountains task

Used to investigate egocentrism in the preoperational stage. A child is allowed to view a model of three mountains from all sides. The child is then seated with a view of the mountains and a doll is placed in a different position. The child is asked to choose a picture that shows how the mountains would look to the doll. Preoperational children typically choose a picture of what the mountains look like from their own perspective rather than the doll's perspective.

Over extension

Using a word too broadly Ex: All 4 legged animals are called doggie

Under extension

Using a word too narrowly Ex: 'blankie' is only my security blanket

How do babies react to sensory integration?

Vision --> sound - looking in the direction of a sound they hear Touch --> vision - infants expecting to feel objects they can see and are frustrated by a visual illusion that looks like a graspable object, but proves to be nothing but when they reach for it

What is the function of the occipital lobe?

Visual Primary visual cortex (some visual "association cortex" in parietal and temporal)

imaginary audience

adolescents' belief that they are the focus of everyone else's attention and concern

What is classical/associative conditioning?

Watson - behaviorism: Believed that conclusions about human development and functioning should be based on observations of overt behavior rather than on speculations about unobservable cognitive and emotional processes - Classical conditioning: a simple form of learning in which a stimulus that initially had no effect on the individual comes to elicit a response through its association with a stimulus that already elicits the response - we learn associations b/w events, anticipate important events - stimulus happens first and ELICITS the response; behavior then follows - Like John Locke

Performance IQ

Weschler IQ Score - based on non-verbal skills such as the ability to assemble puzzles, solve mazes, reproduce geometric designs and rearrange pictures to tell a meaningful story

Verbal IQ

Weschler IQ Score - based upon items measuring vocabulary, general knowledge, arithmetic reasoning, etc

Moro reflex (startle reflex)

When startled, a baby will flail out his or her arms and legs, then retract them.

What is generalization?

When stimuli that are similar to the CS evokes some level of the CR

What is preferential looking/visual preference method?

When two objects are presented together and there is a longer looking time to the "new/different" one - in cross-model matching, we look at the one that we have already experienced - length of time looking *baby will look at the UNSCRAMBLED face*

Ability to detect a target word in a stream of speech

Word segmentation

What can newborns smell?

Yes

Does early experience affect later taste preference?

Yes - babies that had a greater exposure to a variety of flavors during infancy may lead to a more adventurous eater later on - early experiences with different flavors also extend to the prenatal period and exposure to different chemicals in the amniotic fluid *cannot discount genetic predisposition!*

Can babies hear before birth?

Yes; fetuses can hear some things outside of the womb 3 months before birth

latchkey kid

a child who is at home without adult supervision for some part of the day, especially after school until a parent returns from work.

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

multigenerational family

a family household containing at least two adult generations or a grandparent and at least one other generation

ICU psychosis

a form of delirium that occurs when people lose track of time, days, etc. when stuck in a hospital setting

anterograde amnesia

a loss of ability to create new memories after the event that caused the amnesia, leading to a partial or complete inability to recall the recent past, while long-term memories from before the event remain intact

According to Bowlby, what purpose does the baby's crying, clinging, cooing and smiling serve

a result of attachment, doing whatever it takes to maintain the desired closeness to her and expressing his displeasure when he cannot.

conservation

a superficial change in appearance doesn't change the fundamental properties of the object (water in glass experiment)

intelligence

ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation - multiply defined - assigned to qualities that enable success in a particular culture/ time

disorganized parental style

abuse/ neglect, unpredicable

Baumrind's two dimensions

acceptance-responsiveness and demandingness-control

sex and agression

according to freud, what are the two primary motivators?

4 months

according to kagan, what age do kids start showing tempermental differences?

Acceptance

acknowledgement of one's situation, mental preparation for death

short-term memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten -prefrontal cortex - capacity: 7+/-2

involved grandparents

actively engaged in grandparenting and have influence over their grandchildren's lives

Delirium

acute, short-term, rapid onset of disturbance of consciousness (involving memory, disorientation, and attention)

Immigrant testing

an example of a case in which Terman's version of the IQ test was used on adults - HH gooddard - ellis island

grasping reflex

an infant's clinging response to a touch on the palm of his or her hand

What age child would likely not believe in Santa Clause & why

around age 6 or 7 when they acquire concrete operational thought - can reason logically "how can Santa get to all of those houses"

Causing/hastening death

assisted suicide, lethal injection, depressing respiratory drive

positively associated with age

association with agreeableness

highest between ages 16 and 21

association with neuroticism

Four parenting styles

authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved

dismissing attachment

avoidant, self-reliant and uninterested in intimacy; indifferent and independent - low anxiety and high avoidance

eysenck

believed that personality could be boiled down to three traits: extraversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism Believed that trait were biologically based

Rovee-Collier experiment

babies learned to associate kicking of their feet with the movements of the mobile/bell that they would hear. implicit memory: "cued recall" the older they are, the longer period of memory span that they would have to remind themselves of how the mobile works

highs _____ and after _____

before children and after empty nest

post conventional morality

broad principles of justice, transcends laws and specific authorities, legal vs moral distinction - social contract (rules put majority first) - individual principles (self chosen, ideal, considers all POV)

For babies, stepping is ____, reaching is ____, standing and balance and walking is ____.

built in... NOT built in... with experience

Sundown syndrome

can be individuals with dementia; in the evening, they may become disoriented and agitated

Hospice

care for terminally ill patients with 6 months or less to live

Proximodistal development

center of body outwards (Trunk - arms - fingers, moves arm BEFORE grasping)

Clinical death

cessation of heart and lung activity; could be reversible

autoritative outcome

cheerful, responsible, achiever, self confident and social - best outcomes

What do preoperational children struggle with

class inclusion

survival reflexes

clear adaptive value

terms describing sibling relationships

closeness and conflict

three components of morality (Kohlberg)

cognition, action, emotion

Protective factors to NCD

cognitive reserve, healthy lifestyle

which level is emphasized in Kohlberg's theory

cogntion

organization

combining existing schemas into more complex ones

empty love

commitment only

conscious/explicit memory

conscious memory of facets and experience - hippocampus - episodic and semantic

Macrosystem

consists of cultural values, laws, customs, and resources (paid family leave)

Biological death

death of cells, tissues, and organs; irreversible

Depression

death seems to be a reality and they feel great sadness

Purpose of a funeral

declares that a death has occurred; celebrated and honors the life of deceased; allows family and friends to pay tribute

Pruning

decrease in number of connections and number of neurons, use it or lose it

neglectful child abuse

deficiencies in caregiver obligations such as educational, supervisory, shelter, safety, medical, physical or emotional needs, includes abandonment.

class inclusion problem

demonstrates the limitation of hierarchical classification. Children are shown 16 flowers, 4 of which are blue and 12 of which are red. asked, "are there more red flowers or flowers?" the preoperational child responds, more red flowers, failing to realize that both red and blue flowers are included in the category "flowers".

Kubler-Ross stages of loss

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Alzheimer's

described by Alois Alzheimer in 1906; A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

"Out of sight, out of mind"

describes the behavior of a child who lacks object permanence

remote grandparents

detached and distant, and show little interest in their grandchildren

Celphalocaudal development

development will proceed from head down. (lifting head BEFORE turning, sitting BEFORE walking)

Harry Harlow

development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

DNARs

do not attempt resuscitation; doctor's orders

large gap

does conditional positive regard leas to a large or small gap between self-concept and idealized self?

small gap

does unconditional positive regard lead to a small or large gap between the self-concept and idealized self?

Active euthanasia

doing something to deliberately bring about death

liking

intimacy alone

Kathy Piece & Nancy Denney (1984): Which two age groups categorized items on the basis of function (rather than similarity)?

elderly adults and young children (pipe and matches together vs pipe and cigar)

separation anxiety

emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

companionate grandparents

entertain and spoil their grandchildren

sensory register

environmental info picked up and transformed by sensory receptors

According to your text, what fosters this higher level of thinking?

environments that expose us to a larger range of ideas, roles, and experiences

Detrimental factors to NCD

epigenetics factors, TBI, unhealthy lifestyle

Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence

for children between 3-8

Vascular dementia

form of dementia caused by a stroke or other restriction of the flow of blood to the brain; progresses in a "stair step" manner

companionate love

intimacy and commitment

Memorial at Ferrell Center

held for 13 fireman who died in a fertilizer plant explosion

iconic memory

hold visual information for about a half second

Long-term memory

holds information for hours, days, weeks, or years Explicit: conscious Implicit: unconscious

Palliative care

hospice care; taking care of the whole person—body, mind, spirit, heart and soul—with the goal of giving patients with life-threatening illnesses the best quality of life they can have through the aggressive management of symptoms

Roles are converging, men are helping more with housework and spending more time on child care and women are working more

how has the amount of time spent on housework changed since 1965?

Doris and Dorothy Wynne

identical twins but one has Alzheimer's while the other doesn't

twins and IQ

identical twins obtain more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins do even when they have been raised apart.

visuospatial sketchpad (working memory)

imagery, spacial information

Primary symptoms of NCD

impairment in memory; decline from previous functioning; causes disability or distress

permissive outcomes

impulsive, aggressive, self-centered, rebellious/ defiant, low persistence

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events. Not egocentric. Mental actions on OBJECTS

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

romantic love

intimacy and passion

consumate love

intimacy, passion, commitment

Chronosystem

in the bioecological model, historical changes that influence the other systems

mesosystem

in the bioecological model, the interconnections among immediate, or microsystem, settings

infantile/childhood amnesia

inability to recall events before age of 3 due to immaturity of hippocampus or PFC

Retrograde Amnesia

inability to recall old memory after the injury occurred

Stage 1: reflexive

infants exercise reflexes. Steady coodrination of arm, eye, hand, and mouth develops - sucking/ rooting, moro, babkinki, grasping

reserved

inhibited children are more reserved/outgoing?

large

inhibited children have _____ autonomic reactions to stimuli

Parietal lobe

input area for tactile sensory (touch, joint position and muscle tension, pain, somasensory)

male friendships

instrumental

Stanford-Binet Test

intelligence test based on the measure developed by Binet and Simon, adapted by Lewis Terman of Stanford University - created new age norms for children - used William sterns IQ test - believed test measured inherited intelligence - extended upper range to adults

cerebral cortex

interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; different sections that look different, function differently

Stage 6: Beginnings of thought

internalization of schemes 1)object permanence 2) symbolic capacity (sense of space) 3) causality 4) time sequences 5) goal-directed behavior

elaboration

involves actively creating meaningful links between items to be remembered - perfected in adolescence

Total brain death

irreversible loss of functioning in the entire brain, both higher centers and lower centers that control basic life processes

Dr. Kevorkian

known as Dr. Death; first physician to perform assisted suicide

Ataxia

lack of muscle coordination, movement, and speech (can be hereditary)

amoral

lacking any sense of morality, infants

Durable power of attorney

legal document that gives someone else the ability to decide for you

neuroticism

n in ocean

Gray matter

neuronal cell bodies

Withholding treatment

no CPR, no advanced life support, not on a respirator, no feeding tubes

Army Alpha Test

one of the earliest intelligence tests designed by the US army for determining each person's capability as a soldier, leadership, etc. - determined foot soldiers vs officers

how long does honeymoon last

one year

satisfaction lows occur after ____ year, on becoming ________ and with _____

one, a parent, each additional child

centration

only can focus on one thing at a time

conditional positive regard

only loved and accepted if you are judged as meeting some standard

self-concept

our interpretation of ourself

childcare and attachment

overall, infants who received routine care from someone other than their mothers were no less securely attached than infants tended to by mothers

Chromosome 19

overproduction of beta-amyloid

infatuation

passion alone

fatous love

passion and commitment

Sternberg's triangle of love

passion: sexual attraction intimacy: feelings of warmth, caring and closeness commitment: deciding you love each other and committing to a long term relationship

Denial

patient believes they are mis-diagnosed and that they an be cured

Bargaining

patient hopes to postpone death; may pray

Anger

patient shows anger at God, loved ones, medical professionals, or themselves

zone of proximal development

phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

peer acceptance categories

popular, rejected, controversial, neglected, average

Kohlberg's three stages

preconventional, conventional, postconventional

Chromosome 1 and 14

presenilin 1 and 2; part of gamma-secretase which cuts proteins into soluble products; early onset cases

cattel

proposed a 16 factor theory of personality, studies traits using statistical analysis technique

Episodic Buffer (working memory)

pulls all together to make personal episodic memory

sensorimotor stages acronym

rachel posts snapchats concerning the bears

strange situation test Japanese babies

rarely seperated from mothers so become very agitated.

3 encoding strategies

rehearsal, chunking (organization), elaboration

parenting recommendations for moral growth

reinforce moral behavior, punish immoral behavior, serve as models of moral rather than immoral behavior.

psychological child abuse

rejecting, terrorizing, isolating, exploiting, missocializing

avoidant parenting style

rejective or intrusive

meaningful learning

relate new information to what you already know; look up unfamiliar words, rephrase in your own words - smell something cinnamon and automatically think of Christmas

David Wechsler

researcher that worked with troubled kids in the 1930's in NYC. He observed that many of these kids demonstrated a type of intelligence that was much different than the type of intelligence needed to succeed in the school system (STREET SMARTS). He created tests to measure more than verbal ability.

Konrad Lorenz

researcher who focused on critical attachment periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting

preoccupied attachment

resistant, desperate for love, worry about abandonment, openly express anxiety and anger - high anxiety/ low avoidance

Chromosome 21

responsible for formation of beta-amyloid precursor protein

conventional morality

rules/ values are internalized, strive to obey rules - good boy good girl (right is what pleases, intent) ADOLESCENTS - Legal: Legitimate authority

physical child abuse

scaldings, beating, severe physical punishment

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

schoolchildren ages 6-16

attachment and emotional regulation

secure attachment leads to good emotional regulation later. Received comfort from parents, less reactive to stress

adult attachment styles

secure, preoccupied, dismissive, fearful

self

self that one truly is

Sam Pours Concrete Floors

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

Orthogenetic development

simple to complex movements (moves whole body - extends one arm - grasps a bottle)

exosystem

social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development (parents stress at work, neighborhood lived in)

distributed practice

spaced practice; distribution study time - better memory than massed practice

support for Gardner's theory

specific brain areas, broadmans areas: Korbinian Broddman

Phonological loop (working memory)

speech info; rehearsal

Older adults have issues with what types of tasks?

speed/times tasks; unfamiliar tasks; unused skills

Coma

state where there is some brain activity; may be temporary or permanent

How is attachment assessed?

stranger anxiety separation anxiety exploratory behavior reactions to reunion

Epistemology

study of knowledge

secure parental style

synchronous interaction, sensitive, responsive

3 parenting behaviors

synchronous, responsive impatient, unresponsive neglect, abuse

mneconomics

system for improving and assisting memory

The term 'operations' is associated with what thinking ability

systematic mental actions

crib speech

talking out loud to ones self in order to externally examine and process what is going on in ones head (Katherine Nelson)

neglect outcomes

temper tantrums/ aggression, hostile and antisocial, addiction issues - worst outcomes

Extraversion

the E in OCEAN

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subscales

emotional regulation

the ability to control when and how emotions are expressed

Spearman's S factor

the ability to excel in certain areas, or specific intelligence

transivity (logic)

the ability to logically combine relations to understand certain conclusions

seriation

the ability to order items along a quantitative dimension, such as length or weight

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

memory

the ability to store and later retrieve information about past events, develops and changes over lifespan; the persistence of learning over time

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived - Out of sight, out of mind - A-not-B error - true object permanence

Most sensitive organ to deficient oxygen

the brain

Plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

reversibility

the capacity to think through a series of steps and then mentally reverse direction, returning to the starting point

ego

the component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands

Cognitive reserve

the extra brain power or cognitive capacity that some people can fall back on as aging and diseases such as Alzheimer's begin to take a toll on brain functioning

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

allport

the first to investigate traits, believed traits are preexisting dispositions, causes of behavior that reliably trigger behavior

adolescent egocentrism

the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents (elkind)

attachment theory

the idea that early attachments with parents and other caregivers can shape relationships for a person's whole life

Corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them (crossed connections to body)

episodic memory

the memory of autobiographical events that can be explicitly stated or conjured. It is the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place.

Recall

the mental process of retrieval in information about the past (ex. Essay Question)

superego

the mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority; acts as a kind of conscience

id

the part of the mind containing the drives present at birth: it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives

microsystem

the people and objects in an individual's immediate environment

A not B error

the tendency to reach for a hidden object where it was last found rather than in the new location where it was last hidden

nondirective therapy

therapeutic approach in which the therapist does not give advice or provide interpretations but helps the person identify conflicts and understand feelings

Dual store Memory

there are two places where a memory can be stored; long term memory and short term memory - proposed by William James (1890)

Genetics of NCD

there is no single Alzheimer's gene but there are various mutations on three chromosomes that cause early-onset Alzheimer's

intuitive thought

thinking that reflects preschoolers' use of primitive reasoning and their avid acquisition of knowledge about the world

decentration

thinking that takes multiple variables into account

static thought

thought that is fixed on end states rather than the changes that transform one state into another

Occipital lobe

visual processing

self theory

we possess an inner drive toward self-actualization

inhibit dominant response, enact subdominant response, plan and detect errors and shift attention

what are the four components of effortful control?

self, self-concept and self-esteem

what are the three parts of self theory?

selecting opportunities for their kids, passing along values and beliefs and influencing development of some type of psychological disorder

what are the three ways parents can influence the lives their children will hold in adulthood

conscious choice and personal freedom to make choices

what are the two important elements that define what it means to be human?

effortful control

what did the marshmallow test provide information on?

low self esteem

what does a large discrepancy between self-concept and idealized self lead to?

reliability of the environment

what is a source of effortful control differences as shown with the marshmallow test?

higher levels in midlife

what is the association with conscientiousness

negatively associated with age

what is the association with openness to experience

Withdrawing support

when to stop treatment; "pull the plug" on ventilator

neuroticism and extraversion

which two traits of eysenck's traits made it into the big 5?

carl rogers

who created the self theory

idealized self

who you should be and what you ought to be like

Who is Sue 2.0?

woman hit by a ceiling fan at age 22, woke up with no memories of her past (retrograde amnesia); had to start over- did not know herself, husband, or children. Described as a personality reboot

Brittany Maynard

women who performed her own assisted suicide due to her terminal brain cancer; medicine was prescribed by a physician but administered by herself

what taxes older adult's working memory?

working memory deterioration in: - processing complex info - large amounts of info - elaborate strategies used to process info - inference conditions