PSYCH 220 TEXTBOOK (QUIZ 1)
What could explain why baby boomers might be referred to as "me-generation"
At the same time, their huge numbers—evident in overflowing school classrooms—may have sparked an intense struggle for individual recognition
1-3 years (Erikson)
Autonomy versus shame and doubt: Using new mental and motor skills, children want to decide for themselves. Parents can foster autonomy by permitting reasonable free choice and not forcing or shaming the child.
Typically, what is the main developmental difference between autosomal disorders and sex chromosome disorders
Autosomal disorders usually result in pre/post natal death Sex chromosome disorders are recognized in adolescence
What distinguishes Bandura from other behavioral theorists
Bandura, with his emphasis on cognition, is unique among theorists whose work grew out of the behaviorist tradition in granting children and adults an active role in their own learning.
Birth-1 year (Erikson)
Basic trust versus mistrust: From warm, responsive care, infants gain a sense of trust, or confidence, that the world is good. Mistrust occurs if infants are neglected or handled harshly.
Why might affluent children have relationships with their parents similar to that of child/parent relationships in poverty
Because affluent parents may be less available
What does the text say about average life expectancy?
Because of improvements in nutrition, sanitation, and medical knowledge, average life expectancy (the number of years an individual born in a particular year can expect to live) gained more in the twentieth century than in the preceding 5,000 years.
Why might heredity estimates overestimate the role of nature/genetics
Because of less environmental diversity
is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to this diversity in human traits and abilities.
Behavior genetics
In case results are needed early Removes tissue form chorionic villi, which is the hairlike projections on the membrane surrounding developing embryo
Chorionic villus sampling
Flexible interviewing procedure in which the investigator obtains a complete account of the participant's thoughts
Clinical interview
According to a _ view, infants and children have unique ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving, ones quite different from those of adults. If so, then development is
Discontinuous
a process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times
Discontinuous
"People change rapidly as they step up to a new level and then change very little for a while. With each new step, the person interprets and responds to the world in a reorganized, qualitatively different way." This is
Discontinuous development
Psychoanalytic perspective... Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Discontinuous, one course with universal stages, nature and nurture: nnate impulses are channeled and controlled through child-rearing experiences. Early experiences set the course of later development.
Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Discontinuous: Cognitive development takes place in stages. One course: Stages are assumed to be universal. Both nature and nurture: Development occurs as the brain grows and children exercise their innate drive to discover reality in a generally stimulating environment. Both early and later experiences are important.
Marfan syndrome
Dominant Long body type usually results in death and heart defects
Name 2 unconventional ways to have kids, as quoted in the textbook
Donor insemination Vitro fertilization
As an added precaution, if the older adult is incapable of consenting and the risks of the research are more than minimal, the study should not be done unless...
it is likely to benefit the participant directly (Dubois et al., 2011).
6-11 years (Freud)
Latency: Sexual instincts die down, and the superego strengthens as children acquire new social values from adults and same-sex peers.
Observing 3- and 4-year-olds in child-care centers, the researchers recorded each instance of crying...this is an example of...
Naturalistic Observation
Observation of behavior in natural contexts (what method)
Naturalistic observation
Two types of systematic observation
Naturalistic/Strucutred
comparing the characteristics of family members
kinship studies
_ influences that had a major impact on the direction of Sofie's life included piano lessons in childhood with an inspiring teacher; delayed marriage, parenthood, and career entry; and a battle with cancer.
Nonnormative influences
measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals, and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. This is...
Normative approach
What is the difference between normative and non-normative influences
Normative are regular, nonnormative are irregular
Ecological systems theory Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Not specified. Many possible courses: Biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces at multiple levels to mold development in unique ways. Both nature and nurture: The individual's characteristics and the reactions of others affect each other in a bidirectional fashion. Both early and later experiences are important.
Studying identical twins to better understand heredity might be an example of (besides case study)
kinship study
Where do older adults typically retire
Older adults usually stay in the neighborhood they lived in during working lives because that is where their friends are
Older adults who are cognitively impaired should ... (regarding consent)
Older adults who are cognitively impaired should be asked to appoint a surrogate decision maker. If they cannot do so, then someone should be named by an institutional review board (IRB) after careful consultation with relatives and professionals who know the person well. All participants have the right to discontinue participation in the research at any time.
Birth-1 year (Freud)
Oral: If oral needs are not met through sucking from breast or bottle, the individual may develop such habits as thumb sucking, fingernail biting, overeating, or smoking.
Cooley's anemia symptoms
Pale, lethargic physically
Knowledge of results (research ethics)
Participants have the right to be informed of the results of research in language that is appropriate to their level of understanding.
Privacy (research ethics)
Participants have the right to concealment of their identity on all information collected in the course of research. They also have this right with respect to written reports and any informal discussions about the research.
3-6 years (Freud)
Phallic: As preschoolers take pleasure in genital stimulation, Freud's Oedipus conflict for boys and Electra conflict for girls arise: Children feel a sexual desire for the other-sex parent. To avoid punishment, they give up this desire and adopt the same-sex parent's characteristics and values. As a result, the superego is formed, and children feel guilty when they violate its standards.
a time that is biologically optimal for certain capacities to emerge because the individual is especially responsive to environmental influences
Sensitive period
Birth-2 years (Piaget)
Sensorimotor
What did the textbook say in regards to developmental psychology being... scientifically interesting vs practical
a body of knowledge that is not only scientifically important but also relevant and useful.
The most consistent asset of resilient children is
a strong bond with a competent, caring adult
Monozygotic/identical twin prenatal development
a zygote that has started to separate splits into 2
__extended government-supported health insurance to all children in low-income families.
affordable care act
Events that are strongly related to age and therefore fairly predictable in when they occur and how long they last are called
age-graded influences
For example, most individuals walk shortly after their first birthday, acquire their native language during the preschool years, reach puberty around age 12 to 14, and (for women) experience menopause in their late forties or early fifties. These are all examples of...
age-graded influences
Gene environment interaction=individuals differ in responsiveness to contexts As environments vary from extremely unstimulating to highly enriched, Ben's intelligence test score increases steadily, Linda's rises sharply and then falls off, and Ron's begins to increase only after the environment becomes modestly stimulating=this is an example of ___
gene-environment interaction
how was development viewed in the 1900-50s?
infancy and childhood were viewed as periods of rapid transformation, adulthood as a plateau, and aging as a period of decline
Dramatic changes in the body and brain support the emergence of a wide array of motor, perceptual, and intellectual capacities and first intimate ties to others. (which period)
infancy/toddlerhood
Nevertheless, because deception may have serious emotional consequences for some youngsters, many experts in research ethics believe...
researchers should only use it with children if risk of harm is minimal
What did Arnold Gessel contribute to the lives of parents
informing them of what to expect at each age. If, as he believed, the timetable of development is the product of millions of years of evolution, then children are naturally knowledgeable about their needs
Committees for this purpose exist in colleges, universities, and other institutions. These _ follow federal guidelines for the protection of human subjects, which balance the costs of the research to participants in terms of inconvenience and possible psychological or physical harm against the study's value for advancing knowledge and improving conditions of life.
institutional review boards (IRBs)
What is the typical heredity of intelligence
.5
What does female meiosis result in
1 ovum, bank of ova
What are the two ways in which life-span development is multi-directional?
1) Multidimensional over time: a joint expression of growth and decline 2) Multi-dimensional in different domains, with some skills improving and some regressing
What were some counterarguments to Piaget's theory
1) Underestimating kids 2) people who reach full intellectual potential in a given domain are more likely to be experienced in that particular domain, thus individual familiarity may matter more than he thought
Why are theories vital tools
1) they provide organizing frameworks for our observations of people. In other words, they guide and give meaning to what we see. 2) theories that are verified by research provide a sound basis for practical action.
3 types of gene-environment correlation
1. Passive 2. Evocative 3. Active
What are the factors that lead to fraternal twinning (6)
1. ethnicity 2. family history 3. age (35-39 most common) 4. nutrition 5. more likely with each additional birth 6. Fertility drugs increase likelihood
How many states have outlawed surrogacy
13
When did the US start providing the elderly with social security benefits
1930s
When did benefits for the elderly begin to rapidly increase (with the exception of 1930)
1960s
But as soon as children are old enough to appreciate the purpose of the research, and certainly by age _ their own informed assent, or agreement, should be obtained in addition to parental consent.
7
What does the text say about first get Americans or foreign born immigrant children
Although educators and laypeople often assume that the transition to a new country has a negative impact on psychological well-being, many children of immigrant parents adapt amazingly well. Students who are foreign-born (immigrated with their parents) or first-generation (American-born, with immigrant parents) often achieve in school as well as or better than students of native-born parents (Hao & Woo, 2012; Hernandez, Denton, & Blanchard, 2011). And compared with their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are less likely to commit delinquent and violent acts, use drugs and alcohol, have early sex, miss school because of illness, or suffer from obesity. Furthermore, they report just as favorable, and at times higher, self-esteem as do young people with native-born parents (Saucier et al., 2002; Supple & Small, 2006)
Although there are many theories, we can easily organize them by looking at the stand they take on three basic issues...
Although there are many theories, we can easily organize them by looking at the stand they take on three basic issues: (1) Is the course of development continuous or discontinuous? (2) Does one course of development characterize all people, or are there many possible courses? (3) What are the roles of genetic and environmental factors—nature and nurture—in development?
What ended up happening to the idea that the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species
Although this belief eventually proved inaccurate, efforts to chart parallels between child growth and human evolution prompted researchers to make careful observations of all aspects of children's behavior. Out of these first attempts to document an idea about development, scientific child study was born.
hollow needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to obtain sample fluid in the uterus. Cells are examined for genetics defects, can be done 14 weeks after conception, small risk of miscarriage
Amniocentesis
1-3 years (Freud)
Anal: Toddlers and preschoolers enjoy holding and releasing urine and feces. If parents toilet train before children are ready or make too few demands, conflicts about anal control may appear in the form of extreme orderliness or disorder
BF Skinner was associated with
Another form of behaviorism was B. F. Skinner's (1904-1990) operant conditioning theory. According to Skinner, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers, such as food, praise, or a friendly smile, or decreased through punishment, such as disapproval or withdrawal of privileges. As a result of Skinner's work, operant conditioning became a broadly applied learning principle. We will consider these basic learning capacities further in Chapter 4.
Recall the study about parental consulting...what type of experiment was it and what did they find
Another study helps answer this question. Ethnically diverse, poverty-stricken families with a 2-year-old child were scheduled for a home visit, during which researchers assessed family functioning and child problem behaviors by asking parents to respond to questionnaires and videotaping parent-child interaction. Then the families were randomly assigned to either a brief intervention condition, called the Family Check-Up, or a no-intervention control group. The intervention consisted of three home-based sessions in which a consultant gave parents feedback about their child-rearing practices and their child's adjustment, explored parents' willingness to improve, identified community services appropriate to each family's needs, and offered follow-up sessions on parenting practices and other concerns (Brennan et al., 2013; Dishion et al., 2008). Findings showed that families assigned to the Family Check-Up (but not controls) gained in positive parenting, which predicted a reduction in child problem behaviors and higher academic achievement when the children reached school age.
consists of careful observations of individual behavior and related environmental events, followed by systematic changes in those events based on procedures of conditioning and modeling.
Applied Behavior Analysis
Two examples from Sofie's life, as quoted by the textbook, that show that development is plastic all throughout life
As new opportunities arose, Sofie moved easily into marriage and childbearing in her thirties. And although parenthood and financial difficulties posed challenges, Sofie and Philip's relationship gradually became richer and more fulfilling.
What does the text say about social ties and resilience
Associations with rule-abiding peers who value academic achievement are also linked to resilience (Furman & Rose, 2015). But children who have positive relationships with adults are far more likely to establish these supportive peer ties.
In one such study, 2-year-olds' emotional reactions to harm that they thought they had caused were observed by asking each of them to take care of a rag doll that had been modified so its leg would fall off when the child picked it up. To make the child feel at fault, once the leg detached, an adult "talked for" the doll, saying, "Ow!" Researchers recorded children's facial expressions of sadness and concern for the injured doll, efforts to help the doll, and body tension—responses that indicated worry, remorse, and a desire to make amends. In addition, mothers were asked to engage in brief conversations about emotions with their children (Garner, 2003). What type of study is this? What did they conclude
- Structured observation - Toddlers whose mothers more often explained the causes and consequences of emotion were more likely to express concern for the injured doll.
Who is regarded as the founder of the child study movement
G. Stanley Hall
What did Erikson say about the positve/negative continuum
A basic psychosocial conflict, which is resolved along a continuum from positive to negative, determines healthy or maladaptive outcomes at each stage.
Caregiver behaviors—explaining why a child was crying, mediating conflict, or offering comfort—were noted to see if adult sensitivity was related to children's caring responses. What were the results
A strong relationship emerged between adult sensitivity and children's caring responses
What is a theory, according to the text
A theory is an orderly, integrated set of statements that describes, explains, and predicts behavior.
A theory's continued existence depends on...
A theory's continued existence depends on scientific verification. Every theory must be tested using a fair set of research procedures agreed on by the scientific community, and the findings must endure, or be replicated over time.
What do life span theorists think of major events in childhood vs adulthood?
According to the lifespan perspective, no age period is supreme in its impact on the life course. Rather, events occurring during each major period, summarized in Table 1.1, can have equally powerful effects on future change
Puberty leads to an adult-sized body and sexual maturity. Thought becomes abstract and idealistic and school achievement more serious. Adolescents begin to establish autonomy from the family and to define personal values and goals. (which period)
Adolescence
Which period of development: 11-18 years
Adolescence
What does the text say about the intelligence of adopted children
Adopted children are typically closer in intelligence to their biological parents
What did the text say about developmental problems in adopted children
Adoptive children tend to have more learning and emotional problems than other children, which increases with age
Which ethnicity/race typically has extended family households and why
African American built a more resilient african-american community Traced back to african households in which new families did not start their own households
Ethology and evolutionary developmental psychology Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Both continuous and discontinuous: Children and adults gradually develop a wider range of adaptive behaviors. Sensitive periods occur in which qualitatively distinct capacities emerge fairly suddenly. One course: Adaptive behaviors and sensitive periods apply to all members of a species. Both nature and nurture: Evolution and heredity influence behavior, and learning lends greater flexibility and adaptiveness to it. In sensitive periods, early experiences set the course of later development.
Lifespan perspective Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Both continuous and discontinuous: Continuous gains and declines and discontinuous, stagewise emergence of new skills occur. Many possible courses: Development is influenced by multiple, interacting biological, psychological, and social forces, many of which vary from person to person, leading to diverse pathways of change. Both nature and nurture: Development is multidimensional, affected by an intricate blend of hereditary and environmental factors. Emphasizes plasticity at all ages. Both early and later experiences are important.
Vygotsky's sociocultural theory Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Both continuous and discontinuous: Language acquisition and schooling lead to stagewise changes. Dialogues with more expert members of society also result in continuous changes that vary from culture to culture. Many possible courses: Socially mediated changes in thought and behavior vary from culture to culture. Both nature and nurture: Heredity, brain growth, and dialogues with more expert members of society jointly contribute to development. Both early and later experiences are important.
Following the story of Sofie and Laura, what was stated to be the number 1/common goal of those who study development?
But all share a single goal: to identify those factors that influence consistencies and transformations in people from conception to death.
When did "speculations" of development begin
But speculations about how people grow and change have existed for centuries.
What does the text say about risks?
But when many risks pile up, they are increasingly difficult to overcome (Obradović et al., 2009). To inoculate children against the negative effects of risk, interventions must not only reduce risks but also enhance children's protective relationships at home, in school, and in the community. This means attending to both the person and the environment—strengthening the individual's capacities while also reducing hazardous experiences.
What did the case study of two identical twins, one engaging in more violent activities show,
Case study of two identical twins: one twin engaged in more risky behaviors, and it turned out that they had a gene known to affect impulse control that was more methylated
Passive gene environment correlation
Child has no control over it
What did the text say about selectivity and imitation?
Children become more selective about what they imitate...In this way, as individuals acquire attitudes, values, and convictions about themselves, they control their own learning and behavior.
Active gene-environment correlation
Children seek environments that fit their genetic tendencies Muscular child spends more time at sports Also called "niche picking" More common in older children with the freedom to pick
What happens to children with genetic predispositions to certain mental illnesses when adopted, or raised in different families
Children with genetic predispositions for mental illness don't become mentally ill when in different families
evocative gene-environment correlation
Children's behavior leads to differences in their environment Attentive child being treated as such Similar children being treated as such
Where does the dream come from?—I think you sleep so well that you dream.—Does it come from us or from outside?—From outside.—When you are in bed and you dream, where is the dream?—In my bed, under the blanket. I don't really know. If it was in my stomach, the bones would be in the way and I shouldn't see it.—Is the dream there when you sleep?—Yes, it is in the bed beside me. (Piaget, 1926/1930, pp. 97-98) This is an example of a...
Clinical interview
An outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory, the _ method brings together a wide range of information on one person, including interviews, observations, and test scores.
Clinical or case study
which synthesizes information from a variety of sources into a detailed picture of the personality of a single person
Clinical, case study method
A full picture of one individual's psychological functioning, obtained by combining interviews, observations, and test scores
Clinical, or Case Study, Method
Two types of self reports
Clinical, structured
Information processing Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Continuous: Children and adults change gradually in perception, attention, memory, and problem-solving skills. One course: Changes studied characterize most or all children and adults. Both nature and nurture: Children and adults are active, sense-making beings who modify their thinking as the brain grows and they confront new environmental demands. Both early and later experiences are important.
Behaviorism and social learning theory Continuity? Course(s)? Nature vs Nurture?
Continuous: Development involves an increase in learned behaviors. Many possible courses: Behaviors reinforced and modeled may vary from person to person. Emphasis on nurture: Development is the result of conditioning and modeling. Both early and later experiences are important.
The investigator obtains information on participants without altering their experiences.
Correlational
In a _ researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances, without altering their experiences. Then they look at relationships between participants' characteristics and their behavior or development.
Correlational design
It is a limited time span during which the individual is biologically prepared to acquire certain adaptive behaviors but needs the support of an appropriately stimulating environment.
Critical period
A study in which students in grades 3, 6, 9, and 12 filled out a questionnaire about their sibling relationships provides a good illustration (Buhrmester & Furman, 1990). What type of study is this and what did it show
Cross sectional Sibling interaction was characterized by less power assertion with age and greater equality - Sibling companionship feelings decreased with age
The investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.
Cross-sectional
Genes send instructions for making a rich assortment of proteins to the _
Cytoplasm
_ is the one the investigator expects to be influenced by the independent variable
Dependent variable
How was scientific child study born
During his explorations, Darwin discovered that early prenatal growth is strikingly similar in many species. Other scientists concluded from Darwin's observations that the development of the human child follows the same general plan as the evolution of the human species. Although this belief eventually proved inaccurate, efforts to chart parallels between child growth and human evolution prompted researchers to make careful observations of all aspects of children's behavior. Out of these first attempts to document an idea about development, scientific child study was born.
Most young people leave home, complete their education, and begin full-time work. Major concerns are developing a career, forming an intimate partnership, and marrying, rearing children, or pursuing other lifestyles. (which period)
Early adulthood
Which period of development: 18-40 years
Early adulthood
Which period of development: 2-6 years
Early childhood
What is the systems theory called that has all of the different systems
Ecological systems theory
which means development resulting from ongoing, bidirectional exchanges between heredity and environment
Epigenesis
Who were the psychologists who contributed to the psychoanalytic movement
Erikson and Freud
For example, in the 1940s, he observed that Yurok Indians off the northwest coast of the United States deprived newborns of breastfeeding for the first 10 days, instead feeding them a thin soup. At age 6 months, infants were abruptly weaned—if necessary, by having the mother leave for a few days. From our cultural vantage point, these practices seem cruel. But Erikson explained that because the Yurok depended on salmon, which fill the river just once a year, the development of self-restraint was essential for survival. How does this relate to Freud?
Erikson emphasized distinct cultural values/advantages
What did Erikson add to Freud's theory
Erikson emphasized that in addition to mediating between id impulses and superego demands, the ego makes a positive contribution to development, acquiring attitudes and skills that make the individual an active, contributing member of society
A Western researcher works with Zinacantec Mayan children in Chiapas, Mexico, using the _ method to gather information about how they learn through everyday activities.
Ethnographic
Participant observation of a culture or distinct social group. By making extensive field notes, the researcher tries to capture the culture's unique values and social processes
Ethnography
Which research method is borrowed from anthropology
Ethnography
ypically, the researcher spends months, and sometimes years, in the cultural community, participating in its daily life--what type of research is this?
Ethnography
____ ask questions like these: What role does the newborn's visual preference for facelike stimuli play in survival? Does it support older infants' capacity to distinguish familiar caregivers from unfamiliar people? Why do children play in gender-segregated groups? What do they learn from such play that might lead to adult gender-typed behaviors, such as male dominance and female investment in caregiving?
Evolutionary developmental psychologists
Through random assignment of participants to treatment conditions, the investigator manipulates an independent variable and examines its effect on a dependent variable. Can be conducted in the laboratory or the natural environment
Experimental
parent and child live with one or more adult relatives
Extended-family households
T or F: Age-graded influences are solely influenced by biology
F: They are also influenced by social customs as well
T or F: Developmental science has settled on a main theory of development/ultimate truth
F: Within the field of developmental science, many theories offer very different ideas about what people are like and how they change. The study of development provides no ultimate truth because investigators do not always agree on the meaning of what they see. Also, humans are complex beings; they change physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. No single theory has explained all these aspects. But the existence of many theories helps advance knowledge as researchers continually try to support, contradict, and integrate these different points of view.
What did one study show about dinner?
Family dinners are associated with better familial relationships
Do children of single births develop slower or faster?
Faster
Lit tube inspects fetus
Fetoscopy
Name 3 criticisms from the text of Freud's theory
First, it overemphasized the influence of sexual feelings in development. Second, because it was based on the problems of sexually repressed, well-to-do adults in nineteenth-century Victorian society, it did not apply in other cultures. Finally, Freud had not studied children directly.
What does the text say about children who do not have a close bond with either parent
For children who do not have a close bond with either parent, a grandparent, aunt, uncle, or teacher who forms a special relationship with the child can promote resilience (Masten, 2013).
What was the playground study, and what type of observation is it
For example, to record instances of bullying, a group of investigators set up video cameras overlooking a classroom and a playground and had fourth to sixth graders wear small, remote microphones and pocket-sized transmitters (Craig, Pepler, & Atlas, 2000). Results revealed that bullying occurred often—at rates of 2.4 episodes per hour in the classroom and 4.5 episodes per hour on the playground. Yet only 15 to 18 percent of the time did teachers take steps to stop the harassment. Systematic
11+ Piaget
Formal operational
7-11 Piaget
Formal operational
Children's reasoning becomes logical and better organized. School-age children understand that a certain amount of lemonade or play dough remains the same even after its appearance changes. They also organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses. However, children think in a logical, organized fashion only when dealing with concrete information they can perceive directly (which Piaget stage)
Formal operational
The capacity for abstract, systematic thinking (Piagetian stage)
Formal operational
These high school students participating in a robotics competition solve problems by generating hypotheses about procedures that might work and conducting systematic tests to observe their real-world consequences. (which Piaget stage)
Formal operational
What is new research suggesting about the balance between genetics and environment in the field of developmental psychology
Furthermore, new evidence is increasingly emphasizing mutually influential relations between individuals and their contexts: People not only are affected by but also contribute to the contexts in which they develop (Elder, Shanahan, & Jennings, 2015). Finally, researchers today are more conscious than ever before of cultural diversity in development.
Middle adulthood (Erikson)
Generativity versus stagnation: Generativity means giving to the next generation through child rearing, caring for others, or productive work. The person who fails in these ways feels an absence of meaningful accomplishment.
Adolescence (Freud)
Genital: With puberty, sexual impulses reappear. Successful development during earlier stages leads to marriage, mature sexuality, and child rearing.
Did Watson view development as continuous or discontinuous
He viewed development as continuous—a gradual increase with age in the number and strength of these associations.
measure the extent to which individual differences in complex traits in a specific population are due to genetic factors.
Heritability estimates
Does heritability always increase with age?
Heritability is moderate for personality traits and does not increases with age
epidemics, wars, and periods of economic prosperity or depression; technological advances like the introduction of television, computers, the Internet, smartphones, and tablets; and changes in cultural values, such as attitudes toward women, ethnic minorities, and older adults--what do these all have in common?
History graded influence
Adolescence (Erikson)
Identity versus role confusion: By exploring values and vocational goals, young people form a personal identity. The negative outcome is confusion about future adult roles.
Beneficial treatments (research ethics)
If experimental treatments believed to be beneficial are under investigation, participants in control groups have the right to alternative beneficial treatments (if available) or to the same treatment (if found to be effective) once the research is complete.
What did Freud say about balance
If parents strike an appropriate balance, children grow into well-adjusted adults with the capacity for mature sexual behavior and investment in family life
What did the text say about theories that emphasize environmental influence, in regards to individual differences?
If they regard environment as important, they usually point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior
Check other side for life expectancy statistics...(maybe guess life expectancy in 1900 vs when the textbook was written)
In 1900, U.S. life expectancy was just under age 50; in 2000, it was 76.8. Today, it is 78.8 years in the United States and even higher in most other industrialized nations, including neighboring Canada. Life expectancy continues to increase; in the United States, it is predicted to reach 84 years in 2050. Consequently, there are more older adults—a worldwide trend that is especially striking in developed countries. People age 65 and older accounted for about 4 percent of the U.S. population in 1900, 7 percent in 1950, and 14 percent in 2013 (U.S. Census Bureau, 2015d)
What is one detail about the ethics of the little albert experiment mentioned in the text
In fact, Albert's fear was so intense that researchers eventually challenged the ethics of studies like this one.
What is the relationship between neighborhood and development
In neighborhoods with less communal opportunities, poor development is more likely to occur Strong family ties to the surrounding social context improve mental health and adjustment
Name a couple of causes for "top heavy" family systems
Increasingly accepting culture of homosexuality High divorce rate Expansion of women roles Longer life span
_ _ is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.
Independent variable
6-11 Years (Erikson)
Industry versus inferiority: At school, children learn to work and cooperate with others. Inferiority develops when negative experiences at home, at school, or with peers lead to feelings of incompetence
Which period of development: Birth-2 years
Infancy and toddlerhood
"mental operations." refer to what theory
Information processing
The design of digital computers that use mathematically specified steps to solve problems suggested to psychologists that the human mind might also be viewed as a symbol-manipulating system through which information flows—a perspective called_
Information processing
3-6 years (Erikson)
Initiative versus guilt: Through make-believe play, children gain insight into the person they can become. Initiative—a sense of ambition and responsibility—develops when parents support their child's sense of purpose. If parents demand too much self-control, children experience excessive guilt.
From the time information is presented to the senses at _ until it emerges as a behavioral response at _, information is actively coded, transformed, and organized.
Input, output
Old age (Erikson)
Integrity versus despair: Integrity results from feeling that life was worth living as it happened. Older people who are dissatisfied with their lives fear death.
Two categories of difficulty that the textbook mentioned, regarding children exposed to unresolved marital conflict
Internalizing and externalizing difficulties
Early adulthood (Erikson)
Intimacy versus isolation: Young adults establish intimate relationships. Because of earlier disappointments, some individuals cannot form close bonds and remain isolated.
When did investigations into adult development/aging/change in life course etc. begin
Investigations into adult development, aging, and change over the life course emerged only in the 1960s and 1970s
People adjust to retirement, to decreased physical strength and health, and often to the death of an intimate partner. They reflect on the meaning of their live. (which period)
Late adulthood
Which period of development: 65 years to death
Late adulthood
How is information processing theory similar and dissimilar to Piaget's theory
Like Piaget's theory, the information-processing approach regards people as actively making sense of their own thinking (Halford & Andrews, 2011; Munakata, 2006). But unlike Piaget's theory, it does not divide development into stages. Rather, most information-processing researchers regard the thought processes studied—perception, attention, memory, categorization of information, planning, problem solving, and comprehension of written and spoken prose—as similar at all ages but present to a lesser or greater extent. Their view of development is one of continuous change.
The investigator studies the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.
Longitudinal
Better Beginnings, Better Futures Project of Ontario Canada provided enrichment opportunities What did _ follow ups show
Longitudinal follow ups revealed wide-ranging benefits to compared children in poverty
T or F: High/low SES families need neighborhood resources equally as much
Low income families need neighborhood resources more because they might not be able to afford transport to leisurely pursuits Low support/crime make these resources inaccessible oftentimes
How does SES determine personality/traits, according to the text
Lower SES parents want external traits, higher SES parents want internal traits
What does male meiosis result in
Male meiosis results in 4 sperm cells
Can help predict whether or not mother's blood will contribute to kidney disease, abnormal closure of the esophagus, or neural tube defects, such as anencephaly and spina bifida (bulging of spinal cord
Maternal blood analysis
a genetically determined series of events that unfold automatically, much like a flower
Maturational process
Are games formed through meiosis or mitosis?
Meiosis
What might methylation mean on a generational level
Methylated genes may be passed down
a biochemical process triggered by certain experiences in which a set of chemical compounds (called a methyl group) lands on top of a gene, reducing or changing its impact
Methylation
Many people are at the height of their careers and attain leadership positions. They must also help their children begin independent lives and their parents adapt to aging. They become more aware of their own mortality. (which period)
Middle adulthood
Which period of development: 40-65 years
Middle adulthood
The school years are marked by improved athletic abilities; more logical thought processes; mastery of fundamental reading, writing, math, and other academic knowledge and skills; advances in self-understanding, morality, and friendship; and the beginnings of peer-group membership (which period)
Middle childhood
Which period of development: 6-11 years
Middle childhood
Think back to Sofie's life and how she continually faced new demands and opportunities. From a lifespan perspective, the challenges and adjustments of development are ()—affected by an intricate blend of biological, psychological, and social forces.
Multidimensional
Piaget's developmental contributions
Piaget convinced the field that children are active learners whose minds consist of rich structures of knowledge. Besides investigating children's understanding of the physical world, Piaget explored their reasoning about the social world. His stages have sparked a wealth of research on children's conceptions of themselves, other people, and human relationships. In practical terms, Piaget's theory encouraged the development of educational philosophies and programs that emphasize discovery learning and direct contact with the environment.
Guaranteed income for older people is below _ _
Poverty line
children use symbols to represent their earlier sensorimotor discoveries. Development of language and make-believe play takes place. However, thinking lacks the logic of the two remaining stages. (which Piagetian stage)
Pre operational
Vitro fertilized cells are sampled and assessed
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
The one-celled organism transforms into a human baby with remarkable capacities to adjust to life in the surrounding world. (which period)
Prenatal
Which period of development: Conception to birth
Prenatal
how might prenatal stress relate to methylation
Prenatal maternal stress may methylate certain genes that help children manage stress
2-7 years (Piaget)
Preoperational
_, which trigger chemical reactions throughout the body, are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built
Proteins
Scientists modify gene-specific proteins involved in biological aging and disease
Proteomics
Is Cooley's anemia dominant or recessive
Recessive
An additional 18,000 _ modify the instructions given by protein-coding genes, greatly complicating their genetic impact
Regulatory genes
What explanations did the text offer as to why Gary flourished while John did not (both had gone through parental divorces)?
Resilience, personal characteristics (intelligence, temperament)
How does a child's affluence affect his/her academic life (other than private school access)
Richer parents tend to get more involved with their child's academic life
When did the scientific study of human development start
Scientific study of human development dates back to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Early observations of human change were soon followed by improved methods and theories. Each advance contributed to the firm foundation on which the field rests today.
--ask research participants to provide information on their perceptions, thoughts, abilities, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and past experiences.
Self reports
The investigator conducts several similar cross-sectional or longitudinal studies (called sequences). These might study participants over the same ages but in different years, or they might study participants over different ages but during the same years.
Sequential
How has the developmental psychology approach changed after the mid 20th century?
Since the 1960s, researchers have moved from focusing only on child development to investigating development over the entire life course
For example, in industrialized nations, teachers help people learn to read, drive a car, or use a computer. Among the Zinacanteco Indians of southern Mexico, adult experts guide young girls as they master complicated weaving techniques (Greenfield, 2004). In Brazil and other developing nations, child candy sellers with little or no schooling develop sophisticated mathematical abilities as the result of buying candy from wholesalers, pricing it in collaboration with adults and experienced peers, and bargaining with customers on city streets (Saxe, 1988). Which theory does this relate to
Sociocultural
What does the textbook say about contexts
Stage theorists assume that people everywhere follow the same sequence of development. Yet the field of human development is becoming increasingly aware that children and adults live in distinct contexts
Strength and weakness of info processing theory
Strength = rigorous research method Weakness = Constituent parts over comprehensiveness
Observation of behavior in a laboratory, where conditions are the same for all participants
Structured Observation
Self-report instruments in which each participant is asked the same questions in the same way
Structured interview, questionnaires, and tests
What did the text say is the significance of parents going to parent-teacher conferences
Students whose parents are involved in parent-teacher conferences tend to do better academically
According to your text, when did "studies of children" begin?
Studies of children did not begin until the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
What did the rhwonda genocide study show?
Study of pregant mothers, and their future children, exposed to genocide revealed that PTSD scores were more abundant in both parents and children, as well as higher GR methylation in exposed family's
groups of people with beliefs and customs that differ from those of the larger culture.
Sub-culture
How does my mom's age relate to me being donor conceived
Success of these technologies decrease with age
What is the cohort effect
Your sociocultural context may have an affect on your development, thus, insights from your development may not be relevant in other sociocultural contexts. In addition, this can happen when specific experiences affect certain members of the group, but not all
Why are humans so complex, despite the fact that we do not have that many genes
The answer lies in the proteins our genes make, which break up and reassemble in staggering variety—about 10 to 20 million altogether. Simpler species have far fewer proteins. Furthermore, the communication system between the cell nucleus and cytoplasm, which fine-tunes gene activity, is more intricate in humans than in simpler organisms. Finally, within the cell, a wide range of environmental factors modify gene expression. Recent evidence reveals that many such effects are unique to humans and influence brain development (Hernando-Herraez et al., 2013). So even at this microscopic level, biological events of profound developmental significance are the result of both genetic and nongenetic forces
Goal of applied behavior analysis
The goal is to eliminate undesirable behaviors and increase desirable responses
When do the id, ego, and superego emerge, and how does this dynamic work
The id, the largest portion of the mind, is the source of basic biological needs and desires. The ego, the conscious, rational part of personality, emerges in early infancy to redirect the id's impulses so they are discharged in acceptable ways. Between 3 and 6 years of age, the superego, or conscience, develops as parents insist that children conform to the values of society. Now the ego faces the increasingly complex task of reconciling the demands of the id, the external world, and conscience—for example, the id impulse to grab an attractive toy from a playmate versus the superego's warning that such behavior is wrong. According to Freud, the relations established among id, ego, and superego during the preschool years determine the individual's basic personality
Are the three domains of development distinct? Or, do they overlap?
The three domains are not really distinct. Rather, they overlap and interact.
What did the text say about theories that emphasize stability, in the context of explaining individual differences?
Theorists who emphasize stability—that individuals who are high or low in a characteristic (such as verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability) will remain so at later ages—typically stress the importance of heredity.
In one study, researchers wanted to find out whether maternal sensitivity in infancy and early childhood contributes to readiness for formal schooling at age 6 (Hirsh-Pasek & Burchinal, 2006). Between ages 6 months and 4½ years, the investigators periodically videotaped mother-child play sessions. Then they rated each session for many behaviors—maternal positive emotion, support, stimulating play, and respect for the child's autonomy.--what were the results of this study, and what type of research method is it
These ingredients of sensitivity did predict better language and academic progress when the children reached kindergarten. Systematic observation
Where are chances of identical twins higher
They are the same around the world
Why do most chromosome defects happen
They result from mistakes during meiosis
What procedure do researchers use to collect systematic observations
They vary
Why might adopted children have developmental problems
This is in part due to nature, and in part due to family harmony challenges (new environment, different thinking processes between adoptive parents and children)
Pictures to show fetal structures, sometimes used as a supplement to ultrasound
Ultra magnetic resonance imaging
High frequency sound waves are beamed at uterus, reflection is shown on picture, can show a variety of prenatal variables
Ultrasound
A woman has damaged fallopian tubes, what might she do if she wants to have a kid?
Vitro fertilization?
Sociocultural theory vs Piaget's stage theory
Vygotsky's theory has been especially influential in the study of cognitive development. Vygotsky agreed with Piaget that children are active, constructive beings. But whereas Piaget emphasized children's independent efforts to make sense of their world, Vygotsky viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process, in which children depend on assistance from adults and more expert peers as they tackle new challenges.
What did Watson conclude form the little Albert experiment
Watson concluded that environment is the supreme force in development and that adults can mold children's behavior by carefully controlling stimulus-response associations.
Some of the benefits listed about better education
Well educated children may have a better social network Well-educated adults have a larger social network Better education leads to better decision making More-education leads to more stable marriages and birth
What were the results of this study, and what type of study was it: In one laboratory experiment, researchers explored the impact of adults' angry interactions on children's adjustment (ElSheikh, Cummings, & Reiter, 1996 ). They hypothesized that the way angry encounters end (independent variable) affects children's emotional reactions (dependent variable). Four- and 5-year-olds were brought one at a time to a laboratory, accompanied by their mothers. One group was exposed to an unresolved-anger treatment, in which two adult actors entered the room and argued but did not work out their disagreements. The other group witnessed a resolved-anger treatment, in which the adults ended their disputes by apologizing and compromising.
When witnessing a follow-up adult conflict, children in the resolved-anger treatment showed less distress, as measured by fewer anxious facial expressions, less freezing in place, and less seeking of closeness to their mothers. The experiment revealed that anger resolution can reduce the stressful impact of adult conflict on children. (experimental design)
What did the text say about ionizing radiation
Women who are exposed to ionizing radiation while pregnant are more likely to give birth to children with heriditary defects/miscarriage
What demographic of parents bears the most babies with disorders
Younger
Developmental systems perspective
as a perpetually ongoing process, extending from conception to death, that is molded by a complex network of biological, psychological, and social influences
What does the text say about extremist theories vs more moderate, balanced theories
as we trace the unfolding of the field, you will see that the positions of many theorists have softened. Today, some theorists believe that both continuous and discontinuous changes occur. Many acknowledge that development has both universal features and features unique to each individual and his or her contexts. And a growing number regard heredity and environment as inseparably interwoven, each affecting the potential of the other to modify the child's traits and capacities
What are the non-sex chromosomes called
autosomes
What did the study about 5 year old aggressive children show?
better-treated, genetically identical counterparts showed a reduction in disruptive acts (Caspi et al., 2004). Good parenting protected them from a spiraling, antisocial course of development.
Which ethnicity has the most fraternal twinning
black-africans
How is Cooley's anemia treated
blood transfusion
Exposure to adversity may increase methylation of a _
chromosome-5 gene called GR
The _ method is well-suited to studying the development of certain types of individuals who are few in number but vary widely in characteristics.
clinical/case study (I think clinical not sure if its both)
According to Piaget's _ children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
cognitive-developmental theory,
For example, when Sofie was a baby, her perception of a piano melody, memory for past events, and ability to categorize objects may have been much like our own. Perhaps her only limitation was that she could not perform these skills with as much information and precision as we can. If this is so, then changes in her thinking must be...
continuous
"Individuals gradually add more of the same types of skills" this is...
continuous development
what does gene therapy do
correcting genetic abnormalities by delivering DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells.
Study that showed that children who were moved into a variety of different neighborhoods (after being in a poverty stricken neighborhood) ...
developed more favorably - academically, physically, and mentally - when moved into richer neighborhoods
Four assumptions of lifespan perspective
development is (1) lifelong, (2) multidimensional and multidirectional, (3) highly plastic, and (4) affected by multiple, interacting forces
This area of investigation brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.
developmental cognitive neuroscience.
--is devoted to studying the relationship between changes in the brain and emotional and social development.
developmental social neuroscience
identification of the neural systems underlying infants' capacity to imitate others, adolescents' heightened risk-taking behavior, and individual differences in impulsivity, sociability, anxiety, aggression, and depression. Within which sub theory is this research taking place.
developmental social neuroscience
Most influential social learning theory
devised by Albert Bandura (1925- ), emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development.
For example, children who witnessed the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 (either because they were near Ground Zero or because they saw injury and death on TV), or who lost a parent in the disaster, were far more likely than other children to...
display persistent emotional problems, including intense fear, anxiety, and depression (Mullett-Hume et al., 2008; Rosen & Cohen, 2010).
During the "play years," motor skills are refined, thought and language expand at an astounding pace, a sense of morality is evident, and children establish ties with peers. (which period)
early childhood
tarting school, entering the workforce, moving in together, marrying, becoming a parent, getting divorced, and retiring are examples of what, According to Ecological systems theory?
ecological transitions
According to Piaget, children eventually revise these incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve an _ _ internal structures and information they encounter in their everyday worlds.
equilibrium, or balance,
A group of researchers wondered whether children who display extreme personality styles—either angry and explosive or shy and withdrawn—retain the same dispositions when they become adults. In addition, the researchers wanted to know what kinds of experiences promote stability or change in personality and what consequences explosiveness and shyness have for long-term adjustment. To answer these questions, the researchers delved into the archives of the Guidance Study, a well-known longitudinal investigation initiated in 1928 at the University of California, Berkeley, that continued for several decades (Caspi, Elder, & Bem, 1987, 1988). What did they find?
esults revealed that the two personality styles were moderately stable. Between ages 8 and 30, a good number of individuals remained the same, whereas others changed substantially. When stability did occur, it appeared to be due to a "snowballing effect," in which children evoked responses from adults and peers that acted to maintain their dispositions. Explosive youngsters were likely to be treated with anger, whereas shy children were apt to be ignored. As a result, the two types of children came to view their social worlds differently. Explosive children regarded others as hostile; shy children regarded them as unfriendly (Caspi & Roberts, 2001). Together, these factors led explosive children to sustain or increase their unruliness and shy children to continue to withdraw.
_is concerned with the adaptive, or survival, value of behavior and its evolutionary history
ethology
When harm seems possible, investigators should...
find other means for obtaining the desired information or abandon the research.
The baby who claps her hands after her mother does so, the child who angrily hits a playmate in the same way that he has been punished at home, and the teenager who wears the same clothes and hairstyle as her friends at school are all displaying...
observational learning
When children are participants, informed consent of...
parents as well as others who act on the child's behalf (such as school officials) should be obtained, preferably in writing, along with the child's written or verbal assent (agreement) for participation.
According to the life span theory, what are the three domains in which change occurs?
physical, cognitive, and emotional/social
Medical procedures that permit detection of developmental problem are called _
prenatal diagnostic methods
What did the Human Genome project do, that was mentioned in the textbook
researchers mapped the sequence of all human DNA base pairs. Using that information, they are "annotating" the genome—identifying all its genes and their functions, including their protein products and what these products do.
If in doubt about the harmful effects of research, investigators should ...
seek the opinion of others.
_ can ensure gender when at risk for x-linked diseases
sex sorter
According to Piaget...Just as structures of the body are adapted to fit with the environment...
so structures of the mind develop to better fit with, or represent, the external world.
What does Bandura call his revised approach?
social-cognitive
- focuses on how culture—the values, beliefs, customs, and skills of a social group—is transmitted to the next generation.
sociocultural theory,
Do sex chromosome disorders lead to general or specific cognitive challenges
specific
Think back to Sofie's story, and you will see that her linguistic ability and persistent approach to challenges were constant over the lifespan. In contrast, her psychological well-being and life satisfaction fluctuated considerably. What developmental question does this echo?
stability versus plasticity
According to Bronfenbrenner, the environment is not a _ force that affects people in a uniform way. Instead, it is _
static, ever-changing
PTSD leads to physiological changes such as
stress response, abnormal blood levels, stress hormones, etc.
Name 3 factors that influence kids's desire to imitate
their own history of reinforcement or punishment for the behavior, the promise of future reinforcement or punishment, and even observations of the model being reinforced or punished.
What was the cohort effect that influenced the study of college students in the 1960s
they were part of an era of political protest that reflected disenchantment with the work ethic.
Is surrogacy a type of vitro fertilization
yes
what is an example of gene-environment interaction in the context of variations in parenting quality, as mentioned in the textbook
young children with certain genes that increase their risk of an emotionally reactive temperament respond especially strongly to variations in parenting quality
