psychobiology chapter 9
___ of body water is intracellular fluid and ____ is extracellular fluid. of extracellular fluid, ____ is in the capillary wall and ___ is plasma
2/3, 1/3, 3/4, 1/4
mammals evolved to have a constant temp of
37 C or 98 F
fever of above ____ (____) does the body more harm than good. fevers above ___ (___) are life-threatening
39 C, 103 F, 41 C, 109 F
water constitutes ___% of the mammalian body and must be regulated within ____ limits. sufficient fluid needed in ______
70, narrow, circulatory system
______ and _____ in the stomach digest proteins
HCL and enzymes
the ____ receives input from temp receptors throughout the body. heating it leads to ____ or _____, cooling leads to ______. it receives input from the _____
POA/AH, panting or sweating, shivering, immune system
____ refers to the adaptive way in which the body anticipates needs depending on the situation
allostasis
hypovolemic thirst: like vasopressin, ____ constricts blood vessels to compensate for a ______. it stimulates neurons in areas adjoining the _____ which send axons to the ____ where ____ is released as a neurotransmitter
angiotensin II, drop in blood pressure, 3rd ventricle, hypothalamus, angiotensin II
allostasis helps the body ____ instead of just ____
avoid errors, correcting them
benefits of fever: certain ______, ____ works more vigorously
bacteria grow less fast, immune system
____ is the energy used to maintain a constant body temperature while at rest
basal metabolism
surviving in extreme cold: poikilothermic animals die if body temp drops _____ and ____ form in cells and blood, amphibians and reptiles _____ to avoid cold, some insects and fish stock _____ in winter
below freezing, ice crystals, burrow underground, blood with antifreeze compounds
after a meal, _____ levels fall, ____ levels drop, _____ enters cells more ____, hunger _____, and pancreas releases ____
blood glucose, insulin, glucose, slowly, increases, glucagon
vasopressin raises ____ by ____, helps to compensate for ______, and enables _______
blood pressure, constricting blood vessels, decreased water volume, kidneys to reabsorb water and excrete highly concentrated urine
digested food absorbs into the
bloodstream
pure water dilutes ___ and changes ____
body fluids, osmotic pressure
digestive system function is to
break down food into smaller molecules that the cells can use
much of our behavior is organized to keep the right ____ in the right _____ at the right _____
chemicals, proportions, temperature
the concentrations of ____ in ____ determines the rate of all chemical reactions in the body
chemicals, water
nearly all adults in ____ and surrounding countries lack the gene that enables adults to metabolize lactose
china
the duodenum also releases the hormone ____ (____), which helps to regulate hunger
cholecystokinin, CCK
poikilothermic organisms accomplish temp regulation via
choosing locations in the environment or behavioral mechanisms
osmotic thirst occurs because the human body maintains a ______ at a fixed level of ____
combined concentration of solutes, .15 M
biologically, what is necessary for life is a
coordinated set of chemical reactions
stretching out will ____ temp as the body is a _____. curling up will ____ temp as the body is a _____
decrease, larger surface area, increase, smaller surface area
glucose: main product of ___, important source of ____, nearly only fuel used by the ___
digestion, energy for body, brain
when osmotic thirst is triggered, water that you drink must be absorbed through the _____ and is delivered by ____ to the brain. the process takes about ____
digestive system, blood, 15 min
the main signal to stop eating is the
distention of the stomach
most often water regulation is accomplished via
drinking more water than we need and excreting the rest
the ___ is the part of the small intestine where the initial absorption of significant amounts of nutrients occurs
duodenum
cholecystokinin released by the ___ regulates hunger by closing the ____ between the ____ and ____ and causing the stomach to _____ and _____; stimulating the _____ to send a message to the ____ that releases a chemical similar to CCK
duodenum, sphincter muscle, stomach and duodenum, hold its contents and fill faster, vagus nerve, hypothalamus
declining levels of lactase may be an evolutionary mechanisms to
encourage weaning
homeothermic mechanisms requires ___ and _____. ____ and ____ decrease temperature. increasing temp is accomplished via ____, ____, and _____
energy and fuel, sweating and panting, shivering, decreasing blood flow to skin, fluffing out fur to increase insulation
water can be conserved by
excreting concentrated urine and decreasing sweat/other autonomic responses
as a result of digestion, energy is stored: (3)
fats in adipose tissue (lipids) = 85%, proteins in muscle broken down into amino acids (14.5%), glycogen largely stored in liver readily converted to glucose (.5%)
distention of the duodenum can also produce
feelings of satiety
___ reflects an increased body temp set point, directed by the ____
fever, hypothalamus
human behavioral mechanisms for regulating temp
finding a cool place on a hot day, put on/take off clothing, become more active, huddle or cuddle
milk consumption after weaning can cause __ and ___
gas and stomach cramps
most digested food enters the bloodstream as ____, an important source of energy and nearly the only fuel used by the ____
glucose, brain
____, ____, and ___ levels also influence feelings of hunger
glucose, insulin, glucagon
osmotic thirst: caused by _____, best relieved by _____, receptor location: ____
high solute concentration outside cells, pure water, OVLT, subfornical organ, digestive tract
_____ refers to temperature regulation and other biological processes that keep certain body variables within a fixed range
homeostasis
_____(_____) refers to the use of internal physiological mechanisms to maintain an almost constant body temp. ex: ____ and _____
homeothermic, endothermic, mammals and birds
____ solution has a higher solute concentration than another solution and water particles will move _____ of the cell, causing _____(____)
hypertonic, out, crenation, raisin
receptors in the OVLT, subfornical organ (SFO), stomach and elsewhere relay info to areas of the ___ including the _____ (___) and _____ (___). both control the rate at which the ____ releases ______. receptors also relay info to the _____ which controls _____
hypothalamus, supraoptic nucleus, SON, paraventricular nucleus (PVN), posterior pituitary, vasopressin, lateral preoptic area, drinking
____ solution has a lower solute concentration than another solution and water particles will move ____ of the cell, causing ______(____)
hypotonic, out, cell to expand, lyse
physiology of water homeostasis
increased plasma osmolality/decreased arterial circulating volume in brain: thirst to increased fluid intake/release vasopressin to antidiuresis: leads to decreased plasma osmolality/decreased arterial circulating volume
POA/AH cycle for integration of temp info
infection to immune response to prostaglandins/histamines, goes to POA/AH, temp receptors in brain/other organs go to POA/AH, and temp receptors on skin go to POA/AH
____ and ____ regulate the flow of glucose into cells. excess glucose enters the ___ and ____
insulin and glucagon, liver, fat cells
____ is a pancreatic hormone that enables glucose to enter the cell. levels of this hormone rises as someone is ____ and ____. In prep for the rush of additional glucose about to enter the blood, high ___ levels let some of the existing glucose in the blood to ______. Consequently, ___ levels of ____ generally _____ appetite.
insulin, ready for a meal and after a meal, insulin, enter the cells, high, insulin, decrease
poikilothermic organisms lack the ____,_____ mechanisms of ____ regulation
internal, physiological, temp
____ solution has the same solute concentration as another solution and there's no _____ of water particles and the overall concentration on both sides of the cell membrane remains _____
isotonic, net movement, constant
at the age of weaning, most mammals lose the intestinal enzyme ___, which is necessary for metabolizing lactose: _____
lactase, sugar found in milk
the more we regulate temp behaviorally, the ____ we expend relying of physiologic efforts
less energy
bacteria and viruses trigger the release of ____ which release small proteins called _____, which attack intruders but also stimulate the _____
leukocytes, cytokines, vagus nerve
when glucose levels are high, ____ cells convert some of the excess into _____ and ___ cells convert it into ____. when low, ___ converts ____ back into glucose
liver, glycogen, fat, fat, liver, glycogen
hypovolemic thirst: caused by _____, best relieved by _____, receptor location: ____
low blood volume, water with solutes near .15 M, kidneys and blood vessels
hormonal response to hypovolemia
low blood volume: kidneys release renin into blood: proteins in blood form angiotensin I: angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II: angiotensin II constricts blood vessels and stimulates cells in subfornical organ to increase drinking
hypovolemic thirst is associated with _____ via ____/_____/____.
low volume of body fluids, bleeding, diarrhea, sweating
digestion begins in the _____. _____ in _____ break down _______
mouth, enzymes, saliva, carbs
the brain regulates eating through messages from the ____, _____, _____, _____, and elsewhere
mouth, stomach, intestines, fat cells
_____: processes that reduce discrepancies from the set point.
negative feedback
much of motivated behavior can be described as
negative feedback
POA/AH is _______ involved in temp regulation. It is the primary area for controlling ____ or _____
not the only brain area, sweating or shivering
osmotic vs hypovolemic thirst
osmotic changes: osmoreceptors: hypothalamus: ADH release and thirst vs. hypovolemia and other non osmotic stimuli: baroreceptors: hypothalamus: ADH release and thirst
osmotic thirst: solutes inside and outside a cell produce ______
osmotic pressure
solutes inside and outside a cell create ____
osmotic pressure
two different kinds of thirst include: ____ thirst which results from _____, and ____ thirst which results from
osmotic, eating salty foods, hypovolemic, loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating
____ means hair flattens to ____ temp. ____ means hairs on skin stand up to ____ temp
pilorelaxation, decrease, piloerection, increase
______ (____) refers to the idea that the body temp matches that of the environment. examples: ____, _____, and most _____
poikilothermic, ectothermic, amphibians, reptiles, fish
vasopressin order
posterior pituitary gland excretes vasopressin to elevate blood pressure
body temp regulation is predominantly dependent on areas in the _______ (______)
pre optic area/anterior hypothalamus, POA/AH
the immune system delivers ____ and ____ which causes ____,____, and ____
prostaglandins, histamines, shivering, increased metabolism, fever
enzymes in the small intestine digest:
proteins, fats, carbs
animals with osmotic thirst have a preference for ___ water and animals with hypovolemic thirst have a preference for ____ water
pure, slightly salty
osmotic thirst: the brain detects osmotic pressure from ______, the _____ and the _____ detect osmotic pressure and sodium content of the _____, and from ______, including the ___ and _____
receptors around 3rd ventricle, OVLT and subfornical organ (SFO), blood, receptors in the periphery, stomach, digestive tract
hypovolemic thirst: low blood volume - kidneys release enzyme ____ which helps form ____. other enzymes convert that into ______
renin, angiotensin I, angiotensin II
hypovolemic thirst is different from osmotic thirst in that your body needs to ______, including ____
restore fluids, salts
osmotic pressure: water flows across a _____ from an area of ___ solute concentration to an area of ___ solute concentration. it occurs when solutes are _____
semi permeable membrane, low, high, more concentrated on one side of the membrane
temp regulation: decreased body temp cycle
sensor is thermostat in hypothalamus, response is shivering or blood vessels in skin constrict, body temp increases
temp regulation: increased body temp cycle
sensor/control center is thermostat in hypothalamus, response is sweat or blood vessels in skin dilate, body temp decreases
fixed concentration of solutes in the body is a _____. ____ in mammals
set point, .15 M
a ____ refers to a single value that the body works to maintain. examples: levels of ____,_____,_____,_____, etc. in the body
set point, water, oxygen, glucose, acidity
the POA/AH, is responsible for control of
shivering, sweating, heart rate, blood flow to skin, metabolism in brown adipose tissue, etc
osmotic thirst: eating salty food causes ____ to ______ and ______ of the cell. the higher concentration of solutes outside the cell results in _____, drawing water from the cell to the ______. certain neurons detect the loss of water and trigger ____ to help restore the body to the normal state
sodium ions, spread through the blood and extracellular fluid, osmotic pressure, extracellular fluid, osmotic thirst
____ is a strong craving for salty foods and develops automatically to restore ____ in the blood
sodium-specific hunger, solute levels
homeostasis cycle
stimulus produces change in variable, change detected by receptor, input: info sent along afferent pathway (sensory) to control center, output: info sent along efferent pathway (motor) to effector, response of effector feeds back to influence magnitude of stimulus and returns variable to homeostasis
sweating is when ______ secrete sweat which removes heat when water changes state. shivering is rapid ____ and ____ of _____ and heat is produced by respiration
sudorific glands, contraction and relaxing, skeletal muscles
to inhibit thirst, the body monitors ___ and detects the ____ of the ___ and ____
swallowing, distension, stomach, intestines
the desire to ___ and other mouth sensations like ____ are also motivating factors in ___ and ____. ___ or ____ alone doesn't produce _____
taste, chewing, hunger, satiety, taste or chewing, satiety
____ regulation is one of the body's biological priorities
temp
______ is vital to the normal functioning of many biological processes
temperature regulation
maintaining temperature requires ____ as much energy as all other activities combined. it uses about ___ of our energy/kilocalories a day
twice, 2/3
distention of the stomach: the _____ (____) conveys info about the stretching of the stomach walls to the ____. the ____ convey info about the _____ of the stomach
vagus nerve, cranial nerve X, brain, splanchnic nerves, nutrient contents
_____ is when arterioles dilate so more blood enters the skin capillaries and heat is lost, _____ is arterioles get smaller to reduce blood going to skin which keeps the core warm
vasodilation, vasoconstriction
____ is a hormone released by the posterior pituitary and is also known as _____ (___)
vasopressin, antidiuretic hormone, ADH
muscle activity benefits from being as _____ as possible. higher temp requires _____, ____ in the body ____ and lose their useful properties at higher temps, and ______ require cooler temps
warm, more energy, proteins, break their bonds, reproductive cells
every reaction takes place in a ____ at a rate that depends on: ______, _____, and ______
water solution, identity and concentration of molecules, temperature, presence of contaminant
the large intestine absorbs ___ and _____, and lubricates the remaining materials to _____
water, minerals, pass as feces