SOCIOLOGY FINAL EXAM PREP
Which response would you LEAST expect to find on the survey if a sociologist measured group cohesion within a neighborhood and found a high level of group cohesion?
"I feel comfortable in all sorts of neighborhoods."
In 2019, the U.S. Census Bureau identified the poverty threshold for a family of four as
$25,570.
What is a weakness of the sociological approach?
It attempts to grasp things that everyday actors understand implicitly.
________ is/are the consistency of a measurement tool or the degree to which the same questions will produce similar answers.
Reliability
What have studies of doctor-patient relations found?
Status and power vary and are established in the doctor-patient interaction.
How did Marshall McLuhan believe that the world would turn into a "global village"?
Television and other media technology would link people all over the world.
Many college graduates find themselves unable to afford the costs of living on their own and, at least temporarily, live with their parents again. What good news about families can we take from this trend?
That so many children are willing to live with their parents again suggests that they have closer relationships with parents than previous generations did.
What is one reason the poor might participate less in social movements compared to college students with adequate financial support?
They may have to work multiple jobs, leaving little energy for activism.
Most Americans claim they
are middle class
What is it called when an individual uses their group's way of doing things as the standard for judging others?
ethnocentrism
A three-year-old boy scrapes his knee while playing in his backyard and immediately begins to cry. In response, his father walks over to him and says, "Don't be a sissy; boys don't cry." This is an example of
gender role socialization.
One of the functions of symbolic culture is that
it enables people to communicate.
The difference between leisure and recreation is that
leisure is a kind of time; recreation is a kind of activity.
What are some examples of things students learn from a school's hidden curriculum?
punctuality, neatness, and discipline
How do rates of intimate partner violence differ across racial groups?
They are about equal across racial groups.
The change that caused people to migrate to cities from rural areas at high rates was the
switch to a manufacturing economy.
What historical events convinced Auguste Comte that society needed to be guided by thinkers who understood social laws?
the French Revolution and the instability that followed it
Sociologists examine financial collapses such as those of the 1930s. These often occurred because rumors of insolvency, when believed by enough depositors, resulted in real bank failures. What sociological concept describes this phenomenon?
the Thomas theorem
Which of the following is an example of a way to collect demographic data?
the U.S. Census Bureau sending out surveys
Max Weber believed that society became increasingly rationalized as the Industrial Revolution progressed. How did he define rationalization?
the application of economic logic to all aspects of social life
The primary goal of comparative and historical research methods is to
understand relationships between parts of society in various regions and time periods
An accountant with a college degree and a license from the state accounting board works for the Department of Defense as a senior auditor. He makes about $100,000 per year and will soon retire with benefits and a pension. To what class would you expect him to belong?
upper-middle class
An ideal whereby researchers identify facts without allowing their own personal beliefs or biases to interfere is known as
value-free sociology.
What sort of social mobility often results from losing a job?
vertical
What is the concept of acknowledging and incorporating a patient's cultural background as part of the treatment process called?
cultural competence
What is the term for foreign travel with the goal of minimizing the environmental consequences of tourism as well as the negative effects on local cultures?
ecotourism
Malaria is a serious health concern in Cambodia. The rate of malaria infection is 40 percent in some villages, especially those surrounded by forests. If you have been asked to research the problem for the World Health Organization due to your extensive professional experience with the study of social disease patterns, you are MOST likely a(n)
epidemiologist.
In The Mismeasure of Women, social psychologist Carol Tavris argues that there is nothing "universal and nonvarying . . . in the natures of men and women." If you agree with her, you would have to reject the concept of
essentialism.
Who does the family influence as an agent of socialization?
everyone
Attending religious services would be an example of
extrinsic religiosity.
Low-income women of all ethnicities may be LESS likely to marry because they
feel marriage won't offer advantages that make marriage worth the risk.
Which of the following strategies could be used as a way to minimize social loafing?
finding ways to recognize individual effort
What are group members engaging in when they withhold their reservations and criticisms for the sake of consensus?
groupthink
The Environmental Defense Fund hires scientists, economists, and lawyers to lobby the government and to educate the public about the environmental consequences of modern life. They brag that they had a part in passing important elements of the Clean Air Act, California's emissions rules, and a treaty to phase out CFCs. With what era of the environmental movement is this sort of organization MOST commonly associated?
mainstream environmentalism
The changing representation of LGBTQ people in the media, such as their greater inclusion and more positive treatment on television shows, can lead us to conclude that
media representation of LGBTQ people is slowly changing to reflect increasing tolerance toward them.
More than half of American women gave birth at home in the early 1900s, while around 99 percent of all births take place in hospitals today. This is an example of
medicalization.
The Information Revolution is transforming Western society from
modern to postmodern.
In the United States, imprisonment as a method of punishment was rare until the ________ century.
nineteenth
According to Karl Marx, surplus value comes from
paying workers less than the value of what they create.
C. Wright Mills was critical of social science and worked to connect the academic side of sociology to more tangible social debates of the time. Mills was convinced that sociology had something to offer everyone, not just academics. For these reasons, which term best describes C. Wright Mills?
public intellectual
Which of the following things is a child likely to convince a parent to do?
quit smoking cigarettes
An example of discrimination is
refusing to sell someone a house because of their race.
Why are social networking sites like Facebook and Twitter so exciting to sociologists who study social networks?
For the first time, social networking sites offer sociologists a data set rich enough to test ideas that have previously only been theorized.
An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?
Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies.
What did David Rosenhan describe in "On Being Sane in Insane Places"?
Researchers posing as "pseudo-patients" in a mental hospital but otherwise acting normally were treated as mentally ill by the hospital staff.
In the 1940s and 1950s, Alfred Kinsey surveyed Americans to find out about their sexual behavior. His findings were important because they
challenged the view that Americans were either exclusively heterosexual or homosexual.
What do we call norm violations that are codified into law?
crimes
What is the justification for harsh sentencing guidelines like California's controversial "three strikes" law?
deterrence of future crimes
According to Émile Durkheim, what is the basis for the bonds created through organic solidarity in industrialized societies?
difference, interdependence, and individual rights
Norms are enforced in everyday settings by
sanctions.
In terms of gendered health issues and life expectancy rates, ________ is/are viewed as "the great equalizer".
smoking
A(n) ________ is a position in a social hierarchy that comes with a set of expectations.
status
When did cities become the prevalent residential areas?
nineteenth and twentieth centuries
According to Barbara Ehrenreich, which of these behaviors can help those with minimum-wage service jobs to get ahead and move up in the world?
none of these answers, as there is no way for minimum-wage workers to move up in the world
What do we call resources, such as coal and oil, that CANNOT be replaced except through very slow geological processes?
nonrenewable resources
If a sociologist believes that urban sprawl creates largely white, upper- and middle-class suburbs whose residents have access to resources that urban dwellers do not, what theoretical perspective do they represent?
structural functionalism
A person who leaves their job of twenty years to retire is undergoing
role exit.
What school of social theory believes that society is a stable system of structures that contribute to the equilibrium of the whole?
structural functionalism
Some Americans are angry about how many immigrants enter the country every year. A supporter of structural functionalism would argue that this anger
promotes social cohesion among nonimmigrants as they come together and label immigrants as outsiders
Louwanda Evans's book on emotional labor and flight attendants adds which dimension to Arlie Hochschild's original conception of emotional labor?
race
What is it called when individuals live as if they were members of a different racial category than the one into which they were born?
racial passing
The practice of refusing mortgages for the purchase of houses in poor and minority neighborhoods is called
redlining.
According to Jack Katz, there are several reasons why adolescents might shoplift. One reason is the material appeal of the objects that are taken, but, more importantly, they
regard "getting away with it" as a demonstration of personal competence.
What are the tactics used by workers to reclaim control of the conditions of their labor called?
resistance strategies
The examples of Isla Vista, CA, and Baltimore, MD, from your textbook highlight how collective behavior can evolve into
riots
Some are worried about the effect that the rise in one-child families is having on the foundation of Japanese society. On what sort of theoretical perspective on the family is this concern based?
structural functionalist
Being born into a lower social class means that an individual will be more likely to
feel at risk of being harassed by law enforcement.
Leaders whose personal styles make them more task-oriented or goal-oriented and less concerned with people's feelings are called ________ leaders.
instrumental
The political theorist Benjamin Barber argues that exported American movies are not just mindless entertainment because they "sell" what might be considered "American values and ideals" to the world. What term or concept could describe these exports?
cultural imperialism
The large-scale social change making celebrity politicians more popular is the increasing
importance of television.
Which of the following is an example of McDonaldization, as George Ritzer used the term?
A worker says, "Sometimes I felt just like a robot. I push a button and I go this way. It was like I was a mechanical nut."
________ is the theory of collective behavior that explains how a "mob mentality" takes over and rational thought disappears when crowds come together.
Contagion theory
Which of the following is a subculture?
bodybuilders
Rescission refers to
insurance companies canceling a client's coverage only after the person gets sick.
Jordan has been suffering from sinus pain for several months, and his physician prescribes over-the-counter decongestants and acupuncture. This is an example of ________ medicine.
integrative
What would you expect an advertisement to be associated with if you saw that it used the phrase "better living through chemistry"?
modernity
The second-wave feminist movement was associated with the issue of
women's equal access to employment and education.
According to social psychologists, what do people tend to do when they encounter a situation that seems to be unfair and they cannot or will not act to make things right?
convince themselves nothing bad has happened
The Environmental Protection Agency claims that the United States has one of the safest supplies of drinking water in the world, but
10 percent of U.S. water systems do not meet EPA standards.
Although the term often references race, which of the following is also an example of "passing"?
A man with wrist scars from an attempted suicide covers them by wearing long sleeves, even in the summer.
How is a sociological definition of religion different from a commonsense, everyday definition?
A sociological definition must be broad enough to encompass all varieties of religious experiences.
What metaphor best describes cultures that have embraced pluralism or multiculturalism?
a salad bowl
A situation in which behavior that is rational for the individual, but when practiced by many people can lead to collective disaster, is known as
a social dilemma.
Even very significant events in our lives increasingly take place online. It is now common to hear stories of couples breaking up through an instant message or even a text message. What is missing from these interactions compared with similar interactions in the past?
copresence
A young girl from a poor family is sent to live with wealthy distant relatives. Her relatives expect her to take care of the household, cooking and cleaning instead of going to school. They do not pay her and threaten her when she attempts to return home. Her situation is an example of
modern slavery
Factories that produce noxious levels of pollution and toxic waste dumps are often located near areas where minorities and the poor reside. Which of the following terms could be used to describe this situation?
environmental racism
The analysis of documents such as medical records, photographs, diaries, letters, newspapers, and song lyrics uses which of the following types of data?
existing sources
According to relative deprivation theory, people join social movements because
joining a social movement is a rational response to inequality or oppression.
To what extent do the poorest members of American society participate in social movements?
less than any other class
Before the United States invaded Iraq, about 5.5 people out of every thousand would die each year, according to a controversial study published in the British medical journal The Lancet. After the invasion, that number rose to over 13. This study was attempting to measure
mortality.
African Americans gained the legal right to exercise their right to vote
with the passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act.
________ are associated with an increase in social atomization.
Cities
________ is taboo in American society.
Drinking blood
Who studied the Hopi of the southwestern United States and concluded that language not only allows us to express our thoughts, but also shapes the way we think?
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf
Which of the following is an advantage of using ethnography to study social life?
Ethnography allows the researcher to gather abundant data on a small population.
How do most abusive relationships appear at the beginning?
The abusive partner is charming, attentive, and thoughtful.
The slogan "what happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" is an example of
a moral holiday.
Karl Marx believed the lower classes, in order to end their oppression, needed to develop
class consciousness.
Which of the following terms is used for a person who is stripped of voting rights, either temporarily or permanently?
disenfranchised
A research study examined how teachers at community colleges handled retirement. The study found that the unique culture of such institutions had a significant effect on how retirees coped with their new situation. Which of the following could be the title of a paper written about this study?
"The Role Exit Process of Community College Faculty: A Study of Faculty Retirement"
Robert Merton's structural strain theory sees deviance as the result of a person's position in a social structure. What do you think Jack Katz, author of Seductions of Crime, would say about structural strain theory?
A focus on social position fails to consider the emotional appeal that a deviant act has for an individual.
The Hmong people are an ethnic group native to the mountainous regions of mainland Southeast Asia. What is the traditional Hmong understanding of epileptic seizures?
An evil spirit meddles with the soul.
Which of the following statements about crime and gender have been supported by data from the last decade?
As women gain power in the labor market through education and income, crime rates among women rise to match those among men more closely.
________ argues that punishments for rule violators are unequally distributed, with those near the top of society subject to more lenient rules and sanctions than those at the bottom.
Conflict theory
________ was one of the earliest theories of collective behavior.
Contagion
________ is one of the categories of urbanites identified by Herbert Gans in his ethnography Urban Villagers.
Cosmopolites
________ is/are the tastes, habits, and expectations that children "inherit" or learn from their parents, which help them achieve material success in life.
Cultural capital
How does the FBI's Uniform Crime Report measure crime?
Every crime reported by over 18,000 law enforcement agencies in the United States is tabulated.
Why do social scientists who use interviews rarely speak with large numbers of people for a project?
Face-to-face interviewing is a very time-consuming process.
Mark lives in a densely populated American city and buys groceries from the nearby corner store. The corner store mostly sells food that is canned or frozen and doesn't have a lot of variety. What can we conclude about Mark?
He lives in a food desert.
Homer Simpson, a character on the TV show The Simpsons, has a wife who stays home to take care of the children while he works, but he is often responsible for disciplining the children when they are particularly bad. What do you know about Homer even if this is all that you know about the show?
Homer has taken the instrumental role.
How does the academic achievement of homeschooled students compare to that of public school students?
Homeschooled students perform significantly better, on average, than public school students.
How are strictly controlled workers within bureaucracies different from robots?
Human workers can resist and undermine the bureaucratic restraints that limit their autonomy.
American ideology focuses on the importance of marriage and family values and assumes that the family is at the center of almost everyone's life. How does this compare to the way people really live?
Increasingly, both marriage and the family are less central to the lives of average Americans.
In her research for The Second Shift, Arlie Hochschild interviewed married couples to find out how they dealt with changing family roles as more women entered the workforce. What advantages came from her decision to use interviews as a research method?
It allowed her to gather direct quotations and construct an intimate portrait of married couples.
How does the birth of children tend to change the gendered division of labor within the household?
It makes the division of labor more traditionally split along gender lines.
Some women accept the burdens of the "second shift" in order to avoid conflict with their husbands or children. How does this affect them?
It makes them unhappy and emotionally numb.
Many everyday cultural practices such as greeting a friend, giving someone flowers, or using a thumbs-up seem like natural ways of acting. Why does having an awareness of how these practices vary across cultures demonstrate a healthy sociological imagination?
It reminds us that everyday interactions are connected to larger societies and norms.
What did Laura Miller's 1997 study find in regard to gender harassment in the military?
Men were more likely to be harassed by their drill sergeants, whereas women were more likely to be harassed by their fellow trainees.
________ is the type of care we are practicing when we focus on making a person comfortable at the end of life.
Palliative
In Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that Virginia's law banning marriage between persons of different races was unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment. What attitude led many to disagree with this decision?
People should partner up with similar people and respect endogamy.
What is the relationship between race and class, according to sociologists such as Michael Omi and Howard Winant?
Race is not a side effect of class; rather, it permeates every aspect of daily life.
What do recent theorists like Tomás Almaguer argue that differs from the belief that racism is a product of class differences?
Racist beliefs can become part of economic life.
Damage to tropical rain forests is causing the extinction of many species, but it is also detrimental to human life. Why?
Rain forests absorb carbon dioxide and provide valuable plants.
In the Sermon on the Mount of the Christian New Testament, believers are told, "Whatever you want men to do to you, do also to them." Of which of the functions or dysfunctions of religion does this remind you?
Religion provides morals, values, rules, and norms for participants.
One of the baristas at José's local coffee shop always greets him by name. She often asks how school is going and seems to care about his answer. How would we characterize José's relationship with the barista?
She is a "consequential stranger" who bridges the gap between primary and secondary groups.
________ is the term Jean Baudrillard uses to refer to an image or media representation that does not reflect reality in any meaningful way but is treated as real.
Simulacrum
Campbell Soup Company launched an ad campaign in 2000 that showed prepubescent boys offering soup to prepubescent girls. The girls declined because they were concerned about their calorie intake. The boys explained that "lots of Campbell's soups are low in calories," which made them OK for the girls to eat. The ads were pulled after parents expressed concern. Why were parents worried?
The ads taught girls to worry about their weight.
________ was the historical event that convinced American scholars that not all social movements can be explained in terms of simply satisfying the psychological needs of their members.
The civil rights movement
________ contributed to the rapid population growth in Europe around the time of Thomas Malthus in the eighteenth century.
The potato
How does social class relate to race, ethnicity, gender, and age in the United States today?
These multiple dimensions of status and inequality intersect to shape who we are and how we live.
The Shriners are a fraternity based on the Masonic principles of brotherly love, relief, and truth. They have roughly 375,000 members and 191 temples in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. The Shriners support Shriners Hospitals for Children, which is a system of twenty-two hospitals dedicated to improving the lives of children by providing specialty pediatric care. What prohibits the Shriners from being a social movement?
They do not seek to alter the status quo.
How are "gold farms," such as those set up to play World of Warcraft, different from traditional sweatshops?
They exploit workers to produce virtual goods instead of material goods.
Why is the sociologist Roy Oldenburg worried that the United States seems to have so few third places?
They help people make connections.
What criticism do third-wave feminists commonly level against the first two waves of feminism?
They marginalized the concerns of women of color, lesbians, and working-class women.
How have activities that were once necessities changed as they have become recreational activities?
They now come with a wide variety of commodities.
________ is the MOST extreme form of authoritarianism.
Totalitarianism
The increased use of Facebook, Twitter, and other social media by terrorist organizations in other countries to recruit new members is an example of cultural diffusion for which reason?
Twitter and Facebook were originally products of the Western world that have been adopted by people in other countries.
How do self-fulfilling prophecies work?
We respond not only to the objective features of a situation but also to its meaning. Once meaning has been assigned to our behavior, the consequences of that behavior are determined by the meaning.
Is medicine in the United States a social institution?
Yes, because organizations like the American Medical Association set policy and shape definitions of health and illness throughout the nation.
Texas has never had a Hispanic governor, and the percentage of Hispanic Americans in Texas state government is low. However, many Hispanic Americans live in Texas. In 2012, they made up nearly 40% of the state's population. Would a sociologist in Texas call Hispanic Americans a minority group?
Yes, because they are denied access to power and resources.
An association of workers who organize to improve their economic status and working conditions is called
a union.
Which of the following is an example of resocialization?
a woman learning basic living skills after a car accident
Although she made contributions to sociology, Jane Addams is perhaps best remembered for her embrace of praxis, which means that she
acted on her intellectual convictions in practical ways.
Jane Addams was an early advocate of applied sociology. This means that she did not just do research but that she also
addressed social problems through activity in the communities she researched.
Bhutan's attempt to achieve Gross National Happiness, rather than a higher gross national product, reflects its desire to
adopt what it believes the "West" does correctly while rejecting consumerism.
Environmental racism occurs when
an environmental policy or practice negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities as a result of their race or ethnicity.
What is the term used to describe sociological research that is intended to solve social problems, such as the research done by Jane Addams?
applied sociology
An educator is disgusted with teaching methods that lead students to simply gain a credential rather than actually learn about the world. She decides to start a charter school that employs innovative teaching methods, doesn't give students grades, and encourages creative thinking over rote learning. How would Robert Merton's strain theory of deviance classify this educator?
as a rebel
How do people with an anthropocentric relationship with the environment perceive nature?
as something to be conquered
A sociologist wants to study popular attitudes and perceptions about astrology among college students in California. She believes that people who have astrological signs associated with fire will have a greater knowledge of astrology, because fire signs tend to have more interesting and attractive symbolism. What are the variables in this study?
astrological signs and knowledge of astrology
In the Hawaiian language, makuahine means both "mother" and what else?
aunt
The system of government that excludes participation and representation of ordinary citizens is called
authoritarian.
Emily Rosenbaum (2008) found that it was more common for ________ to live in substandard housing located in marginalized neighborhoods of New York City.
blacks and Hispanics
A major achievement of social movements geared toward increasing employment equality for minorities and women has been the widespread adoption of equal employment officers in many large organizations. When they achieved this stage, the social movements could be said to have
bureaucratized.
How do sociologists observe society?
by studying the various parts of a society and the ways they interact and influence one another
According to Max Weber, Protestant values contributed to the rise of
capitalism.
How is it possible for you go to Indonesia on vacation and have a conversation with your cab driver about your favorite television program?
cultural diffusion
What is the process called by which societies lose their particular uniqueness and start to resemble one another?
cultural leveling
Stanley Fish argues against older understandings of media and literature, which held that a text is unchanging and universal. He argues that each member of an audience can interpret or "create" a work, but he does not claim that each audience member has absolute freedom to interpret in unique ways because
each member of an audience is part of a larger interpretive community.
One of the most striking contrasts in restaurants is between the demeanor of cooks and that of servers. Servers are paid to be nice, pleasant, and courteous. On the other hand, cooks are usually not required to act this way. The part of a server's job that does not apply to a cook is called
emotion work.
An industry dumps waste in an area adjacent to where members of racial and ethnic minorities reside. What is this practice called?
environmental racism
An office has a "coffee fund," which is an old coffee can where people can toss change any time they pour a cup of coffee. The fund can be used to buy coffee and supplies for the office when more is needed. However, one individual always takes coffee and never puts any money in the fund, which makes him a
free rider
For many years, Saturday Night Live ran a series of skits about a character named Pat. The premise of each skit was that no one could tell if Pat was male or female. The other characters would devise ingenious plots to determine Pat's gender, but all attempts failed. The humor in these skits is based on the fact that
gender identity is so important to our social selves that we can barely interact with anyone without first determining that person's gender.
The city of Mumbai, India has 14,000,000 people, which makes it the second-largest city in the world. In addition, the city handles the majority of India's maritime commerce. These facts help to explain why Mumbai would be called a(n)
global city.
The 2010 Affordable Care Act (commonly called "Obamacare")
included many insurance reforms and aimed to increase the number of Americans receiving health care.
A public goods dilemma occurs when
individuals must give something to a collective resource without necessarily taking anything in return.
Informal norms are different from formal norms, in that
informal norms are implied and unwritten.
In 2013, YouTube user "DizastaMusic" uploaded a video featuring a segment called the "Harlem Shake." Almost instantly, people started replicating the dance moves seen in the video and uploading their own versions of the segment to YouTube. Of what is this an example?
mass behavior
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was not recognized by the American Psychiatric Association in the form we now know it until 1987, despite the fact that children exhibited the same symptoms of ADHD before 1987. What sociological concept does this highlight?
medicalization
In Frank Dobbin and Alexandra Kalev's 2016 analysis of 800 U.S. firms, which of the following approaches to diversity did they find was effective?
mentoring and college recruitment programs
Metaphorically, what part of sociology is most like a zoom lens on a camera?
microsociology
North Dakota has experienced one of the highest population growth rates in the United States in the recent past due to an oil boom. Which demographic variable explains this?
migration
On average, participants in social movements are
more socially engaged than nonparticipants.
Politics, education, and religion are often discussed together in sociology because
political, religious, and educational concerns often overlap in everyday life.
An example of social media is
politicians using Twitter to communicate with their constituents directly.
In the early nineteenth century, Native Americans survived clashes with the U.S. Army, but were forcibly removed to reservations. This is an example of
population transfer.
Many individuals have noticed that the U.S. economy seems increasingly focused on producing and managing information rather than on making things. What term or concept could describe this shift?
postmodernism
One of the primary principles of capitalism is
privatization of the means of production.
________ is a set of beliefs about the superiority of one racial or ethnic group compared to another.
racism
Critical race theory explores the relationship among race and what two other concepts?
racism and power
People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group.
reference
What do we call groups that are used as standards to evaluate ourselves positively, in terms of the qualities we aspire to achieve, or negatively, in terms of the qualities we wish to avoid?
reference groups
Which of the following phenomena is a reason that group efficiency declines as groups increase in size?
social loafing
Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called
social loafing.
Students often complain when they hear their instructor assign group work. One of the biggest problems associated with group assignments is that one person often ends up doing most of the work while others take it easy. This is called
social loafing.
Victor of Aveyron was a feral child who wandered out of the woods in 1800 when he was approximately twelve years old. After being reintroduced to human society, Victor was incapable of talking and never fully adjusted to life with other humans. This case shows the importance of
socialization.
Men usually make more money than women because
socially constructed categories of employment lead to larger numbers of men than women in many lucrative jobs.
In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?
specialization
According to Erving Goffman, when one is labeled a deviant and experiences stigma, what does that individual acquire?
spoiled identity
What do sociologists call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?
structural mobility
Theodore Roosevelt signed legislation on July 1, 1908 that created forty-five national forests. Roosevelt was a passionate hunter and believed that all animals in America would soon be gone unless something was done to preserve some wild areas. To which era of the environmental movement does this goal belong?
the conservation era
Unlike folkways, mores are closely related to
the core values of a group.
Many customer service representatives with whom we talk over the phone are based in India. Which of the following terms applies to this phenomenon?
the death of distance
Samira does not have a computer in her house, so she uses computers in the library to complete school assignments. However, she often has less time than her peers to do research and type her assignments because the computers are sometimes occupied and the library closes early. What term describes Samira's situation?
the digital divide
What economic change has made it more difficult for workers to strike effectively?
the ease with which manufacturing firms can move operations to another country
Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?
the family
Many individuals began to see the growth of federal prison populations as a problem in the 1990s. What were they a part of first, though they would later form groups to protest the policies that imprisoned so many?
the incipient stage of a social movement
Which of the following groups argues that men suffer discrimination as a result of feminism?
the men's rights movement
Arlie Hochschild's study of two-income families found that women were much more likely than men to do the majority of the unpaid labor inside the home, even after a full day's work outside the home. What term do sociologists use to describe this extra labor?
the second shift
What is the movement called that encourages people to work less, consume less, and generally "downshift" their lifestyles?
the simplicity movement
Reactivity is
the tendency of research participants to change their behavior in response to being studied.
Individual fishing boats may harvest more fish each year in order to maximize profits while, as a result, threatening the fish population with extinction. This is an example of
the tragedy of the commons.
Modern economies require constant growth, and with that growth comes an ever-increasing need for resources called
the treadmill of production.
A government continues to privatize once public environmental resources, such as forests. This government does so to grow its revenue stream while the private companies who gain ownership of the forest continue deforestation at exponentially higher levels, permanently eliminating most of the country's trees, all in the name of greater profit margins. What is this an example of?
treadmill of production
Which of the following would sociologists consider the best definition of deviance?
violations of social norms
According to George Herbert Mead, the dual nature of the self refers to the idea that
we experience the self as both subject and object.
There are strategies available to help ease the burden of the second shift, but they are mainly available to
wealthier families.
Sociologists tend to stop asking ________ and start asking ________ when they reject the hypodermic needle model.
what media does to people; what people do with media
Under what circumstances are bystanders LESS likely to attempt to help a stranger who appears to be in danger?
when there are lots of bystanders
In which year did the first United States Census take place?
1790
A country has a population of 1,231,994 as of December 31, 2017. On December 31, 2018, you are tasked with calculating the growth rate over the year. The country experienced 128,240 births and 103,412 deaths. The net migration was 12,388. What was the growth rate?
3.0 percent
The ________ was a macro-level social change that resulted in new innovations in farming such as mechanized seed spreaders and new techniques of crop rotation.
Agricultural Revolution
The former Supreme Court justice Sandra Day O'Connor voted to allow a Christmas display on public property that included a nativity scene, but she voted to prohibit city governments from having displays that had only a nativity scene. This indicates that
America is both a secular and religious society at the same time.
Which social theorist sought to bring the scientific method to the discipline of sociology?
Auguste Comte
________ is the study of controversial moral or ethical issues related to scientific and medical advancements.
Bioethics
Approximately 12,000 years ago, people began to domesticate grain in what we now call the Middle East. This involved a process that slowly spread around the world over the next 6,000 to 7,000 years. In 1984, 8 percent of U.S. households had a computer, but that number was above 70 percent in 2008. How do these two things relate to social change?
Both are examples of social change that occurred at different rates.
Is the microsociological or macrosociological perspective more useful in analyzing social phenomena?
Both are useful in different ways because they each provide different types of information about the same object of study.q
How was Harriet Martineau similar to W.E.B. DuBois?
Both were intrigued by America's democratic promise, but disappointed in its hypocritical injustices.
________ gather and analyze data on particular illnesses. They are interested in how, where, and to whom the illnesses are spread as well as how to stop their spread.
Epidemiologists
Earth First describes itself as a global organization, but its website contains links to local chapters in Montreal, the Netherlands, and Humboldt and Santa Cruz, California. What does this suggest about the organization?
It believes in grassroots environmentalism.
Why is action research controversial among more traditional social scientists despite the methodological approach gaining popularity among students?
It is aligned with values and challenges objectivity.
"Fordism" is a system characterized by the increasingly efficient mass production of goods. Why is this system called "Fordism"?
It is named after Henry Ford, who is credited with inventing the assembly line
The names given to positions of power and authority, like "chairman" and "policeman," often emphasize the male gender. Why does this matter?
The names imply that one gender is more suited for a particular job than another.
The English music star Morrissey got his start in the band The Smiths, singing about radical vegetarianism and bisexuality in the 1980s. He was effeminate, bleak, and sarcastic. His fan base has expanded far beyond the disaffected English teenagers who bought his original records. In fact, some of his most devoted fans today are Hispanic millennials in Southern California. How is it possible that British teenagers in the 1980s and Hispanic Californians today can appreciate the same music?
They bring different interpretive strategies to the experience of listening to Morrissey's music.
Which of the following is an advantage of school vouchers often cited by the vouchers' supporters?
Vouchers give parents more choices in their children's education.
Which theorist argued that if people define a situation as real, it is real in its consequences?
W. I. Thomas
Why is the "water grabbing" of developing countries possible?
Water is a transboundary resource.
How is culture transmitted and internalized?
We learn values and beliefs slowly and incrementally.
Will the world population continue to grow, or will it eventually stabilize?
We may not know the answer for many years.
Which of the following groups is MOST likely to be classified as a counterculture?
a militia group living in Montana
A research team led by biologist Brian MacKenzie ran computer models of the population dynamics of the bluefin tuna, according to a study published in Conservation Letters. The models suggest that the population of bluefin in the Atlantic and Mediterranean oceans will most likely collapse even if fishing were banned immediately. This is a serious issue for sushi lovers everywhere, and some sociologists call it
a tragedy of the commons.
A sociologist who is concerned that people will uncritically accept political biases in the media they consume probably believes that audiences
are mostly passive.
How should all left-handed people in the United States be classified?
as a category
Public schools that are run by private entities are called
charter schools.
Kemi is conducting a sociological research study on differences in interactions between similar and dissimilar co-workers. After reviewing the literature, she developed a hypothesis and operationalized the variables she will study. What is the next step Kemi should take in the scientific method?
choose a research design or method
The Pacific Gas and Electric Company poisoned the water in Hinkley, California. The poisoned water system had sickened many Hinkley, California residents with ailments like liver damage and cancer. How would the illnesses of the Hinkley residents be classified?
chronic diseases
People who believe the government is not doing enough about climate change have become fed up and are starting to organize, which means they are starting to
coalesce.
In the past, a woman in North Carolina would found guilty of "lewd and lascivious association" if she lived with her boyfriend. Her behavior today would be known as
cohabitation.
Strikes are different from acts of resistance like daydreaming on the job because they are
collective.
According to the text, what is the MOST extreme form of socialism called?
communism
What is the movement that attempts to rebuild group values and a sense of collective responsibility called?
communitarianism
Obinze thinks that religion is used by powerful people and institutions to control the public. What perspective best describes Obinze's views?
conflict theory
The principle of the free press as a voice of the people has been complicated since the U.S. Constitution was crafted because of
conglomeration and media concentration.
Mark just bought a brand-new Subaru hybrid after driving a twenty-year-old car for a long time. He is really impressed with his new car and takes every opportunity to drive his friends around in it. Over the next year, three of his friends buy new Subarus and three others are seriously considering doing so. Which concept best describes what is happening in Mark's network?
contagion
What research method is a sociologist using if they watch a lot of television and count the number of times women play roles with lower status than those played by men?
content analysis
What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards?
cultural relativism
Clashes over values in the United States, especially as represented by liberals and conservatives in the mass media, have been termed
culture wars.
President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law in 2010. Fox News and CNN presented vastly different viewpoints of the ACA, appealing to either conservative or liberal viewers, respectively. The media's handling of this law is an example of
culture wars.
________ is the physical and legal responsibility for the everyday life and routines of children.
custody
A man's computer is hacked and the individual responsible steals his identity, which makes it possible for the hacker to steal money from the man's bank account. The man is a victim of
cybercrime.
A postmodernist writes an essay arguing that the "factual" history of a Native American tribe in a textbook is no more accurate than a collection of short oral stories about the tribe. The postmodernist is engaging in what type of critical analysis?
deconstruction
Japan has one of the world's highest life expectancies. However, it has experienced a net loss of population for many years, which is the result of declining birth and immigration rates. The population did rise in both 2008 and 2009, largely due to Japanese citizens abroad returning home. This data was likely analyzed by a
demographer.
Nowhere to Grow by Les Whitbeck and Dan Hoyt explored the lives of homeless and runaway teens in the Midwest. The authors found that "associating with deviant peers" had a dramatic effect on a wide range of deviant behaviors including increasing "the likelihood of serious substance abuse almost 32 times." What theory of deviance considers the way in which such interpersonal relationships help to predict deviant behavior?
differential association
Since 1917, all Puerto Ricans have been considered U.S. citizens, but they are not represented in Congress and cannot cast ballots in presidential elections. In this sense, they are
disenfranchised.
What is the term for the range of behaviors that abusers use to gain and maintain power over their victims?
domestic abuse
"Wives, submit yourselves unto your own husbands, as unto the Lord. For the husband is the head of the wife, even as Christ is the head of the church." Many people still look to passages from the Christian Bible, like this one, to justify gender roles. Conflict theorists might argue that this is a ________ of religion because it ________.
dysfunction; promotes sexism
Sigmund Freud's most significant contribution to the understanding of the self is
his theory of the unconscious mind.
A same-sex couple holding hands or kissing in public may receive disapproving looks or even abusive comments from other people. This is an example of
homophobia.
What do sociologists ask you to consider regarding health and illness?
how health and illness are shaped by social factors
The population in the United States is growing even though fertility rates have dropped below the level needed to maintain the population level because
immigration rates have risen.
Many people are afraid of picking up hitchhikers. Imagine that a hitchhiker, to be offered a ride, makes a suitcase out of a gasoline can so that he looks like he's a stranded motorist rather than a hitchhiker. A sociologist would say that the hitchhiker was working on
impression management.
According to Georg Simmel, city dwellers relate to one another
in objective and instrumental terms.
Huge numbers of dispossessed U.S. farmers left places like Oklahoma and moved to California during the Great Depression of the 1930s. This is an example of
internal migration.
In the United States, ________ would have the MOST freedom in choosing whether or not to display their race or ethnicity.
irish americans
Survey research tends to produce quantitative data. One key advantage of this kind of data is that it
is easy to transmit to the public.
White privilege is the idea that one group in society enjoys certain unearned privileges and that group members are
largely unaware of the unequal benefits they possess.
Few people today know that the Milky Way is a spiral arm of our galaxy that contains a dense cluster of stars. In the past, it appeared not as individual points of light, but as a splash of light across the night sky. Why is it no longer visible this way?
light pollution
An example of in-group orientation is when a
light-skinned African American woman claims to be white in order to avoid discrimination and violence.
Coca-Cola was first marketed in the 1860s as a patient medicine, which was designed to offer the energy boost of cocaine without the vices of alcohol. The new beverage was invigorating and popular. Today, however, cocaine is not just banned, but widely demonized. This is an example of
mainstream culture once approving of behaviors that are now considered deviant.
A state is called ________ when whites are less than half the population.
majority-minority
Garrett Hardin believes that "a 'just' sharing of the world's wealth among all the inhabitants, without coercive control of individual reproduction, would result in a continual, exponential growth of the human population" and much more suffering. This means Hardin is a
neo-Malthusian.
Some conservative groups have organized to campaign for crackdowns on illegal immigration and limits on legal immigration because they are concerned about how the United States will be changed by nonwhite immigrants. This means that they are against
pluralism.
The Bell Curve by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray generated an enormous amount of controversy because it suggested that racial differences in IQ scores were due to genetically driven differences in intelligence. It argued that "both genes and the environment have something to do with racial differences." For those who disagreed, this seemed like a familiar argument because
racist beliefs are often rooted in the assumption that differences between groups are genetic.
The sociologist Mitch Duneier wrote his ethnography Sidewalk about street vendors in New York City's Greenwich Village. While writing the book, Duneier was particularly concerned that the people he was studying would alter their behavior when he was present, especially since his background was different from their own. This caused him to think critically about his activities and role as a researcher. What do sociologists call this?
reflexivity
"Buy Nothing Day" might best be described as a ________ social movement.
regressive
In the early twentieth century, some social activists stood against continued immigration to the United States from eastern and southern Europe. What type of social movement does this example represent?
regressive
The Promise Keepers are a Christian men's organization that seeks to train men to be better fathers and husbands. They also work to preserve what they call "traditional" family values, which includes men being the head of the household and men making decisions for their wives and children. In this way, the Promise Keepers are
regressive
The World Church of the Creator, founded by Matt Hale, wants to stop both religious and racial integration of America. This makes his movement a
regressive social movement.
Activists are engaging in ________ when they begin to amass the things they need to sustain their movement, including volunteers, money, and office space.
resource mobilization
For many years, there have been efforts to organize teaching assistants on college campuses and form a union. These efforts often fail because of practical reasons, such as limited numbers of volunteers, the fact that leaders graduate and leave, and organizers' limited money for supplies. What theory is MOST associated with these reasons?
resource mobilization
Dr. Williams is studying the "Indivisible" opposition to Trump that spread through social media. He believes that coverage from high profile celebrities and recruitment through catchy hashtags on Facebook and Twitter were critical to the movement's success. What theoretical perspective is Dr. Williams espousing?
resource mobilization theory
Sociologists who focus on how practical constraints and opportunities can help or hinder a social movement are using
resource mobilization theory.
In using the scientific method for sociological research, what step should be taken after formulating a general research question?
review the literature relevant to the topicQ
Modern technology has made it possible for individuals who work in traditionally urban jobs, such as stockbrokers, to live in rural areas. What concept is this an example of?
rural rebound
Paul Fussell's living room scale attempts to measure
social class.
The divorce rate has steadily increased over time, and now more than a quarter of all marriages end within the first four years. What sort of factors would C. Wright Mills suggest investigating to explain this increase?
structural
People are optimistic that the jobs lost in the U.S. recession of the late 2000s will be replaced with others. However, even if the optimists are right, the shift in the economy may permanently alter the social class status of many people. This is due to the jobs lost being largely in manufacturing and new jobs being mostly in information technology. This suggests that the newly unemployed will have trouble competing for newly created jobs. If this is the case, what is it called?
structural mobility
What is the shift of large segments of the population away from the urban core and toward the edges of cities called?
suburbanization
According to the U.S. General Accounting Office, an employer that violates more than one federal or state labor law concerning wages, overtime, child labor, safety and health, or industrial regulation is classified as a(n)
sweatshop.
The sociological perspective of ________ is concerned with how gender is constructed and maintained in our everyday lives.
symbolic interactionism
A media conglomerate is said to have ________ when it is able to market its products across a wide range of media.
synergy
What is the MOST underappreciated aspect of the work that professional musicians do given that popular music is so strongly associated with leisure?
that it is work
The fact that school schedules are organized around Christmas is evidence
that the United States is not a totally secular society.
The Environmental Protection Agency has a department with a mandate to work for the "fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income with respect to the development, implementation, and enforcement of environmental laws, regulations, and policies." What is this department MOST likely to be called based on your reading in Chapter 15?
the Environmental Justice Department
Which part of Stuart Hall's theory resembles the magic bullet model?
the assumption that specific ideological messages are loaded into cultural products
According to George Herbert Mead, what are children learning when they begin to take the perspective of a generalized other in their games?
the attitudes and expectations of society as a whole
Many parents today are worried about the bottles out of which their babies drink, because many contain plastics made with Bisphenol A (BPA). This is a compound that helps to make hard, clear, shatter-proof plastics, but it might also be a neurotoxin to which children may be especially vulnerable. Science has yet to fully explore this issue, but what era of the environmental movement does this concern MOST closely follow?
the modern environmental movement
Nature writer Barry Lopez spent time with the Inuit of the Arctic and concluded that hunting societies had different attitudes about the land than industrial ones because "the focus of a hunter in a hunting society was not killing animals but attending to the myriad relationships he understood bound him into the world he occupied with them." What kind of attitude do hunting societies have?
the new ecological paradigm
The majority of appointed U.S. Treasury secretaries have been either former partners or managers of Goldman Sachs, which is a global investment management firm. Sociologists would argue that this overlap between private business and the federal government is an example of
the power elite.
The scientific method involves
the procedure for acquiring and collecting scientific data.
Beyond just money, the economy is about
the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.
What was MOST environmental activism focused on during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
the protection and conservation of wilderness
A company that dumps toxic waste in a river to keep costs down will likely never get caught by environmental regulators. According to Garrett Harden, we can best understand the costs of this action in terms of a
tragedy of the commons.
Firms that purposely transcend national borders so that their products can be manufactured at sites all over the world are called
transnational corporations.
Researchers often conduct studies on American college students. What is one organization that conducts such research to determine health behaviors as well as develop support programs and services on a wide variety of health-related issues?
American College Health Association
________ are the types of jobs usually available to members of the lower-middle class.
Blue collar or manual labor jobs
Robert Merton suggested that some white Americans who praise Abraham Lincoln for being frugal and thrifty might describe an Asian American with the same qualities as being stingy and penny-pinching. What explains this double standard?
For these white Americans, Lincoln was a member of their racial in-group, whereas an Asian American would be a member of an out-group.
Which of the following is true regarding social movements reaching the "bureaucratization" stage?
It happened when American colonists transitioned from being revolutionaries to the official government leaders.
Which of the following facts might a sociologist be interested in if they are studying the problems associated with resource depletion when investigating the way our society uses paper?
It requires more than three pounds of tree pulp to make one pound of paper.
Hero of Alexander, a mathematician who lived in Rome, invented a steam engine in the first century CE. What does this say about William Ogburn's theory of technological determinism?
It suggests that technological determinism cannot always explain social change.
Americans seem to have much more choice about which media to consume than in the past. Why is this choice deceptive?
Many choices are owned by the same company.
What disadvantages result from increased international trade, according to critics of globalization?
Multinational corporations will increasingly shape the policies of governments.
Which of the following statements about grief is true according to the sociological explanation of emotions?
The experience of grief is universal, but expressions of grief vary.
In what way has Bhutan resisted the forces of globalization?
There are no chain stores in the capital city.
If you go on a hike, how might it be considered part of the commercialization of leisure?
You buy a $500 backpack with a solar panel to allow you to recharge your electronics.
In her introduction to a paper about gender, the sociologist Rae Blumberg said that the central principle behind gender in our society is to "remember the golden rule: he who has the gold makes the rules." What kind of theorist is Blumberg?
a conflict theorist
In which type of community would Georg Simmel believe individuals are LEAST likely to have friendly relationships with their neighbors?
a large city
Lilly Ledbetter, a supervisor at a Goodyear tire plant, discovered late in her career that she had been paid considerably less than any of the other people in her position. She argued that being paid less was simple discrimination since she was the only female supervisor. Assuming Ledbetter was right, it shows that her workplace was NOT
a meritocracy.
Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are
a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn.
Litter may not be the most pressing problem facing our society, but many people still wish that our streets and parks had less trash strewn about. However, it is difficult to convince people to clean these public areas, which is a problem that sociologists would call
a public goods dilemma.
Which of the following is a typical media conglomerate MOST likely to include among its many divisions?
a sports franchise
A student sitting through a boring class glances over at a friend and rolls his eyes. Erving Goffman would identify this as
an expression of behavior.
You want to conduct some sociological research on whether people on social networking sites are less likely to meet in person as a result of their online community participation. What is the next step in the scientific method?
conduct a literature review
Stealing avocados or almost any other agricultural product is a felony in California if the product is worth more than $100. A ________ would say that such laws target homeless people who have little power in society and are simply trying to eat.
conflict theorist
"An agglomeration of men presents new characteristics very different from those of the individuals composing it. The sentiments and ideas of all the persons in the gathering take one and the same direction, and their conscious personality vanishes. . . It forms a single being . . ." Which theory describes this quote?
contagion theory
The once sleepy suburb of San Jose became a center of high-tech industry during the dot-com boom of the 1990s. San Jose has its own centers of employment and commerce. San Jose is an example of what?
edge city
The globe will have two billion more people living on it by the year 2050, according to the United Nations estimates. At that point, the population may actually shrink because, although life expectancy may continue to rise, the average number of children each person gives birth to is poised to drop below 2.1. What demographic variable might make the global population drop?
fertility
The cultural and economic changes that result from dramatic increases in international trade and exchange are called
globalization.
The Solomon Asch experiment, in which groups of participants were asked to compare the lengths of lines, demonstrated that
groups have great power to induce conformity.
Leisure is increasingly dominated by ________, "the 800-pound gorilla of leisure time."
television
A reality television program called The Swan (2004-2005) intended to give women extreme makeovers. This was done by radically changing their appearance, in part through plastic surgery. Of what is this an example?
the medicalization of beauty
A sociologist who examines how cities are organized or the migration of human populations is studying
the new ecological paradigm.
The study of human populations and their impact on the natural world is called
the new ecological paradigm.
What is the net migration rate?
the number of emigrants subtracted from the number of immigrants
In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?
the social construction of race
José has been working hard for the past ten years, but most of the wealth he has is the result of inherited properties. Erin has also been working hard for the past ten years, but has accumulated virtually no wealth because she is paid the federal minimum wage and also supports her elderly mother. José and Erin demonstrate
the wealth gap.
What problem will result from even slightly higher global temperatures?
rising sea levels
Urban density is measured by
the number of people per square mile.
A pilot study is
a smaller study used to investigate the feasibility of a larger one.
The term "deadbeat dad" describes a man who isn't married to his children's mother and isn't helping to support his children financially. Why do we almost never talk about "deadbeat moms"?
Mothers usually remain the primary caregiver even when fathers don't take the instrumental role.
The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 ended the concept of entitlements by requiring recipients of welfare to find work within two years of receiving assistance. How has this changed the lives of the poor?
Moving from welfare to work did not substantially increase income levels; it simply shifted the poor from welfare to low-paying jobs.
The federal government plans to store nuclear waste under a mountain in Nevada, but many people who live in Nevada are trying their best to have it housed elsewhere. This is a classic example of
NIMBY
A sociologist wants to study racial discrimination in hiring, and decides to either distribute a survey asking employers about their hiring methods, or conduct an experiment that involves sending fake resumes to employers to see who gets an interview. Which method would best examine racial discrimination in hiring and why?
The experimental method because the researcher can isolate the effect of race by creating otherwise identical resumes.
Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn't seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed?
The meaning of gestures is not universal.
Ethnocentric people tend to view other cultures as abnormal because
they use their own culture as a standard of judgment.
What has an office worker engaged in, although it may not seem like much, when they bring in a plant to brighten up their cubicle?
an act of individual resistance
Critics might see soap operas as brainwashing their viewers to accept a particular version of gender roles. Some sociologists would insist that the people who produce soap operas actually have to be constantly attentive to the desires of their audience and are, to some extent, responding to the audience. If you believe this, then you probably see soap opera viewers as
an active audience.
Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to
anomie or normlessness.
An environmentalist named Aldo Leopold believed that we need to develop a "land ethic" that "changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it." What sort of attitude is Leopold trying to move our society away from?
anthropocentric
Dr. Washington just completed a research project in which she interviews African American men and women about their experiences with the criminal justice system with a particular focus on the use of violence and excessive force by police officers. The narratives of her respondents vary significantly by gender and social class, and Dr. Washington believes this is a very important part of her findings. Which of the following theoretical perspectives is represented by Dr. Washington's views?
critical race theory
Halloween costume makers and retailers make generous profits from selling costumes that allow their wearers to be Indian princesses or gypsies. What are they engaging in by profiting from the stereotypical display of marginalized groups without fully understanding and appreciating the culture?
cultural appropriation
In the 1960s, many sociologists noticed that economic obstacles alone were insufficient in explaining disparities in the educational attainment of children from different social classes. Which concept was introduced to explain these disparities?
cultural capital
Many young people face an unprecedented problem today, which is what to do when their parents try to friend them on a social media platform such as Instagram. Technology has given us unprecedented ways to document our lives online, but some are not quite sure how to share this new development with older generations. What is this problem called?
cultural lag
The use of in vitro fertilization solved a specific problem, but it seems to have created a wide range of ethical dilemmas and problems that were unanticipated when it was first invented. This is an instance of
cultural lag
Increasingly, people in every nation came to watch more of the same movies during the second half of the twentieth century. What would your textbook call this phenomenon?
cultural leveling
Resocialization is particularly necessary when people are cut off from society and their former identities are stripped away. Which of the following is an example of a life change that would lead to this more dramatic form of resocialization?
entry into a total institution
Textbooks often still contain sexist language and gender stereotypes. In the social structure of the school itself, women tend to be concentrated at the lower levels, as teachers and aides, while men tend to occupy upper-management and administrative positions. Which concept do these patterns MOST reinforce?
gender role socialization
Many sociology majors enter what are termed _______ professions, which can be agents of social change.
helping
The radio played a news story about the murder of a twenty-five-year-old married woman with one child. Who would you expect the police to first investigate for the crime?
her husband
What was probably Harriet Martineau's MOST important contribution to the development of sociology as a discipline?
her translation of the work of Auguste Comte into English
An elementary school student notices that exhibiting good behavior and following the instructions of the teacher can go a long way to earning him decent grades in school. This example highlights what sociological term about the education system?
hidden curriculum
Which of the following is a strategy that some middle- and upper-class women have used to balance the demands of work and home?
hiring other women to do domestic work
Imagine that you have come across a woman rebuilding an engine. Which of the following questions would you need to ask to discover if this was a recreational activity as recreation is defined in your textbook?
how rebuilding engines made her feel
A nightclub has several types of employees and each has a specialized task. Bartenders make drinks, bouncers check identification, bussers clear away used glasses, and so on. Bouncers can get their friends in for free, unlike the other employees. The club is a bureaucracy in many ways, but there is at least one significant element of bureaucratic organization missing. What is it?
impersonality
On ESPN.com, men's college basketball is presented as "college basketball," while women's college basketball is called "women's college basketball." This is an example of
inequality.
Sociologist C. J. Pascoe found that boys often use homophobic slurs toward each other in an effort to define masculinity for themselves and other boys in her ethnography of high school boys titled Dude, You're a Fag. This is an example of the
influence that peers can have as agents of socialization.
What sort of actions do abusive partners take to keep their partners in the relationship?
periodically enter a cycle of loving contrition
Laura is a married mother of three who works a full-time job. She drops her kids off at school every day at 7:30 A.M., arrives at the office at 8 A.M., works until 4 P.M., and then drives to pick up her kids from after-school care at 4:30 P.M. She gets home around the same time as her husband, who works a full-time job from 9 A.M. until 5 P.M. He expects that she will have dinner ready for the family by 6 P.M. From 7 to 9 P.M., Laura usually does housework and reads to the children. What sociological concept does Laura's situation exemplify?
second shift
Sociologists who study social networks and employment pay attention to the frequency with which a person has been in contact with each member of their social network to
see if a particular tie is strong or weak.
After the American Civil War, most southern states passed laws that barred blacks and whites from sharing most kinds of public facilities. This is an example of
segregation.
Justin caught the flu and was urged by his employer to take a few days off to recover. However, on the third day of missing work, Justin's employer sees him at lunch with some friends. His employer approaches him and Justin suggests he's still very sick and will need a few more days to recover. Justin tells his employer he has not seen a doctor or taken any medicine. Justin is not fulfilling his duties as part of the
sick role.
Some urban planners are working hard to make sure their communities use the same land for multiple purposes. In particular, they advocate for using land "vertically," such as having apartments on top of retail space. This type of planning is called
smart growth.
Chris McCandless lived on his own in the wilderness because he felt constrained and betrayed by a society that cared so little for its individual members. What term describes the attitude to which McCandless objected?
social atomization
In recent years, salsa has overtaken ketchup as America's most popular condiment. This is an example of
social change
In 2007, the richest 1% of the American population owned 35% of the country's wealth, and the bottom 80% of the population owned 14%. Karl Marx would call this
social inequality.
One of the major problems with slowing greenhouse gas emissions lies in the developing world, where many countries are just now starting to burn fossil fuels at the same rate as the industrialized world. Aside from the pollution produced, this is also a problem because there is not enough oil left for the world to burn it at its current rate. What do many people believe we need to solve this problem?
sustainability
What would a music critic call "musical miscegenation" if they used the term "miscegenation" metaphorically?
the way white country music and black blues music come together to make rock and roll
W. I. Thomas famously argued that "if men define situations as real,
they are real in their consequences."
